Present address: 10f.7, No. 57, Ln. 136, Xuefu Rd. Tamsui Dist.,New Taipei City 251, Taiwan (R. O. C.;
building a continuous and shared approach to understand the present, exploring alternative futures and shaping the direction to follow, coupled with an evaluation of
and the present of international science cooperation Before thinking about the futures of international science cooperation,
it is essential to appreciate something of the past and the present. In this section, a short‘potted'history of international science cooperation since the Second world war is provided,
The present range of options extends from market-based economies to stronger developmental state intervention to communism,
only its general contours are presented in Box 2. Through‘backcasting'from the future success scenario of 2031 to the present day,
though the present authors have not found other examples that focus on mechanisms for internatiiona science collaboration.
and start to extrapolate steps backwards from the vision towards the present stage. This method is known as backcasting.
i e. to define the present state and start to build steps, finally reaching the long-term state.
Present Medium term Long term Present stage Change 2 Change 3 Change 4 Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Present stage Change 2
Change 3 Change 4 Present stage Change 2 Change 3 Change 4 Technology roadmap 1 Policies:
Present Medium term Long term Present stage Technology developments 2 Technology developments 3 Technology developments 4 Technologybaase solutions Present Medium term Long term Vision Present stage Technology developments
2 Technology developments 3 Technology developments 4 Present stage Needs and market developments 2 Needs and market developments 3 Needs and market developments 4 Present stage Enabling technologies, convergence
At the level of drivers, the most important policy would be Present Medium term Long term Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Policies:
and solutiions The present markets are fragmented and emphasiiz suboptimization by price. The regulations are defined mainly technically,
The most important present solutions are: assessment and certification services, low-energy concepts and distributed building services systems (e g. heating and air conditioning.
In materials, a key present enabling technology is advanced materials and energy efficient lighting solutions (e g. LED. In the long term, the use of low-energy technologies and energy efficient, flexible lighting solutions (e g.
ICT will increasingly be present in our everyday private and business life. It has contributed to decreasing the resource consumption and resource-intensive lifestyles in many ways.
Smart production and recycling technologies have resulted in Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Technology roadmap 1:
The strategic policy issues in environmentaall sustainable ICT start from the present zero position in which there is basically no regulation
and sensor network-based subutility energy measurements play a key Present Medium term Long term Key technologybaase solutions Vision Basic automatic meter reading (AMR) maturing Present
and piloting of the proposed approach. 3. 1 Foresight processes case by case The cases were handpicked principally because of the explicit role of foresight activities in their implementation as well as the fact that the present authors had access to the information
2005), Anderson (2010), Chioncel and Cuntz (2012), European commission (2011), Seiser (2010) and authors'own expertise. 6. An indicator of the culture of openness may be the past and present openness
2005), Anderson (2010), Chioncel and Cuntz (2012), European commission (2011), Seiser (2010) and the present authors'own expertise. 20.
The present paper draws on the experiences from the seventh European Framework programme horizon scanning project Scanning for Emerging science and Technology Issues (SESTI.
3 During the project the present authors developed an approach to organise and implement horizon scanning processes effectively
These combinatiion present different features in terms of the degree of automation of the tools that are used and the degree to
To the best knowledge of the present authors, the State of the Future report is the most comprehensive
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