Traditionally, the Fraunhofer R&d portfolio has been technologydriiven A corporate Future topics process has been establisshe in order to foster a needs-oriented approach.
Table 1. Theme Objectives Focus Initial phase Main phase Commitment phase Energy Establishment of R&d priority agenda,
and interests shaping the priorities in China's R&d programs and policies. The choice of China may be motivated by its sheer importtanc in the world scientific system,
1 The most salient programs in recent history are the National Key technologies R&d Program established in 1984,
the State High-tech R&d Program (also known as the 863 Program), initiated in 1986 and the State Basic R&d Program (also known as the 973 Program), established in 1997.
The 863 Program serves the goal of‘leading to the future'by supporting the development of frontier technologies.
National Key technologies R&d Program, the 863 Program and the 973 Program; and two group programs:
but also on the allocation of resources into mission-driven activities (see Table 2). 4 Table 1. China's R&d programs Program Starting year Objective 6th Five-year
Plan National Key technologies R&d Program 1984 Foster key technologies to upgrade traditional industries and create new ones State Key Laboratory Program 1984 Support selected laboratories in universities,
1986 National High-technology R&d Program (863 Program) 1986 Foster China's overall innovation capacity in high-tech sectors and enhance its international competitiveness Spark Program 1986
1648 1900 National High-tech R&d Program (863 Program)* 2974 3768 4025 3795 4440 5592 Key technology R&d Program 1053 1338 1345
such as a tax rebate for firms'R&d expenditures, as well as the identification of public procurement to promote enterpriises innovation capability.
Deng xiaoping personally approved the drafting of a National High-tech R&d Program, the 863 Program. From April through September of 1986, the State Council mobilized hundreds of experts to draft an Outline for Development Of high Technology
R&d policies became more and more significant. However, as a milestone, the Eight Key Industries itself was only a general policy announcement.
Policies of regulation, FDI and R&d were directed towards the pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation system. The Law of Pharmaceutical Affairs was passed in 1970
) In terms of R&d policies, fundamental biological and pharmaceutical research in universities was funded continuously, and the DCB was found in 1984 to transfer pharmaceutical technology of chemical engineering from the universities to pharmaceuticca companies (DCB 2010).
However, there was no R&d policy to encourage universities to transfer pharmaceuttica biotechnology to companies, and before the late 1990s, there was no particular target for the funding of R&d policies.
Only after 1998 did the government start to recognize Chinese herbal medicines as the backbone of the pharmaceutical sector.
The R&d policies thus turned to encouraging the development of new herbaceous medicines (NSC 2010. To sum up:
The two main agricultural policies promoting agricultuura biotechnology innovation system were agricultural R&d and regulation policies.
For agricultural R&d policies the government continued funding fundamental agricultural research in the universities and applied research in the ASS.
) Treating agricultural R&d policies as a type of welfare policy, modern agricultural biotechnologies innovated by universities and public research organizatiion were commercialized not
the R&d funding for modern agricultural biotechnology was decreased even slightly (Wong 1998: 115), and at the same time, the Farmers'Insurance was launched (CLA 2010.
The policies directed towards the pharmaceutical biotechnology system were regulations, FDI and R&d. Before the 1980s,
R&d policies became more and more importannt Indeed, the Eight Key Industries, the first biotechnoloog policy, targeted the development of the pharmaceutical sector, rather than biotechnology.
the agricultural R&d policies focused on the quantity of agricultural products. However, after the 1980s, once the agricultural products only served domestic demands,
the government promoted agricultural R&d and regulation policies, merely to increase the welfare of farmers
Food Industry Research and development Institute. Lin, J.-Y. 1995)‘ The experiments and research of Taiwan's Agriculture Experiment Station within recent one hundred years'(.
including public procuremeent regulation and direct R&d funding, thereby contributing to the realisation of a fully fledged ERA.
Factors vary, for instance, on R&d intensity (i e. high-tech, medium tech and low tech) and on issues such as availability (or the possibility to develop) skilled labour,
It has traditioonall been associated with R&d, but there are differren types of knowledge besides science and technology knowledge, including production,
and include R&d activities in the public and private sectors, and design and production in firms..
and R&d units rather than fulfilling an exploratory think-tank function for top-level management, but this development is currently being reconsidered in several firms (Daheim and Uerz 2008.
'Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit
of labour leads to intense specialisation of countries'economies Governments compete to host the R&d facilities of multinationals through large R&d investments Public science focused on basic research that multinationals are less likely to perform themselves Strong global networks
socio-technical transformation. 1. Introduction Since the 1960s, the results of R&d practices have increasinngl been approached as knowledge inputs in the construuctio of science and technology policies.
diffusion and embedding innovatiions such as universities, public and private R&d organizations, companies and various intermediate organizattions and the collective learning processes between these organizations (Smits et al. 2010).
such as public funding for R&d and innovation, support for technical standardizatiion intellectual property rights regulation and the provisiio of public technical infrastructure, can be applied.
Traditionally, the construction industry has invested relativvel little in R&d, and has also been slow to adopt new technologies.
Support to collaborative R&d; Facilitating commercialization of research results TECHNOLOGIES: Public funding for research and technology development;
At the level of products and solutions, the support for collaborative R&d and facilitation of commercialization of research results were assessed as the main innovation policy practices.
Collaboration between the key R&d players and the government would be important especially in the Victorian context, due to the fragmented nature of the construction sector.
Current R&d on HVAC accentuates the connection of separate systems into a larger building automation system through ICT protocols.
Meier zu Ko cker, G.,Hein, D. and Chinalski, M. 2008)‘ German Polish network-based R&d co-operation:
Brummer, V.,Salo, A.,Nissinen, J. and Liesio, J. 2011)‘ A methodology for the identification of prospective collaboraatio networks in international R&d programs',International Journal of Technology management, 54
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with similar technological scope.
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with a similar technological scope.
For this, we need first of all to look at the Fraunhofer Society itself. 3. The Fraunhofer approach 3. 1 Strategic R&d planning within the Fraunhofer governance model Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA APPROACHES have been used within corporate strategic R&d planning at Fraunhofer for several years.
'and the role of strategic R&d planning at the corporate level within this system. With a total budget of E1. 65 billion in 2010, Fraunhofer is the largest contract research organisation in Europe.
At the same time, cooperation between various knowledge domains within 60 Fraunhofer institutes is needed to address complex interdisciplinary system approaches in R&d.
and intensifies cooperation between institutes to fully utilise the strength of its broad R&d portfolio with various measures.
Within the groups, institutes plan and strategically align their respective R&d portfolios. Another platform of cooperation is built by the 20 Fraunhofer alliances, in
Moreover, Fraunhofer headquarters fund internal research programmes for joint R&d projects in order to support cooperation between the institutes.
FTA in this context supports Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning. Hence, it needs to be oriented action
Papers on foresight studies or specific technological R&d trends were analysed and evaluated as the starting point. Experts with different technological backgrounds met in workshops to discuss
and assess the future relevance of certain technologies by extrapolating the current R&d portfolio to the future.
and developed by at least one dedicated (and centrally funded) R&d project of significant size. That means‘real'prototypes or results developed in a collaborative manner are expected from the projects Section 4 explains this process in more detail. 4. Methodology of the 2010 process 4. 1 The concept of the 2010 future-oriented
Each technological solution approach was rated in terms of its fit with the Fraunhofer R&d portfolio and clustered into solution fields.
Perform dedicated technological R&d projects: the projects should be supported by technologies from Fraunhofer and need to produce results that really offer a solution for a part of the problem..
and technology organisations From an R&d management programme that is organised by international institutes with a similar background to Fraunhofer,
and technology organisations in Europe have their specific approaches to Fraunhofer future markets. 241 defining their R&d portfolio.
and outlook Using global challenges as a starting point for an internal FTA PROCESS within the corporate strategic R&d planning was a new approach for Fraunhofer.
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