to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (microwork) are distributed to the workforce,
These incubation spaces are key to emerging digital economies because they solve a lot of the problems that young digital entrepreneurs face by providing connectivity, support structures, mentorship and collaboration.
New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en
managing online identity print digital images electronic marketing social media skills: blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management:
OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198. OECD Publishing, 2012. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en.
namely to set up Internet platforms and digital information processing tools to promote those value-generating collaborations
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
supporting the Europe 2020 priorities in areas like innovation, the digital economy, employment, youth, industrial policy, poverty,
It also manages to give the digital economy the necessary political attention. It gave rise to the cooperation
A study has also been launched to crowdsource policy insights for new sources of growth and jobs in the digital economy through an online platform.
Furthermore, the Digital economy is now mainly based on business models that aggregate, analyse and sell personal data, turning personal data in what has been defined as the oil of the Internet economy.
Defining sensible governance modalities for big data will requires a large collaboration between public and private actors. 56 4. Identity Management is becoming a very important issue in the digital economy
A broader investigation and the understanding of the implication of such mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of future bottom-up digital economies.
and digital data accessed via the Internet. Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups via technology,
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the democratisation of the access technologies,
Score. in order to solve the problem by crowdsourcing metadata for the digital image inventory. The Tag. Check.
Because digitization has presented a whole host of challenges for many museums, libraries and archives, the aim was to also develop a reusable IT open source solution.
The idea is that the availability of locally relevant digital data, together with their analysis, processing and visualisation should trigger a bottom-up improvement for social strategies.
and digital data accessed via the Internet. Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups via technology,
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the democratisation of the access technologies,
Score. in order to solve the problem by crowdsourcing metadata for the digital image inventory. The Tag. Check.
Because digitization has presented a whole host of challenges for many museums, libraries and archives, the aim was to also develop a reusable IT open source solution.
The idea is that the availability of locally relevant digital data, together with their analysis, processing and visualisation should trigger a bottom-up improvement for social strategies.
adopted by the Commission on 3 october 20124, the digital economy and the realization of the Digital Single Market for Europe are one of the four main drivers of a more prosperous and competitive Europe.
The recentlyadopted (October 2012) Directive on Orphan works15 sets out common rules on the digitisation
The Memorandum of Understanding (Mou) on Out-of-Commerce Books sets out a broad framework for the mass digitisation of books and scientific journals.
and boosting Europe's digital economy. The Commission's proposals update and modernise the principles enshrined in the Data protection Directive 95/46/EC,
access to high speed broadband (30 Megabits per second or more) for all Europeans by 2020, with at least 50%of European households having high speed subscriptions above 100 Megabits per second.
and the power of the digital economy have opened new ways for consumers to shop. New businesses have developed which specialise in offering and taking orders via the internet and through distance selling.
It is no longer in line with the current and future business environment and the digital economy. Or it creates a bias and competitive advantage for one channel over another.
or adapting to the digital economy; such (digital) one-stop shops should contain user-friendly knowledge about EU and national:
and wholesalers should also play their part in this awareness-raising. 1. 4. MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data,
It would not make sense to move at accelerated speed towards a digital economy, if public administrations still function with papers and a physical infrastructure only.
The tables below show that there is a correlation between levels of digitisation and composite well-being proxy indicators such as the United nations Human Development Index (HDI) and the indices compiled by Gallup and the OECD. In addition,
will continue to grow in importance for policymaking Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness, fiscal constraints, technological progress Digitisation indices, HDI, wellness indicators, evaluation indicators for individual programmes
Measuring socioeconomic digitization: A paradigm shift. Available at SSRN 2031531 Kahn, L. B. 2010) The long-term labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy.
with a focus on tech start-ups. 29 The European Digital Forum is a first-of-its kind think tank dedicated to empowering tech entrepreneurs and growing Europe's digital economy..
and Han Zhang, 1999, Small Business in the Digital economy: Digital Company of the Future, paper presented at the conference, Understanding the Digital economy:
Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999. Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997,‘Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change:
and capabilities Digital business success requires starting with a digital information and technology mindset, and working backward Measurement is short-term and input-centric,
He studied Business Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen and he has a great interest in the international (digital economy and e-commerce.
such as digital data processing (the first computer was invented in the 1940s) or cellular telephone communication (the technological principles have been discovered in the 1920s).
Key words cluster, convergent, creative, digital, IT, ICT, information technology, start-up, SME, district, transformation, innovation, digital economy, media, co--working, Introduction Based on findings from the Tech
Primary References Economist, 21st Sept 2013, p 30 Tech Nation‘Powering the Digital economy'www. TECHCITYUK. COM https//www. gov. uk/government/news
to others selling its digital data In many cases, digital has moved technology toward becoming the front end of the spear rather than the tail feathers,
The digitisation of everything: how organisations must adapt to changing consumer behaviour, EY, 2011.4.5 Facts about Chief Digital Officers, by Dave Aron, Gartner, 6 november 2013.5.
Digital data opportunities: using insight to drive relevance in the digital world, EY, 2011. Predictive analytics:
The digitisation of everything: how organisations must adapt to changing consumer behaviour, EY, 2011. Born to be digital 41 EY Assurance Tax Transactions Advisory About EY EY is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services.
which form a key element in the digital economy, for example Ireland has attracted already major games companies from overseas who have sited their customer support
Realising Potential The recently published Forfás Action Plan for the games sector in Ireland contains recommendations of relevance for realising growth potential in both the games sector specifically and the wider digital economy.
to use digital images and video games as well as adapted sports equipment. One can see that Ricard and Muller have gone way beyond traditional entrepreneurship:
The 1200-baud modem was slow by 2014's gigabit broadband standards. But in terms of speed and ease, it easily beat going offline
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
to cultural contents (ebooks, online platforms for music and movies, digitisation and access to Europe's cultural heritage79.
and account for up to 4. 5%of the total EU GDP and some 3. 8%of its workforce,'Building a Digital economy:
and studies. 102 Barriers and challenges The cultural and creative sectors are faced with a rapidly changing context characterised in particular by digitisation and globalisation,
the development and use of new information technologies (for example to promote the digitisation of cultural heritage), strengthening of entrepreneurship in CCIS,
Digital economy and Society Index1 20152 Country Profile Hungary Hungary has an overall score3 of 0. 41
0. 33 0. 45 1 The Digital economy and Society Index (DESI) is a composite index developed by the European commission (DG CNECT) to assess the development of EU countries towards a digital economy and society.
It aggregates a set of relevant indicators structured around 5 dimensions: Connectivity, Human Capital, Use of Internet, Integration of Digital Technology and Digital Public services.
Increasing the level of digital skills should be a priority to further improve the performance of the digital economy.
5%(2013) A true digital economy is one where businesses take full advantage of the possibilities
%Cloud services (5%)or social media (8. 9%)in Hungary is among the lowest in the EU. Without digitisation
Hungarian businesses will struggle to make it in the global digital economy. Hungarian businesses need also to take advantage of the possibilities offered by on-line commerce.
and degree of service offered by health systems can be improved greatly through digitisation. Only 12%of Hungarian general practitioners exchange medical data electronically,
The digitisation of business processes The continuous improvement of the basic ICT infrastructure in the TLS sector has allowed companies to embrace opportunities to substitute paper-based
This vision of e-commerce also covers the digitisation of internal business processes (the internal processing of documents related to transactions) as well as cooperative
Trust, privacy and identity in the digital economy The information society has deeply and irreversibly transformed our society.
ICT hubs in Europe The European commission has published a study identifying the European ICT hotspots with an atlas showing where digital economies flourish.
or country that will decide to use this instrument to trigger SMES'digitization and contribute to their business development.
This collaboration has resulted in some level of success. The open standards1 of DICOM for digital images
2005). 2. 6. Privacy and security are crucial How health care organisations handle their digital information environment affects the uptake of health ICTS.
500 terabytes of information compared to nineteen terabytes of information in the surface Web. More than half of the deep Web content resides in topic-specific databases.
coupled with the rise of the Internet, have made the use of digital information as a competitive weapon no longer just the domain of larger companies.
and Han Zhang, 1999, Small Business in the Digital economy: Digital Company of the Future, paper presented at the conference, Understanding the Digital economy:
Data, Tools, and Research, Washington, D c.,25-26,may 1999. Berman, Eli, John Bound and Stephen Machin, 1997,‘Implications of Skill-Biased Technological Change:
In Irene Johansson (ed.),the Uddevalla Symposium 2002 Anthology (Research Reports 03:1), Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Regional Development and Public Policy in the Emerging Digital economy, University of Trollhättan
Presented in The Uddevalla Symposium 2002, Innovation, Entrepreneurship, Regional Development and Public Policy in the Emerging Digital economy.
while several programmes and measures exist in many forms across Europe to assist SMES with the transition towards a digital economy,
while several programmes and measures exist in many forms across Europe to assist SMES with the transition towards a digital economy,
digital information appliances, automotive and advanced parts, and design. Multilevel coordination and mobilisation of stakeholders: Photonics was the first industry promoted by the central
This notably concerns both digital mapping and the provision of (real-time) traffic and travel information services.
including digital mapping, the monitoring of dangerous goods and live animals, and interoperability of electronic fee collection for trucks.
A Survey of the Literature, OECD Digital economy Papers, no. 195 (2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k9bh3jllgs7-en;
25: 147-148.17 Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital economy. Australia's digital economy: future directions.
Final report. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia, 2009. http://www. dbcde. gov. au/data/assets/pdf file/0006/117681/DIGITAL ECONOMY FUTURE DIRECTIONS FINAL REPORT. pdf (accessed Aug 2010). 18 Coye M,
and technologies from Ricoh, Pixel Qi and Qualcomm might easily have taken the lead. E-Ink leads with its improved Pearl greyscale technology and then with its Triton full colour form launched in 2010 to maintain its grip on the e-reader market.
see Section 4. 1. 1 GB Gigabyte GDP Gross domestic product GHZ Gigahertz GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network;
that is to say a position of economic strength affording it the power to behave to an appreciable extent independently of competitors, customers and ultimately consumers (Framework Directive) SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol TB Terabyte (1 Terabyte
=1000 Gigabytes) VDSL/VDSL2 Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line (version 2); see Section 4. 1. 1 VNI Virtual Networking Index (published by Cisco) Vod Video-on-Demand;
(which is 1 Terabyte, or 1 TB) per month. 9 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit. 10 Cisco VNI (2012), op cit. 0 45,000 90,000 2011 2012 2013 2014
Issues in Economic policy no. 6, The Brookings Institute, July 27 Greenstein, S. and R. Mcdevitt (2012), Measuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countries, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 197
thus, require an infrastructure based on twisted pair copper lines. 36 In a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON),
Cable networks can offer Gigabit bitrates for IP traffic. The customers within a given cable cluster,
I want every European to have 30 Megabit coverage by 2020: and that's where next generation wireless networks will play a very important role.
I also want at least half of Europeans to have ultra-fast access at over 100 Megabits by 2020:
Measuring the Broadband Bonus in Thirty OECD Countries, OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 197, OECD Publishing. http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k9bcwkg3hwf-en. 75.
and Training (E&t) systems to keep pace with the digital economy and society. In order to modernise E&t systems, true ICT-enabled learning innovations (ICT-ELI) are needed that improve significantly upon the status quo
While upper-middle income countries report similar levels of the use of paper as the two lower-income country groups, countries in this group have made greater strides towards digitization:
Further complicating use of metadata standards is the lack of communication that is often in evidence between the professionals who develop digital information systems
They show that countries in the higher-income groups are more likely to be advanced further in the digitization of patient information than those in the lower-income groups.
as the process of digitization of records is highly dependent on, and linked to, the availability of human and ICT resources to
It consists of actions aimed at helping SMES to gain benefits from the digital economy. Innovation Union:
The Digital Agenda, one of the seven flagship initiatives of the Europe 2020 Strategy, has the goal of creating a flourishing digital economy by 2020.
the digital economy accounted for more than 5. 8 per cent of GDP, and it continues to grow.
and digitization, including of human activity, into digital breadcrumbs or footprints. In an increasingly digitized world,
The correlation analysis revealed a behaviour associated with VOLUME VARIETY VERACITY Vast amounts of data generated through large-scale datafication and digitization of information Different types and forms of data
in megabits per second (Mbit/s). It is measured as the sum of used capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth.
For comparability reasons, the fixedbroadband sub-basket is based on a monthly data usage of (a minimum of) 1 Gigabyte (GB.
the cost for the additional bytes is added to the sub-basket. The minimum speed of a broadband connection is 256 kbit/s. 235 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Annex Box 2. 2:
then the price per additional byte is added to the monthly price so as to calculate the cost of 1 GB of data per month.
With the new digital economy creating significant disruptions and opportunities, our global team of over 3,
600 talented individuals work with leading companies and governments to master Digital Transformation, drawing on our understanding of the digital economy and our leadership in business transformation and organization change
This strong association between the strategic objectives and the specific objectives in ICT is characterized by the pervasive reach of the digital economy
for Europe as framework of reference to define an overview on how to boost the digital economy for the 2014 2020 period.
By high amount of data one understands an interval included between dozens of Terabytes and several Petabytes of information.
Big data, a general term for the massive amount of digital data being collected from all sorts of sources,
which solves the issue related to processing high amounts of data (an interval included between dozens of Terabytes and several Petabytes of information), within a limited interval.
EU Goals Supporting the effort of digitization of all European cultural content and providing a platform for aggregating digitized cultural resources with an easy and single access point to information related to the cultural heritage,
when all the organizations, no matter the scale, have developed different models and methodologies for Digitization. The European Digital Library is the maximum interest focus point of the ITC strategy in the field of culture
online accessibility of Europe's cultural heritage needs requires the right conditions for proceeding with digitization, online accessibility and preservation of cultural content.
200 Romania as EU's Member State Ministry of Culture (responsible) Ministry for Information Society (support) Provides most of the funding for digitization
Development of Digital Archives of Romania Cultural Patrimony Digitize the Romanian cultural patrimony Operational) The main advantage resulting from the action of digitization of the cultural patrimony of Romania is represented by the preservation of national cultural
specific to the communities from Romania Digitize the cultural content specific to Romanian communities (Enabler) The digitization of the cultural content specific to Romanian communities will have a major impact on the degree of the citizens'awareness
3. Support for the digital economy throughout Europe; 4. Boosting social enterprises, cohesion and consumer confidence.
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
Price of leased lines in the OECD area, May 2002 Charges for a basket of national leased lines of 2 megabits per second
and to send digital images of products only to known clients (which then sell to other buyers).
Greece Go Online The project of the Ministry of Development aims to introduce 50 000 SMES to the digital economy.
"and from the UK on the"Digital economy Act",available at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/tris/pisa/app/search/index. cfm?
The UK Digital economy Act follows a three-tier approach. First, ISPS must notify their subscribers of infringements which have been reported by copyright owners
In the UK, BT and Talktalk, two internet service providers, had contested the validity of the Digital economy Act (DEA,
in the online environment It is acknowledged widely that trust is the currency of the digital economy.
The objectives are to set forth a comprehensive and consistent personal data protection legal framework which addresses new challenges such as technological developments in the digital economy and more intense globalisation,
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/docs/ipr strategy/COM 2011 287 EN. pdf 73 digitisation and making available of"orphan works".
Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of-Commerce Works, 20.09.2011, available at:
available empirical evidence shows that the digital economy has positive effects on the environment. For example, compared to a traditional CD purchase in a"brick and mortar"shop
Access Impediment Act (repealed) ACT CVIII of 2001 on certain aspects of ecommerce services Law on information society services Terrorism act 2006/Digital economy Act 2010 Articles
customer expectations are increasing Universities are affected also by increasing customer sophistication, increased transparency and digitisation.
Most investor-driven labs operate in the growth sectors of the digital economy. Entrepreneurs, start-ups and start-up teams are the main target groups of these labs. They are selected based on rigorous evaluation criteria such as feasibility
it is only in the last few decades that the digitisation of lighting has enabled variations in light levels and colour.
We believe that the intersection of mega-trends such as digitisation, mass collaboration, and sustainability needs is creating a unique opportunity to enable an explosive increase in shared value due to innovation.
OI2 is enabled by the collision of three mega trends digitisation, mass collaboration, and sustainability. Across the world, Moore's law is colliding with virtually every domain.
The extent of newspaper digitisation in European Libraries Refinement Quality Assessment Metadata 2. You share with your neighbour during the Buzz3.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION Brussels, 27.10.2011 C (2011) 7579 final COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 27.10.2011 on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation EN 1 EN COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION of 27.10.2011 on the digitisation
and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European union,
The digitisation and preservation of Europe's cultural memory which includes print (books, journals, newspapers), photographs, museum objects, archival documents, sound and audiovisual material,
2) The EU's strategy for digitisation and preservation builds on the work done over the last few years in the digital libraries initiative.
The Workplan for Culture 2011-2014 established by the Council at its meeting of 18 and 19 november 2010, highlights the need for a coordinated effort in the area of digitisation.
4) Moreover the context for digitisation efforts and for collaboration at European level has changed considerably over the last few years.
'Europe needs to act now to reap the benefits of digitisation and digital preservation. If Member States do not step up their investments in this area,
and the digitisation of their assets will help Europe's cultural institutions to continue carrying out their mission of giving access to
(8) Digitisation is an important means for ensuring greater access to and use of cultural material.
and would avoid overlap in digitisation. It would also lead to a more secure climate for companies investing in digitisation technologies.
Overviews of current and planned digitisation activities and quantitative targets for digitisation would contribute to achieving those objectives.
9) The cost of digitising the whole of Europe's cultural heritage is high and cannot be covered by public funding alone.
Private sector sponsoring of digitisation or partnerships between the public and private sectors can involve private entities in digitisation efforts
and should be encouraged further. In order to be balanced fair and, these partnerships should comply with a number of key principles.
and are being used to co-fund digitisation activities as part of projects having an impact on the regional economy.
Mass digitisation processes can gain in efficiency due to scale. Therefore, the efficient use of digitisation capacity and, where possible, the sharing of digitisation equipment between cultural institutions and countries should be encouraged.
11) Only part of the material held by libraries, archives and museums is in the public domain,
and implemented to ensure a harmonised approach to the issue of orphan works throughout the EU. For the largescale digitisation of out-of-commerce works,
which resulted in a Memorandum of Understanding signed in Brussels on 20 september 2011 should be seen as a model for further dialogues to facilitate agreements for the digitisation of as much of the out-ofcommerce material as possible.
Digitisation: organisation and funding 1. further develop their planning and monitoring of the digitisation of books, journals, newspapers, photographs, museum objects, archival documents, sound and audiovisual material, monuments and archaeological sites
(hereinafter‘cultural material')by:(a) setting clear quantitative targets for the digitisation of cultural material, in line with the overall targets mentioned under point 7, indicating the expected increase in digitised material
which could form part of Europeana, and the budgets allocated by public authorities, (b) creating overviews of digitised cultural material
and the private sector in order to create new ways of funding digitisation of cultural material and to stimulate innovative uses of the material,
while ensuring that public private partnerships for digitisation are balanced fair and, and in line with the conditions indicated in the Annex;
EN 5 EN 3. make use of the EU's Structural Funds, where possible, to co-finance digitisation activities in the framework of regional innovation strategies for smart specialisation;
4. consider ways to optimise the use of digitisation capacity and achieve economies of scale, which may imply the pooling of digitisation efforts by cultural institutions and cross-border collaboration, building on competence centres for digitisation in Europe;
Digitisation and online accessibility of public domain material 5. improve access to and use of digitised cultural material that is in the public domain by:(
a) ensuring that material in the public domain remains in the public domain after digitisation, (b) promoting the widest possible access to digitised public domain material as well as the widest possible reuse of the material for noncommercial and commercial purposes,
(c) taking measures to limit the use of intrusive watermarks or other visual protection measures that reduce the usability of the digitised public domain material;
Digitisation and online accessibility of in-copyright material 6. improve conditions for the digitisation and online accessibility of in-copyright material by:(
and agreed by stakeholders for the large scale digitisation and crossborder accessibility of works that are out-of-commerce,
EN 6 EN (b) making all public funding for future digitisation projects conditional on the accessibility of the digitised material through Europeana,
(e) ensuring the use of common digitisation standards defined by Europeana in collaboration with the cultural institutions
I Public-private partnerships for digitisation In order to make rapid progress on the digitisation of our cultural heritage,
public funding for digitisation needs to be complemented by private investment. Therefore, the Commission encourages public-private partnerships for the digitisation of cultural material.
It calls on the Member States to stimulate such partnerships which should comply with the following key principles:
1) Respect for intellectual property rights Public-private partnerships for the digitisation of collections in cultural institutions should fully respect the European union
Agreements should be fully compliant with EU competition rules. 3) Transparency of the process Agreements for the digitisation of collections held by cultural institutions should be awarded after an open competition between potential private partners. 4) Transparency of agreements
and private partners for the digitisation of cultural collections should be made public. 5) Accessibility through Europeana The conclusion of a public-private partnership should be conditional on the accessibility of the digitised material through Europeana. 6) Key
The envisaged digitisation quality, and the quality of the files that will be given to the cultural institutions.
The time-scale of the digitisation project. EN 10 EN ANNEX II Indicative targets for minimum content contribution to Europeana per Member State Number of objects in Europeana per MS*Indicative Target 2015**AUSTRIA 282
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