Synopsis: Ict: Data: Data:

In December 2011, the Body of European Regulators for Electronic communications (BEREC), jointly with the Commission services, launched a Europe-wide data 21 For further info see IP/12/1367 http://europa

According to the data gathered by BEREC the majority of ISPS offer unrestricted Internet access. However, certain restrictions affect a significant number and portion of users, especially in the mobile sector.

which determines the necessary technical details for exchanges of data under the mini OSS was adopted under the Comitology procedure.

The revision of the Public sector Information (PSI) Directive is a part of a wider Open Data Strategy, adopted by the Commission on 12 december 2011,

which includes support to R&d on data along with the development of European dataportals and other actions designed to facilitate EU-wide access to PSI

a General Data protection Regulation proposing a general EU framework for data protection41 and a Directive on protecting personal data processed for the purposes of the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of criminal offences and related judicial activities42.

and data as regards ADR systems for disputes between businesses (B2b ADR) via a SME-panel survey and a Eurobarometer survey.

Cutting through the jungle of standards so that cloud users enjoy interoperability, data portability and reversibility.

which enable users to evaluate and compare, in a simple manner, the level of conformity with standards, interoperability and data portability.

as well as technical and organisational measures and the appropriate safeguards for data transfers. The development of model contract terms to cover issues not covered by the Common European Sales Law such as:

data preservation after termination of the contract, data disclosure and integrity, data location and transfer, ownership of the data or direct and indirect liability.

with clarity on how the data they leave behind is being used; with clear guarantees; with easy access to an opportunity for mediation, arbitration, and redress;

such as unfair contract terms and guarantees, on a fully harmonised but reasonable and balanced basis. 1. 2. Data protection and privacy a balance between the citizens'right to privacy and the rights of businesses to capture data to optimally serve consumers. 1

over the years, developed very sophisticated systems to manage data about products, stocks, logistics, and consumers.

With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.

With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.

and trade to continue being able to use data to deliver efficient value chains and meet consumers'expectations. 1. 3. ACCESS TO BALANCED REDRESS Customer satisfaction is the most important driver of retailers'and wholesalers'success. Therefore,

and wholesalers should also play their part in this awareness-raising. 1. 4. MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data,

The EU should consider measures such as introduction of postcodes everywhere, centralised access to population data, address verification services, 3dsecure,

and improving the data management of the chemicals2. www. aga. com CAR2GO: selling new forms mobility The next step for carsharing models may be the concept of CAR2GO.

including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials, energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport lca. jrc. ec. europa. eu/lcainfohub/datasetarea. vm Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services shop

EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) Figure 6: Yearly savings potential in SMES introducing material efficiency solutions Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!

The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products and evidence on the social and environmental impacts of resource use across the supply chain. 3. 3 Supply chains Supply chain management includes coordination and collaboration with suppliers,

page 44) What data and tools are available to assess the (quantified) environmental impacts in Key challenges for your business Design may be performed by product designers, design engineers,

Communicating data or information on a product's environmental impacts is not always a strong motivator for customers

a cleaner printed cicruit board Crawford Hansford & Kimber developed a cleaner printed circuit board (PCB) that is incorporated into equipment that interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world.

How do we incorporate environmental performance related data in communications? What is the product's Unique Selling Proposition (USP) relative to competitive offers?

including reduction greenhouse gas emission across the life cycle of bio-based products. www. biochem-project. eu The European commission has funded a range of projects collecting data and good practice examples

EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) p. 28: Source: www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagen-speziell-fuer-Duennglas p. 29:

and interpreting innovation data. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Statistical Office of the European communities, Paris. 33 OECD (2009) Eco-Innovation in Industry:

administrative burdens and sanctions 105.1.6 Data subject rights and consent 105.1.7 Regulation and enforcement 105.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 105.2.1 Knowledge and education 105.2.2

For this reason, Ecommerce Europe calls on the EU, national authorities, operators and consumers to further reflect with relevant stakeholders (i e. data controllers

processors and data subjects) on the proposal in order to achieve a harmonised framework based on a balanced approach in this important legislative step. 8 Del Duca, L.,Rule, C.,Loebl,

and ensuring the free movement of data within the EU. Ecommerce Europe stresses the need for general principles applicable to all processing of data,

Ecommerce Europe underlines the importance of the‘legitimate interests of the data controller'as a ground for processing personal data.

Article 6 of the new general data protection regulation-which lays down the need for one consent from the data subject

in order to process data is vital but over-emphasised by the Commission. The draft of the new definition however, increases the formality of obtaining consent.

these data should be readily available and accessible. The right balance as laid down in Directive 95/46/EC-between the protection of consumers'data

and the merchants'innovative legitimate business interests has to be respected in order to get consent to process data. 5. 1. 4 Harmonisation

and international consistency Ecommerce Europe emphasizes the need for harmonisation and a level playing field within the EU and its Member States.

The proposed sanctions-which can run up to 2%of an enterprise's annual worldwide turnover-are disproportionate. 5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent Where possible,

data subjects should be in control of their personal data. It will be important to strike a balance between individual rights, consumer trust, the public interest and the right of free access to (and collection of) information.

The rule that private data may only be stored for a limited time, supplemented by the right of individuals to have deleted their data

and/or withdraw their consent already forms, strictly speaking, a‘right to be forgotten'.'Therefore, creating a general‘right to be forgotten,

Ecommerce Europe questions the usefulness of the‘right to data portability, 'which has been introduced in the new draft regulation.

since companies have to develop new systems for data management. For this reason, Ecommerce Europe challenges the impact assessment that has been carried out by the Commission.

adapted to the data subject when it comes to information and transparency, will lead to legal uncertainty for merchants because of its subjective nature. 5. 1. 7 Regulation

Rather than strengthening the rights of data subjects and thereby providing them with a false sense of security,

data subjects should be educated on how they can protect their personal data. 5. 2. 2 Self-regulation Data protection requirements should be included in (national) e-commerce trustmark schemes. 6. Electronic signatures and e-Identificationsecure, reliable,

Cross-section analysis looks at data for a set of different countries at a single point in time,

The positioning of countries in the matrix is based on a combination of data and qualitative assessments that reflect each country's level of development of ICT infrastructure and ICT enablers in 2002-03.

and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 17 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe

R&d and skills training for Finnish SMES data network and ensure that it operates properly.

these actions have resulted usually in significantly lower costs of telephony and data services for end-users,

It is constructed on the basis of data for: 1. Fixed telephone lines penetration (lines per 100 population.

and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3

%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23

%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29

It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu. int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.

Common technical rules and tools need to be adopted by the different players regarding data exchange, modelling grids, ancillary services and their users.

It will address confidentiality constraints with insufficient data transparency; Since grids are highly complex with multiple connection points,

The increase in required control leads to a dramatic rise in information traffic derived from status and ancillary data.

Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...

30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.

and analysis of the quantitative data available. Our approach is designed to identify the consensus as well as the disagreement on a given trend within a specific theme,

Assumptions about rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data analytics sustain the presumption of increased use of these technologies by the private

although the perception of the magnitude of the trend may exceed that of reported data.

Furthermore, the projected growth in the potential of organisations to leverage Big data analytics (from location-based health data to engaging with public opinion) is likely to have an impact on the evidence base that informs policymaking in governments that can access these tools (Johns 2013;

At the same time, big (and open) data policies will create a need for policies that make sure there is no discrimination between more and less digitally savvy parts of society (Lerman 2013;

using it both as a tool for interaction with citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes.

Opennet Initiative Data FAQ https://opennet. net/oni-faq. 29 political actor. The future role of corporate actors in enabling democratic movements is controversial (Anderson 2012.

Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from

Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,

Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:

Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,

http://open-data. europa. eu/open-data 31 Matrix for key trends in connectivity Trend Drivers Indicators Evidence-base (0/+/Time horizon

demand for services e-government benchmarking data (EU, UN)+ Short to medium term Unequal accessibility and ubiquity of services and citizen engagement across Member States and between strata of society,

growing security concerns connected to cyberspace Government data requests revealed by ISPS, composite indicators such as Opennet Initiative data, anecdotal evidence, sentiment analysis outputs+Short to medium term Social acceptance, social conflicts, wildcards such as

internet/surveillance policies of foreign states High Spread of rational secular value systems will develop independently from interconnectedness+High 33 Bibliography African Development Bank, Africa in 50 Years'Time:

http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database 43 Eurostat. from http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu

http://www. euro. centre. org/data/1226583242 93408. pdf Lelkes, O, and Zólyomi, E.,Poverty Across Europe:

A panel data approach The Social science Journal,(49) 2: 167-174, Sathyamurthy, T. V.,"Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation,"Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 33/34

http://www. euro. who. int/data/assets/pdf file/0009/98307/E92469. pdf Times, N y. 2012."

United nations,"World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision,"2010. http://esa. un. org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population. htm, United nations e-government

"Retrieved As of July 2013, from http://www. census. gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal. php.

http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SE. ADT. LITR. ZS/countries? display=default World bank World Development Indicators,"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments(%)2012.

http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SG. GEN. PARL. ZS World Economic Forum, The Future of Pensions and Healthcare in a Rapidly Ageing World Scenarios to 2030, Geneva:

Multiple data sources indicate that European conditions are far from ideal for entrepreneurs and fast-growing companies

In addition to extensive inputs from the Forum's Members, Global Shapers, Young Global Leaders, Network of Global Agenda Councils and leading policy-makers across Europe, the findings in the report have benefitted from data gathered from over 60 structured interviews

the Forum partnered with Research+Data Insights, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JAYE) Europe, and the European Confederation of Young Entrepreneurs (YES) to survey a broad range of Europeans with experience

while data is hard to come by, in recent years the European venture capital segment has seen a number of notable successes such as Supercell and Spotify.

Many European venture capital experts say the sector is stronger than the long-term data indicate. Today

Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.

One important aspect of such a network would be a layer of data, not only on the initiatives themselves,

The best way of doing this is to align on a standard format to systematically publish search fields online to boost the development of platforms that can draw on the data.

Efforts to share governmentowned data intelligently can also help in this respect: the strategy initiated in countries like the United kingdom around datagov (in

which central and local governments offer access to their data on traffic, criminality or available services, for example) and opengov (in

and feedback on policies) have played a positive role in allowing ordinary citizens to regain ownership of their data,

Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe 55 Conclusion Over the course of 2013 and 2014, the Forum's Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe project has drawn on survey data, structured interviews,

Central and Eastern europe (no EVCA data available on Turkey: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia;

-YE Europe Alumni Research+Data Insights, a Hill+Knowlton Strategies company David Iannelli, President Amber Ott, Senior Account Supervisor YES Dimitris Tsigos, President

2. What kind of data and information may be collected to understand the extent of immunization system and immunisation coverage?

and linked through data networks. Telemedicine which uses telecommunication and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.

Data collection (Gambia), healthcare delivery (Ethiopia), research (Ghana), medical databases, consultation and referral scheduling, epidemic alerts and medical libraries.

and be able to exchange data and information on service delivery. In order to improve the efficiency

Effective data collection and sharing of information can be enhanced through the application of information and communication technologies.

collecting and analysing disease spread data in a country, and educating the community about good healthy living (Wasukira, Somerwel and Wendt, 2003).

with data flowing only from individual health units to the district and national level. A health management information system (HMIS) that emphasizes use of information at the point of collection is currently in use (Gladwin, Dixon and Wilson, 2003.

using and disseminating data, carrying out routine maintenance of cold chain, reporting and management of outbreaks.

The data is uploaded then onto the handheld device and sent to the district database through a fixed wireless terminal.

and the data is uploaded then to the national database. Health workers will use the PDA to access immunization information (diseases, vaccines, side effects, immunization schedule, stock management) from the immunization content management system.

At the district level, data can be used to prepare forecasts, analysis and plans for the district.

The data from all the districts is compiled to obtain the national immunization performance. The data can then be used to generate national targets, imports of vaccines and supplies,

management of staff and equipment as well as enhance decision making process for long term plans. National level: An immunisation content management system that has all the information pertaining to immunisation (diseases, vaccines, schedules,

third to create a public database that holds data at the community level, but is fed through the decision making structure to improve healthcare provision nationally and local level.

Data constraints can be overcome to study the extent of knowledge spillovers and their link to the geography of innovative activity using proxies like patenting activity, patent citations,

Therefore comparability of the data in this table is guaranteed not fully. 21 Year founded. 22 Not included:

Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999. Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997,‘Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change:

We conduct our analysis on a primary data set of 120 SMES in the Cibaduyut footwear-manufacturing cluster, Indonesia.

Research Design and Data Collection We collected the data in 2012 based on an extensive survey in this cluster,

The resulting data set presents a near complete representation of firms in this cluster. Measures and Validation Innovative performance Innovation is understood traditionally to mean the introduction of new goods, the use of new materials, the development of new methods of production, the opening of new markets,

2011) indicating that the data are close to normal. We employed a hierarchical regression analysis, with alternative models with and without interaction terms.

Our analysis, based on primary data collected through interviews and questionnaires, provided mixed support for our hypotheses.

First, the data we used, although original and derived from field research, is cross-sectional. This has prevented us from examining the effect of changes over time in firm behavior on innovative performance.

Collecting longitudinal data in the emerging economy context is given particularly challenging the lack of governmental level initiatives to this end.

It will provide a brief overview of the CNIPMMR study pointing out data about Romanian SMES innovation activities and use of information technology in such enterprises.

2010). 2. Data used Data used for this article was collected and compiled by CNIPMMR (Consiliul National al Întreprinderilor Private Mici si Mijlocii din România National Council of Small and Medium Sized Private Enterprises),

the data regarding the nature of innovation activities in SMES show that most innovation efforts are headed (concentrated) towards creation of new products (37,21%)in 2012;

Own adaptation based on CNIPMMR data (2011-2013) 3. 2 Innovation investments In terms of share of investments allocated to innovation from the total enterprises investments almost half of SMES (44,93

processes in the Romanian SMES vision are data security (48,44%),fast access to the enterprise data form anywhere and at anytime (38.21%)and regulatory compliance (35.84%.

9. 42 4. 74 4. 2 2. 31 Data security Access to company data anytime, anywhere Regulatory compliance Ease of team-working Better internal control Removal of redundant data insertion in more Ease of use due to romanian language interface Free and quick solution upgrade

Monthly subscription fee for usage Better performance through internal business Detailed reports of departments activities Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014

data security, data access from anywhere and at anytime, regulatory compliance, team-working possibilities and better internal control.

Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd edition. Paris: OECD. Available at www. oecd. org/sti/oslomanual Osterman, P. 1999.

Only a small part of these relationships is captured in the formal data gathered by the university technology transfer offices.

They also note that policymakers who rely on the formal data collected by university technology transfer offices are privy to at best the=tip of the iceberg‘in terms of the true dimensions of university-industry collaboration that exist (Ramos-Vielba et al.

Based on the 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data, the density of enterprises was approaching the national level.

the most recent data available indicate that the larger firm sectors, including medium sized firms,

accounting for around 35 percent of total exports according to the most recent data, 19 percent of this total represented by unprocessed agricultural products and 16 percent from processed food and drink products (Junta de Andalucía, 2007).

a contingency approach 49 3. Research Design 51 3. 1. Sample and data collection 51 3. 2. Techniques for controlling Common Method Biases 54

direct and indirect causal effects 75 2. 4. Size as a moderator term 79 3. Research Design 81 3. 1. Sample and data collection

impact on firm profitability 3. Research Design 3. 1. Sample and data collection The companies included in this study were selected based upon three criteria:

The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we used a questionnaire adapted from the model used in different studies (e g.

the use of personal information collected with the same level of authority within each organization reduces the variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh, 2009.

Firms that did not respond to the initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,

which complete data were available on accounting information in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009.

The second step of data collection was performed through companies'publications and annual reports to make annual updates to the database of firms

The financial-statement data are obtained from the SABI of 2007-2009. Finally, to ensure the absence of bias in the data,

we have evaluated the bias of nonresponse (a sample of 121 firms which did not respond to the questionnaire,

and few studies have used longitudinal data to analyze the phenomenon. Concerning the EO-firm growth relationship,

Zahra and Covin (1995) collected data from three different samples over a seven-year period to assess the longitudinal impact of EO on growth revenue.

For example, Wiklund (1999), using data from Swedish small firms, has shown that there is a positive relationship between EO and performance (reflecting growth and financial performance),

Using data from Norway, Madsen (2007) also concluded that the sustained and increased EO level was associated positively with high performance (employment growth

Yamada and Eshima (2009), using longitudinal (two years) data from 300 small technology-based Japanese firms,

data collection, control of response bias and common method biases are repeated. 3. 1. Sample and data collection To test the relationship between EO, network resource and firm growth,

data were collected from a sample of SME Spanish firms. Survey All companies included in this study

which develop manufacturing activities can be classified as SMES, and have been active and are in the business for at least the last five years.

The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we applied a questionnaire which has been adapted and designed to collect the necessary information,

the use of personal information collected with the same level of authority within each organization reduces the variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh,

Firms that did not respond to the initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,

which had available data in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009.

The second step of data collection was performed through companies'publications and annual reports to make annual updates to the database of firms

The financial statement data are obtained from the SABI 2007-2009 database. To ensure the absence of bias in the data,

we have evaluated the bias of non-response (a sample of 121 firms, which have not responded to the questionnaire,

The Chi-square statistic measures the distance between the original data matrix and the matrix estimated by the model,

Moreover, GFI (0. 869) and the adjusted GFI (0. 818) explain how well our data fit to the proposed theoretical model.

the first objective using these SME data was to reply whether network usage affects the EO development in these Spanish firms or not.

and describes the main data sources; Section 4 presents the estimation results, and Section 5 provides discussion about it

For example, Caldera (2010), using a compiled data from the Encuesta sobre Estrategias Empresariales (ESEE) Spain,

In turn, using Spanish manufacturing data, López Rodríguez and García Rodríguez (2005), stated that product innovations,

and it provides the required fundamental knowledge by assembling relevant harmonized data on an annual basis (See Reynolds et al.,

by using data from two years, we have provided some evidence from cross-sectional analyzes of 2007 and 2008.

Future research could examine using panel data for the prediction that a firm's innovativeness enhances its probability of exporting

Evidence from exogenous innovation impulses and obstacles using German micro data. Oxford Economic Paper, 58,317-350.146 Lages, L. F.,Silva, G. and Styles, C. 2009.

data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24,205-231. Rhee, J.,Park, T. and Lee, D. H. 2010.

evidence from GEM data. Small Business Economics, 24,335-350. Yamada, K. and Eshima, Y. 2009.

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