organisations may exchange data on performance or improve their internal processes. It may however be easier to implement the model for a programme or a subset of an agency's operations.
precluding the use of data-heavy websites. Limited numbers of sectors or limited number of companies are to be helped.
The growth of emerging Asia Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013.0510 15 20 25 30 05 10 15 20 25 301985 1995 2005 2015 2025 Per cent of world output
Data Source: Au-Yeung et al, 2013. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 4 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda and cheaper, disrupting some established patterns of trade
Average years of formal schooling Data Source: IIASA and VID, 2008. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness THE CASE FOR REFORM 5 The changing global economic landscape presents Australian businesses with some great opportunities.
Deflated by Consumer price index Data Sources: ABS, 2014b; 2014e. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness THE CASE FOR REFORM 7 also has an abundance of agricultural land spanning tropical,
Deflated by Consumer price index Data Sources: ABS, 2014d; ABS, 2014e. -10-5 0510 15 20 25 30 35-10-505 10 15 20 25 30 35-3-2-1 0
Terms of trade booms and inflation Data Sources: ABS, 2014c; RBA, 2014b; RBA, 2014c. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 8 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda of the business services, construction,
The systems also eliminate the need for multiple data entry and many of the errors present in manual systems.
Data Source: ABS, 2014j. TPO00007 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda Industry Competitiveness 18 Industry Innovation and Competitiveness Agenda The Government is taking a comprehensive approach to economic reform The Government's Economic Action
Data source: KPMG, 2014.0510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Hong kong SAR
including through considering options to improve data collection and information sharing between key VET stakeholders,
Firms collaborating with research institutions Data source: OECD, 2013.020 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Finland (1) Slovenia (2) Austria (3) Hungary (4
) Airport traffic data 1985 to 2013. Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia.
http://www. conference-board. org/data/economydatabase/Times Higher education. 2014, October. Times Higher education World University rankings 2014-15.
) World bank Data. Retrieved August 2014, from Gross capital formation(%of GDP: http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/NE.
GDI. TOTL. ZS World bank. 2014b). ) World Development Indicators. Retrieved May 2014, from World Development Indicators-Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products(%)
%http://data. worldbank. org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators World Economic Forum. 2010). ) The Global Competitiveness Report:
and increased use of public data Strengthen the municipal sector as a service provider Increase competency on how public procurements can contribute to innovation
Collecting general company data Shaping company technology profile Performing SWOT analysis Identifying technological areas for further analysis Technology Audit Tool consists of two
Three bond issues since 1997 funded the installation or modernisation of their Wide area network, structured cabling, data network, video network and computers.
Exploratory, followed by data collection. Detailed, followed by a focused analysis. Gathering information on Strengths
Experience, knowledge, data? Financial reserves, likely returns? Marketing-reach, distribution, awareness? Innovative aspects? Location and geographical?
Reliability of data, plan predictability? Moral, commitment, leadership? Accreditations, etc? Processes and systems, etc? Management cover, succession?
specifications testing, behavioural testing, data-driven testing, functional testing, and input/output-driven testing. In general, every combination of input and output would require an inordinate number of test cases.
form of black-box testing is to base the test data on the functionality of the module.
formulate ideas without changing very much the initial data of the problem. prefer to do things differently;
Measures, design and development After analysing the data together with the leadership, Bright side has developed an individual development process
This should include the performance measures, a programme of visits, the method of data collection, etc.
Collect the necessary data, according to the agreement. The collection of data could be achieved through observation, conversations with people involved, gathering of documents, etc.
The gathered information needs to be processed and analysed. The analysis of the information should stress the comparison between the two organisations.
and provided relevant data over a period of time, at the end of which there was a meeting between the three companies.
At this meeting the collected data was analysed which was used later to produce a report, specifying the different approaches and methods applied in each company.
Managers can have access to volumes of data but still lack quality information about one of their most critical operating costs their energy consumption levels.
rapid prototyping (RP) refers to a class of technologies that can automatically construct physical models from Computer-aided design (CAD) data.
and consider how data is to be captured. Different testing methods will have different objectives, approaches and types of modelling.
Data collection will tend to be qualitative based on observation, interview and discussion with the target audience.
Data will typically be qualitative and based on observation, discussion and structured interview. The study should aim to understand why users respond in the way that they do to the concept.
Data from a validation test is likely to be quantitative, based on measurement of performance. Normally, this is carried out against some benchmark of expected performance.
Data should also be recorded formally, with any failures to comply with expected performance logged and appropriate corrective action determined.
Comparison testing could include the capturing of both performance and preference data for each solution.
The spreadsheet was handfed data from manual tyre counts. The new system will automate data collection to allow better management of machines, shifts,
and teams while allowing efficient reporting tools with real-time views of all production phases. Solution The tyre company with the help of external consultants built a solution to monitor
How The Customer Benefited The customer now has a system that utilizes real-time data for accurate planning
data collection is automated now and less costly, and the system is designed for future scalability. Case study 2:
Information about the processing of rods including various data collection is used by the opera"Innosupport:
1) Data collection (identify the components, materials, and fastening mechanism in the assembly to be rated).
in order to collect all the data required and to make their analysis. 9. 1. 1. How can we optimize the acceptance...
as it is known, allows you to build up a comprehensive picture of your market and your potential customers from publicized data.
Online services) Trade associations Others (data are National and Local governments, Business links, Chambers of Commerce and the European commission) Compiling questionnaires There are a variety of possible purposes to a questionnaire,
-while not strictly databases, many do include an internal data component for calculating results. Mortgage calculators, dictionary look ups,
Graz 2003 Links http://www. evfh-nuernberg. de/data/dbfiles/entwickl. doc Employees are the basis of social organisations.
and interpret data to enable the identification of both staff and organisational performance improvement. Key in an TNA is to gain comprehensive data on training needs,
which amounts to answering the fundamental questions of: who, what, when and why as well as how.
Act with competitive urgency and decisive action Use knowledge of employees and data to make decisions in a timely manner Tolerate mistakes of employees in pursuit of continuous improvement Act with swift resolve
and data that would ensure successful operation of the company and its targeted development, and at this point the practical application of the component becomes evident the basic ideas
and a couple of practical examples are shown in the form of user-friendly tools that will help us to find the required information, data or reference material."
Databases The use of databases is a way to obtain extensive and exhaustive data, as databases include various summaries of data, statistics, publications and other sources.
Databases are available in various formats in printed form (e g.,, in library index cards and archived materials), in CDS (e g.,
Example-Links International data base http://www. census. gov/ipc/www/idbnew. html Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic and socioeconomic data for 227 countries
Geohive Global Statistics http://www. geohive. com/Geopolitical data statistics on the human population of regions, countries, provinces and cities, some statistics on economic factors and more."
Depending on the type of the required information or specificity of data, it is possible to seek direct contacts in various countries, non-governmental organisations or private institutions, foundations, consultancies and other places. 12.1.2.
what kind of information or data, choose a suitable resource for finding information the Internet, databases,
. gov/ipc/www/idbnew. html International data base-Computerized data bank containing statistical tables of demographic and socioeconomic data for 227 countries and areas of the world. http://www. geohive
. com/Geohive Global Statistics-Geopolitical data, statistics on the human population of regions, countries, provinces and cities, some statistics on economic factors and more.
such as data demonstrating the positive contribution made by multinational corporations to economic development. United nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) www. unctad. org is a permanent intergovernmental body of the UN that aims to maximise the trade investment
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany's official statistics portal data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.
2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany's economy.
The rest was rejected because of containing incomplete and/or contradictory data. Figure 3 shows the representation of the industry sectors in the sample.
whereby the data is transmitted electronically from one centre to next. Such a step could be of crucial importance for time-critical projects,
A team of 20 specially trained enumerators was engaged to collect the data. The questionnaire was developed for the study
/index en. htm 7 http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2014 2015/main/h2020-wp1415-sme en. pdf 8
Applicants are invited therefore to explore potentials for synergies with the relevant Managing Authorities in charge of the ESIF programmes in their territory1 A novelty in Horizon 2020 is the Open Research Data Pilot
and reuse of research data generated by projects. While certain Work Programme parts and areas have been identified explicitly as participating in the Pilot on Open Research Data
individual actions funded under the other Horizon 2020 parts and areas can choose to participate in the Pilot on a voluntary basis. The use of a Data Management 1 http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/indexes/in your country en. cfm HORIZON 2020 WORK PROGRAMME
2014-2015 Innovation in SMES PART 7-Page 5 of 37 Plan is required for projects participating in the Open Research Data Pilot.
Further guidance on the Open Research Data Pilot is made available on the Participant Portal. Mainstreaming SME support especially through a dedicated instrument SME participation is encouraged throughout this work programme and in particular in the priorities Industrial Leadership and Societal Challenges.
SME support will be targeted with the dedicated SME instrument which is a novel approach to support SMES'innovation activities.
For an entrepreneur comprehensive data and performance indicators would allow drawing conclusions whether open innovation is productive
-Collection and analysis of information and data on the application of open innovation in SMES, taking into account different situations in Member States and in specific market segments.
and data accumulated through the coaching engagement. It should also act as a single reference pool
and the services‘enhancing the innovation management capacity of SMES'Furthermore the support provided would secure the quality of the benchmarking by accelerating the inflow of new data sets allowing to replace the oldest data collected in 2008/09.
and both more data and more evaluation and assessment of initiatives taken are needed. The local dimension must be taken into account.
Developing such a base will require strengthening the existing empirical foundation, in terms of data and statistics,
data are very scarce, but estimates indicate that there are more than 10 million self-employed women in Europe (both European union countries and others).
AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY OECD 2004 15 The empirical basis for informed policy design needs to be improved Reliable data
Definitional issues complicate data collection, and some national systems prohibit statistics at the individual level, making gender-specific analyses impossible.
Even in those few countries where such data are available important information on development over time (panel data) and for the whole population are lacking.
As regards analysis, longitudinal studies are needed to understand survival and growth among entrepreneurs (men and women),
even if both the scope and the breadth of available data have improved during the last few years
While data are scarce, the broad picture for many OECD and some nonmember economies is that of a low,
The source for these data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT.
and any necessary data collection should begin as soon as is feasible. It is also advantageous to formulate an evaluation methodology.
and size classes. the OECD should continue to act as a forum that promotes best practices in statistical data collection,
so that data from different sources can be matched. It also requires that policy makers address those barriers, often legal,
that prevent national statistical authorities to have access to administrative data, such as tax offices and chambers of commerce.
Promote data linking to make better use of existing data and reduce respondent burden on SMES.
Databases with linked data can strengthen the information base for policy-relevant research, but require that statistical authorities arrange access
Given these basic problems, it is perhaps unsurprising that detailed subsets of such data and analysis of them, for example women's entrepreneurship,
Some actions, notably the development of integrated business statistical registers, the introduction of single identification numbers for enterprises and their use to link data more efficiently,
and greater use of administrative sources of data (e g. tax, chamber of commerce), can only be taken in capitals
and movement from resolving these problems to collection of useful data comparable on a cross-country basis will take even longer.
BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 December 2008 We would like to thank the Mediocredito-Capitalia research department for having kindly supplied firm level data for this project.
We then apply the model to data on Italian SMES from the"Survey on Manufacturing Firms"conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia covering the period 1995-2003.
According to the latest available data from the Census, more than 99 per cent of active firms (out of 4 million) have fewer than 250 employees (95 per cent have fewer than 10 employees,
along with a description of the data used in this analysis; Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the results
The model is designed specifically to work well with innovation survey data, from which it is possible to directly measure other aspects of innovation in addition to R&d expenditures.
Given the increased diffusion of this type of micro data across countries and among scholars, many empirical explorations of the impact of innovation on productivity have relied on the CDM framework. 2 In particular
See Section 3 of this paper for further information on the data. 6 CDM model specification allowing our model to separate the impact of different kinds of innovation (product
and process) on firms'productivity. 3. Data and Methodology The data we use come from the 7th,
We merged the data from these three surveys excluding firms with incomplete information or with extreme observations for the variables of interest. 4 We focus on SMES,
Their model-specifically tailored for innovation survey data and built to take into account the econometric issues that arise in this context-is made up by three blocks,
since the effect of R&d on productivity can vary a lot with the technological content of an industry (see Verspagen, 1995 for a cross country, cross sector study and, more recently, an analysis based on micro data by Potters et al, 2008).
Because of the way our data and innovation survey data in general is collected, the analysis here is essentially cross-sectional.
In addition, the innovation data are collected retrospectively (innovating over the past three years), and the income statement data is mostly contemporaneous.
As a robustness check we estimated the same 3 equation model using R&d intensity lagged one year instead of contemporaneous R&d intensity
and Baldwin and Gu, 2004, for an exploration using Canadian data), and this effect is particularly strong for high-tech firms,
However, in our data we also have a measure of capital available, constructed from investment using the usual declining balance method with a depreciation rate of 5 per cent
we built building a slightly different sample of firms from our data that removed firms with fewer than 20 employees
Table 6 shows results from Griffith et al. 2006 for the four countries and for a variation of our model applied to these data for Italy. 14 The last column
Thus it appears to be difficult to find strong evidence of innovation underperformance in these data,
and we hope to explore the question further in the future using these data. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Mediocredito-Capitalia (now Unicredit) research department for having kindly supplied firm level data for this project.
We thank also Susanto Basu, Ernie Berndt, Piergiuseppe Morone, Stéphane Robin, Mike Scherer, Enrico Santarelli
New Evidence using Linked R&d-LRD Data, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 29 (2), pp. 203-228.
A Reassessment Using French Survey Data, The Journal of Technology Transfer, special issue in memory of Edwin Mansfield, Vol. 30 (1-2), pp. 183-197.
Testing Sectoral Peculiarities using Micro Data, IZA Discussion Paper N. 3338. Rajan, R. G, . and L. Zingales (2003), Banks and Markets:
Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France, Germany, Spain, and the U k. Results for Italy come from Tables 3-5 of this paper.
a) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998-2000,2001-2003). 29 Figure 1 Value added per employee.
(Census data)% of firms with innovation (CIS survey on firms with more than 10 employees) 31 Appendix Variable Definitions R&d engagement:
Data are from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) for France, Germany, Spain, and the UK.
Data for Italy are from the Mediocredito Surveys. Among the several variables included in the original table,
we selected only those comparable to our data. Data are weighted not population. a) This figure encompasses all the subsidies, regardless their source.
b) This column shows data for all 3 periods in Italy (1995-1997,1998-2000,2001-2003.
Units are logs of euros (2000) per employee. 34 Table A2 A nonparametric selectivity test Dependent variable Prob (R&d>0) R&d expend. per employee D (Large firms
Many SMES don't recognize the value of data, have minimal archives and don't learn from experience (Woodcock et al.,
The OEM collects data at the sale and has reduced costs associated with acquiring new customers.
Additionally the data accumulated from having a greater knowledge of customers'behavior enables the company to continually add value
This requires GF's computer systems to seamlessly integrate with car plants exchanging data in real-time.
For example, using advanced data collection and data mining tools, coupled with real-time data collection over the Internet may provide a whole new level of product and service reliability.
The third mini-case provides an example. Mini-Case Example#3: Taprogge Gmbh,(www. taprogge. com) a family owned business headquartered in Germany,
The latest equipment has a number of embedded sensors that monitor the performance and relay the data over the Internet back to a central office.
Analysis of these data enable the company to predict possible performance deterioration and ship parts followed,
These data enable Taprogge to a) predict the behavior of a system in most if not all locations
Data Acquisition and Mining: Capturing data on customer requirements and using it to create unique services
or products can be a powerful way of adding value and keeping out competitors. Netflix has changed the way that consumers rent movies.
but the ability to mine the data obtained by combining information from ALL customers nationwide.
The following mini-case shows how, in a business-to-business market, acquisition of data, and its subsequent analysis or mining can provide a powerful service model for a manufacturer.
The proprietary data that the company collects on its clients'unique situations are a major competitive advantage,
A business model based on information sharing can provide high barriers against competitors as the costs involved in integrating compatible data
A sound business model using data lock in will have multiple partners so that the dependence on one partner is reduced.
Entirely new forms of business can be created by employing data acquisition and mining to lock in customers, suppliers and partners.
and distribute the data. The database also builds barriers against competition. For example, Chemstation solved a cleaning problem at a Harley davidson plant within its shock absorbers manufacturing division
This subtle know-how becomes a part of Chemstation's data bank. Such captured knowledge helps to lock in customers
if there are quantitative preference data (e g.,, from surveys. Tools such as cluster analysis have been used successfully for this purpose.
compared to the hard data (e g.,, projected market share, net present value. They are (1) strategy fit;(
I obtain data from many different sources; we listen to suggestions from suppliers; we use consultants in focused roles Support The degree to
and the firm's willingness to invest in data capture and storage. The move to Phase III should not be made until the firm has mastered thoroughly selling services with current sales
and Taprogge used IT to capture data about their products'performance in different contexts and developed proprietary databases that allowed them to customize use of their product to meet specific customer needs.
They are rather sterile reports that are built around standard terms, categories and data, and do not really convey any of the actual touchy-feely attributes which are much more important in this case.
Bios and contact information for the consultants. 59 The aim of these tools and support data is to prime the outreach function at the MEP offices on
Analysis of data from the U s. Bureau of Economic Analysis. A. Warren, Personal Correspondence. Ratio of 82.5 is taken at Q1 in 2005.
Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers and their link to the geography of innovative activity using proxies like patenting activity, patent citations,
Therefore comparability of the data in this table is guaranteed not fully. 21 Year founded. 22 Not included:
Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999. Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997,‘Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change:
number n Number of points of data making the SIC no Data point number p n Number of periods of SIV analysis O Periodicity coefficient Periodicity compression coefficient
and ability to generalize from the produced data, have different requirements and limitations than in other disciplines.
I preferred to utilize existing data without pre-structuring. Although I relied on existing accounting data for the financial parameters,
there were no predetermined requirements on how the data would be displayed. Finally, although the major outcome was an empirical model,
verbal descriptions and explanations (i e. narrative-textual analyses) were used in a number of papers that addressed the issue of performance in relation to the external environment of the firm,
and noisy data sets (Jain and Nag 1997). Furthermore, decisions based on financial failure prediction, which is driven statistically, may actually trigger a bankruptcy.
One of the problems with using the financial ratio approach to predict company performance is the huge number of such ratios that can be deducted from the available financial data for larger firms (Chen and Shimerda 1981.
who based his works on analyzed data collected by Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939). Social psychologists such as Likert (1961) and Katz et al.
where data are analyzed and interpreted (Brannen 2005). Traditionally quantitative methods are concentrated more on input issues.
The dominant method in my qualitative research approach was to compile data into review articles and conceptual papers.
That is why I saw, in the case study, a methodical approach to retrieve empirical data and to satisfy both forms of logic.
In quantitative research, observation is not generally 55 considered a very important method of data collection for two reasons.
Two of the papers (3 and 7) of this thesis used case study methods with textual analyses and analyses of accounting data.
Qualitative methods such as case studies allow for multiple data-collection methods under the same study, unlike quantitative research studies (Chetty 1996.
One of the best methods of collecting data is indepth interviews (Welch and Comer 1988.
Data can be analyzed using different techniques (Chetty 1996. The writer recommended using a single case study method in SME research.
the data was taken directly from the accounting reports of the firm and the analysis was performed while
The technology intake data can be taken directly from the financial records or deducted from this information.
the data was delivered from the firm management for the period of the analysis; and I have good access to the situation of the firm.
In paper 3, the validity of the data used in the analysis of the firm stems from two facts:
60 and the data was taken directly from the accounting reports of the firm for the period of the analysis. Also,
In paper 7, the data used in the analysis of the firm is valid for three reasons:
the data was delivered from the firm's management for the period of the analysis; and the owner of the firm is a close friend of mine
and have defined its limits within a specific context determined by the data input. In the case of the SIV model
Such evaluation should utilize the existing data and complete it with more new data reflecting the additional years of analysis incorporated.
It is important to highlight that reliability should be understood in relation to the research method used in this case
The technology intake data can be taken directly from the financial records or deducted from the accountancy information
The technology intake data can be taken directly from the firm's financial records. In this particular case
That implies the need for detailed data, which is something that SMES generally lack. The desired model requires a reasonably moderate data input to counter the issue of SMES'accounting
and reporting techniques, which provide less intensive information input than those of large firms. The SIV model has a moderate information level.
which require a larger number of business ratios, the SIV analysis uses basic accountancy data, without advanced statistical methods of variable elimination.
the SIV analysis can use basic accountancy data and does need not advanced statistical methods. The fishery firm had no innovation or development activities,
The desired model should have a reasonably moderate data input to counter the issue of SMES accounting
In that sense, graphical statistics play an important role in the interpretation of the data output of the model.
Regression for longitudinal even data. Beverly hills, California: Sage Publications. Altman, E. I. 1968. Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy.
Accounting data and the prediction of business failure, the setting of priors and age of data.
An empirical investigation of some data effects on the classification accuracy of probit, ID3 and neural networks.
and a realistically proportioned data set. Journal of Forecasting 19 (3), 219 230. Mcpherson, M. A. 1995.
Interpreting qualitative data: Methods for analysing talk, text and interaction. London, UK: SGAE Publications Ltd.
Testing Gibrat's law with establishment data for Lower saxony, 1978 1989. Small Business Economics 4 (2), 125 131.
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