many more will very likely be seen in the near or mid-term future. Nanomaterials show great economic potential
or vision of the future S and T landscape available to decision makers. The roadmapping process provides a way to identify,
European commission, IST Programme Future and Emerging technologies, 1999.14 G. Fernholz, Roadmaps in MEMS/MST: what do they offer
The fourth editiio (2011) of the International Seville Conference on Future-Orientedtechnologyanalysis (FTA) focused its attention on processes of transformative change in response to Grand Societal Challennges
in principle, be found in what Slaughter (2008) calls‘problem-oriented'futures (i e. conventional thinking), and thus requires a new approach making use of integral ideas.
The arguments in the keynote of Ollila are in line with a tendency of the private side to claim that they are prepared better for the future than the public side.
Tuomi sees only a limited role for the identification of weak signals in understanding the future,
when the future is already here. They can, however, enhance our capability to make distinctions
and on a‘culture of swiftness'(on the constantly forming potentialities of the future). In line with this, they claim that RTOSWOULD benefit from developing two systemic capacities:
and unpredictability Such notions lead several authors to remind us on the role of FTA to challenge persisting premises on extrapolated futures based on past events.
Futures 30, no. 8: 815 29. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 04:57 03 december 2014 734 Editorial Linstone, H. A. 2011a.
Futures 40, no. 2: 103 8. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 04:57 03 december 2014
creattiv evolution Introduction Predictions about future almost always fail. In this paper, the epistemic and ontological causes for this failure are described and their implications for foresight, innovation policy,
Based on these conceptual developments, the paper then proposes some practical implicatiion for future-oriented research and policy.
its complexity makes it impossiibl to perfectly know its future. Already relatively simple systems have interactions, nonlinear dynamics,
In contrast to the traditional heroic‘upstream'innovation model, downstream models emphasise the active role of current and future users.
In mechanistic approaches, future unfolds in a deterministic way and there is no space for truly novel forms.
In finalistic and teleological approaches, on the other hand, the future is preordained as a perfect blueprint. Both mechanistic and finalistic explanations of evolution and emergence,
and novelty is not only recombinatiio of already existing forms or unfolding of a predetermined future.
Yet, the movement towards future occurs in a context that can often be taken to be static in relation to the time scale of present action.
allowing future to have an impact on the present: To take a transparent example: if I am walking in the woods,
we can use the formal system to find out the state of the natural system in some future point of time.
create hypotheses about the unobservable causal relationships, fast forward the formal model to a future point of time,
In future-oriented research, the nature and implications of‘weak signals'have been debated actively during the last few years (Mendonça et al. 2004;
'and‘seeds of future'thus emerge in retrospective accounts that shape history into prototypical narrative structures.‘
‘Weak signals'of future can often be understood as narrative fragments that are used to compose meaningful stories that make sense of the present as an endpoint of past history.
thus involves backcasting both the present and the narrative future. In the case of GSM SMS, ontological expansion looks less radical,
when the future is already here and ontology has expanded. After ontological expansion occurs we start to receive signals that something has changed
Although ontological expansion makes future an unpredictable place, this does not mean that we cannot say anything interesting about the future.
It may be impossible to have facts or data that could be used to model imagined futures;
we are, however, perfectly able to imaginatively expand current ontologies and tell narrative stories using weak signals that make sense in our imagined futures.
In practical terms, we can expand the repertoire of categories and our capability to make distinctions
Retrospective narratives make decision-makers believe that future has been predictable before and that they are able to predict the future also now (Bukszar 1999).
A potential approach to reduce such misplaced overconfidence is to explicate both the underlying Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 04:52 03 december 2014 Foresight in an unpredictable world 747 assumptions (Rossel 2009)
Future emerges in a periphery where robust facts and standardised interpretations do not exist (Regnér 2003).
Methodologically, this means that instead of planning the future or keeping multiple possible outcomes in mind simultaneously,
we should be open to the creative potential of the future. As the analysis above indicates,
In practice, many future-oriented models are based on time-series data. Such data can be collected only if the ontology and its encodings and the measurement instruments that generate the data remain stable.
historical data on national accounts can tell very little about future economic developments, as the data are collected on categories that used to be important in the industrial economies and value production models of the twentieth century.
If the future cannot be predicted before it happens, foresight requires an imaginative step that resembles the movement of a mountain climber towards the next hold.
The future sign and its three dimensions. Futures 40, no. 3: 247 60. Holopainen, M,
. and M. Toivonen. 2012. Weak signals: Ansoff today. Futures 44, no. 3: 198 205. Hughes, T. P. 1983.
Networks of power: Electrification in western society 1880 1930. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
Futures 36, no. 2 march: 201 18. Milian, M. 2009. Why text messages are limited to 160 characters.
Futures literacy: A hybrid strategic scenario method. Futures 39, no. 4: 341 62. Mirowski, P. 1998.
Economics, science, and knowledge: Polanyi vs. Hayek. Tradition & Discovery, The Polanyi Society Periodical XXV, no. 1: 29 42.
Images of the future as a tool for sociology. American Behavioral Scientist 42, no. 3: 493 504.
a major part of Future-oriented technology analysis (FTA) or does it really tell us something about the future? What the future holds for the Earth is understood well
if the physics of cosmology is to be believed. What about nearer home? What can or does FTA hint may be in store for all the denizens of planet Earth?
Staton (2006) drew out the poverty of foresight if Derrida's claim that foresight does not say much about the future is accepted.
Just as the future of the Earth can be computed and imagined from the physics of the Cosmos,
a future that does not exist, can lesser*Corresponding author. Email: denis. loveridge@mbs. ac. uk ISSN 0953-7325 print/ISSN 1465-3990 online 2012 Taylor & francis http://dx. doi. org/10.1080
if indeed that has any meaning, the‘future, 'something that does not exist even conceptually or perceptually,
The paper concludes (Sections 7 and 8) with a further discussion of situations that FTA is likely to face in the future. 2. Getting a feeling for the range of FTA Can the notion of the future as a‘black hole'be contested?
In many branches of science, the future is a‘grey hole'in which some of the matter is quantitative and some qualitative.
Similarly, any business has a certain momentum that will ensure its continuity for an uncertain time into the future in the absence of some new
but above all else to ensure successful continuity of the business based on securing future profits and a strong share price.
perhaps more so than its institutional practice, can have much to say about the future recognising that ultimately the future is a‘black hole'.
Politics and Values and Norms) set to begin to offer risky insights into what is possible in all the STEEPV themes and their probabilities for the future.
If foresight or its institutional counterpart say nothing about the future as Derrida claims, then it is
because part of the future is akin to a‘black hole'from which nothing escapes. However, the analogy cannot be taken too far as the future eventually yields some of its secrets as ideas emerge across its fuzzy boundary.
It is a major part of FTA to reveal or capture the presence, however brief, of these‘secrets'as they cross the fuzzy boundary of unknown unknowns
FTA's future orientation means that it deals with matters characterised by uncertainty and ignorance:
The outcome is then a version of the long-time notion of the future as a present appreciation of current knowledge projected to some future horizon.
'a necessary precursor to any FTA to achieve its future orientation. Plausibility is a matter of belief that has its own frequency distribution assessed through probability.
(which enables substantive knowledge to be interpreted'into the future), and imagination; these are all matters related to an individual's behavioural pattern.
Not verifiable experimentally in the scientific mode Highly uncertain and complex, particularly relating to the existence of causal relationships Able to create the basis for visions of the future based on common ground among participants Action oriented in terms of identifying threats,
challenges and opportunities and the relevance of knowledge for a particular situation More than future-oriented research Normative combining socio-techno-economic feasibility and scientific possibility to yield desirable outcomes
In its context, FTA helps to develop hypotheses as to how present situations may evolve into the future,
In 1977 1978, the Institute for the Future (IFTF) carried out a study of the future of the UK,
based on 10 variables chosen (here the variables are less important than the methods used) to describe the future situation of the UK.
generalists, people of thought and people of present and future action. Generalist's had a wide spread of interests;
People of present and/or future action were those people whose present or possible future position meant that they were then able to affect the amelioration of a situation
Seeking subjective opinion about a situation and its future from these three types of expert had to be tailored carefully to each
which the expert was able to interpret his knowledge into the future and imagination was free thinking ability.
and O. Saritas 7. Future influences on FTA All the foregoing has lain within the conventional boundaries of FTA
and cannot say anything about the future (2) The presence of ignorance in all its manifestations needs to be constantly in mind enabling any FTA to be framed
The Institute for the Future's study of the UK: 1978-95. Futures 14, no. 3: 205 39.
Loveridge, D. 1977. Values and futures. In Futures research: New directions, ed. H. A. Linstone andw.
H. C. Simmonds, 53 64. Reading, MA: Addisonwesley advanced Book Programme. Loveridge, D. 2001. Foresight Seven paradoxes.
The art and science of anticipating the future. Newyork: Routledge. M'Pherson, P. K. 1974.
Futures 6, no. 3: 219 39. Meredith, J. R.,A. Raturi, K. Amoako-Gyampah, and B. Kaplan. 1989.
and policymakking the active exploration of the future is by no means a privilege of foresight methods. Anticipation occurs in many more domains, in particular, in areas of science and technology,
Foresight exercises, or‘formal'assessments of the future, thus, are surrounded by‘informaal assessments of the future (Salo 2001).
This particular condition will have consequences for the established foresight approaches. This paper conceptually and empirically investigates the phenomenon that socio-technical developments are shot through with informal anticipations
repertoire of visions and future assessments and how this both enhances and limits the efficacy of foresight.
How to characterise and understand the condition of foresight being surrounded by ongoing informal future assessments?
and policy-settings will benefit from explorations of the future (Gordon, Glenn, and Jakil 2005.
including future actions and allocation of resources. Foresight helps to highlight and evaluate alternative paths.
A third objective of foresight is to build a consensual vision of the future in order to harmonise strategies of the different stakeholders.
This objective might lead to a search for the most probable future, or to the exploration of several alternative futures (Könnölä,
Business studies have developed a set of techniques to assess the future for strategic decisionmakkin (Kappel 2001;
the social sciences emphasise that human activities are oriented intrinsically towards the future. The classical sociologists Weber, Mead and Schutz stressed that future orientation is an inherent characteristic of human behaviour,
since decisions and activities are framed by intentions and ideas about a future situation. People act not only in reaction to the past (socialisattion or present (roles in a social structure),
but also relate to futures, as designers of their own lives. The orientation towards the future applies to the behaviour of individuals, groups, organisations and society as a whole (Konrad 2006.
In all cases, actions, reactions and decisiion are framed in images of the future that circulate in professional networks or in the general media.
According to the sociology of expectations, this general future orientation is in particular present in technological development. A central theme is that expectations are statements that do something,
rather than being descriptive statements that may be true or false. An expectation is not just a description of a (future) reality,
but rather a change or creation of a new reality (Guice 1999). In other words, expectations are performative:
they do something. The utterance‘yes, I'll bring it to you tomorrow'is not a description
'Expectations, thus, can be defined as statements about the future uttered or inscribed in texts or materials that circulate.
The level of expectations may range from encompassing, abstract sketches of the future (macro) to detailed elements (micro.
self-preservation implies to obey Moore's Law as the authoritative view of the future. Clearly, Moore's Law is a self-fulfiling prophecy.
a promising future of a technological option lacks such independent tests. In fact, the only reliable way to validate the claim is to try to achieve it.
a project or programme can be defended by referring to a promising future (Borup et al. 2006.
The promised future situation contains sequencing of genes, characterisation of proteins, databases, dynamic models and so on.
Researchers, firms and governments have to make decisions about future products in future markets, about things which,
and are uncertain about their future rivals in the future battlefields (Williams and Sorensen 2002). In addition, sociologiist of science and technology point to the dynamic nature of science and technology:
This also raises questions about the epistemological status of claims about the future. According to a realist perspective on expectations, a distinction can be made between an expectation and the‘real'state of affairs.
The discussion is summarised in Table 3. The first generic lesson is that the formal articulation of futures takes place in situations where expectations abound
and outcomes become part of innovation races Networking Stakeholder participation tend to reproduce repertoires The newly established networks will start to promote the vision Participants may press their version of the future Building visions Foresight outcomes will not Be built very original visions may have unintended consequences
The second lesson is that statements about futures are not innocent descriptions but are performaative The claims resulting from foresight,
Once specific futures are articulated in foresight exercises, others may refer to these to underpin their position.
which claims about the future are made) these networks will adopt the claims and promote them.
Third, the sociology of expectations claims that estimates of the future are rooted deeply in the developments of which they seek to give an assessment.
to be contrasted with the numerous informal articulations of futures that circulate in science and technology.
and circulating images of the future, both limits and enables the formal anticipations. Foresight exercises will draw from the repertoire of circulating statements,
and less forceful because it is disconnected from the repertoires of the future that legitimise, steer and coordination action.
On the other hand, when the formal articulation is coupled tightly to the repertoires of the future, it is seen not as adding much news. The alignment of formal and informal expectations makes foresight socially more robust,
Accountability in biopasts, presents and futures. Science Studies 16, no. 2: 3 21. Brown, N.,B. Rappert, anda.
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Futures 43, no. 3: 279 91. Coates, V.,M. Farooque, R. Klavans, K. Lapid, H. A. Linstone, C. Pistorius,
On the future of technological forecasting. Technological forecasting and Social Change 67, no. 1: 1 17. Collins, H,
Futures 43, no. 3: 265 78. Froot, K. A d. S. Scharftstein, and J. C. Stein. 1992.
Failed technology futures: Pitfalls and lessons from a historical survey. Futures 32, no. 9/10: 867 85.
Gordon, T. J.,J. C. Glenn, and A. Jakil. 2005. Frontiers of futures research: What's next?
Designing the future: The culture of new trends in science and Technology research Policy 28, no. 1: 81 98.
Promises of a better future in biotechnology advertisements. Science as Culture 11, no. 4: 459 79.
How organizations talk about the future. Journal of Product innovation Management 18, no. 1: 39 50. Könnölä, T.,V. Brummer,
Exploring the future of ecological genomics: Integrating CTA with vision assessment. Technological forecasting and Social Change 75, no. 3: 334 55.
Futures 43, no. 3: 232 42. Schot, J, . and A. Rip. 1996. The past and future of constructive technology assessment.
Technological forecasting and Social Change 54, nos. 2 3: 251 68. Sturken, M. D. Thomas, and S. J. Ball-Rokeach, eds. 2004.
Forceful futures: From promise to requirement. In Contested futures. A sociology of prospective techno-science, ed. N. Brown, B. Rappert and A. Webster, 43 64.
London: Ashgate Publishing company. Van Lente, H. 2006. Prospective structures of science and science policy. In Innovation, science, and institutional change:
Futures 43, no. 1: 86 98. Vergragt, P. J. 1988. The social shaping of industrial innovation.
and processes that assist decision-makers in the task of charting the company's future course of action (Coates, Durance, and Godet 2010;
Scholars and practitioners in the field generally respond to such concern about the reliability of foresight by arguing that its role is not so much to predict the future,
but to prepare the firm for the future (van der Heyden et al. 2002; Tsoukas and Shepherd 2004.
and thus prepare at its best for the future. The following question remains largely unexplored:
and its value added does not lie in predicting the future, but in preparing to deal with the future by means of a learning process that helps the organisation to remain matched to its changing environment (van der Heijden et al. 2002;
Tsoukas and Shepherd 2004. In this vein, scholars focused on methodological issues regarding how to implement a large number of foresight practices and techniques.
which foresight entails about the future. Methods and data The research design is based on an inductive and multiple-case study of a group of selected firms.
and cultural landscapes which are likely to shape the future of the transport and mobility business and are carried out at a global level or for a specific region over a 10 15-year perspective.
so to derive future demand projections for passenger cars, vans, and trucks in different geographic areas and countries.
Future pharmaceutical R&d activities also promised to require huge investmennts so implying that resources had to be shifted from other, more attractive, business areas.
to provide a comprehensive vision of the future evolution of the firm business environment, in a procees that guarantees that all view points (people,
The main task of each Innovation Field is to elaborate a‘Picture of the Future'for its target segment
In this context, the key decisions themselves to be tackled by the organisation for future growth were not clear.
The definition of the boundaries of the business serves exactly to fix the key decisions for future growth,
we believe that matching the right foresight approach with the specific kind of uncertainty faced by a firm is an essential condition in order to foster and nurture the learning process about the future
Learning from the future. Newyork: Wiley. Glenn, J. C.,ed. 1999. Futures research methodology. WASHINGTON DC: American Council for the United nations, The Millennium Project.
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Integrating the future business environment into innovation and strategy. International Journal of Technology management 34, nos. 3 4: 278 95.
Planning for the future in an uncertain world. Newyork: Doubleday Currency. Teece, D. J. 2007.
Organization and the future, from forecasting to foresight. In Managing the future: Foresight in the knowledge economy, ed. H. Tsoukas and J. Shepherd, 1 19.
London: Blackwell. Vecchiato, R, . and C. Roveda. 2010a. Foresight in corporate organizations. Technology analysis & Strategic management 22, no. 1: 99 112.
It is the process of seeking in the present to bridge the gap between the present and the future continuously,
'and stakeholders'views of what the future might entail. It also considers where all actors see themselves both individually and collectively within these alternative futures.
such a common vision to be pursued across the system should be based upon the mutual positioning of network actors in relation to future needs (Cagnin, Amanatidou, and Keenan 2012.
measured by being able to secure future profits and a strong share price, for a limited time horizon, will be maintained through interdependence between itself and a swarm of suppliers and customers.
Foresight can also expose a range of equally likely paths into the future that may permit more insightful decisions to be made by a business.
joint visions and enhanced responsiveness among the network members including truly novel aspects of how the future might evolve.
Simultaneously, individual firms actively shape the future as an embedded network participant promoting a common vision within it
Facing the future: Time for the EU to meet global challenges. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union. http://ftp. jrc. es/EURDOC/JRC55981. pdf (accessed July 2012.
Report of World Commission on Environment and Development our common future. Oslo: UN. BSI. 2003.
Futures. Cagnin, C. H. 2005. An information architecture to enable business sustainability. Phd thesis. Manchester:
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Past, present, and future. Academy of Marketing Science Review 2000, no. 4: 1 16. Holliday, C. O.,Jr, S. Schmidheiny,
Facing the future: Scanning, synthesizing and sense-making in horizon scanning. Science and Public policy 39, no. 2: 222 31.
so it can establish future capability of analysis and decision making processes. Sustain the business A It is developed a process by every day activities.
and looking for‘tomorrow'to maintain balance between past and future, between what is known and what is new (something unpredictable) is the requirement to success. It is thus a reflection about
and then to adjust the organisational thinking and actions for the future. This phase is where sustainability performance evolutionary leaps can occur bringing,
and techniques hold great promise for aiding the future direction of the science and technology enterprise.
The purpose of this set of visualizations, hereafter referred to as bdoe LDRD, Q was to place Sandia's IA activities within a broader context,
or complementary technology spaces that can be leveraged jointly in future LDRD calls. Fig. 5 is an example of the link analysis visualizations that were created
and MST work together to identify a collaborative approach for a portion of their future LDRD calls,
The result of the visualization pointed to specific technological efforts within an IA that could be combined to create a larger effort that could in turn attract future funding outside of the LDRD program.
and that are potential areas of future opportunity for the CIS IA, given its current portfolio and competency base.
then the barrier to entry (in terms of future competition for funding) would be given high the unique expertise of that laboratory.
which future opportunities to fund. 4. 4. Link analysis of DOE LDRD The Sandia-specific link analysis assisted in the understanding of the technologies within,
or to suggest potential collaborative opportunities between laboratories. 5. Future directions This is the first year that we have applied such analyses to our LDRD process.
and the capability to anticipate one's future position in relation to streams that could emerge, and in relation to potential positions of other entities.
http://www. tandfonline. com Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:05 03 december 2014 822 T. Ahlqvist et al. future.
Section 5 wraps up the argument and opens future avenues for further exploration. Strategic development paths and systemic transformation capacities An important starting point when building an anticipatory culture is the realisation that organisatiion act under constant temporal tension.
It is important to realise that not only the realised paths affect the present development and the future possibilities
and future knowledge in an organisation. memory, at least to some extent. The causality between decisions made
but as a kind of continuum that is constructed out of future options, the present, realised path in the past,
and they should also foster future-oriented adaptability. We propose that this paradox could be tackled by fostering two systemic capacities:(
'and based on‘future beacons'that are locked only temporarily. The position of these beacons should be checked regularly in relation to changes in the landscape and in relation to other‘navigators'.
An anticipatory agency can be defined as a strategic ability of an organisation to construct feasible targets for the future through shared dialogue,
to make future-oriented strategic conclusions on this basis, and to turn these conclusions into actions.
as an organisational capability to continuously reflect on one's own actions against systematically formed strategic views of the future,
and to change one's behaviour and/or strategic view of the future when necessary.
which produces a hermetic chart of the future with a sealed vision. Therefore, the vision should be understood as temporarily locked target that is systematically verified
when roadmapping the futures of a national innovation system. The temporal spans of the roadmaps are also scalable
First, roadmapping enables the organisation to systematically produce its own strategic future manuscript and set it in the context of organisational knowledge spaces (see the next section).
These kinds of future manuscripts could also be produced with other narrative foresight methods, such as scenarios or‘genius forecasting'.
However, combining roadmapping with system dynamic modelling is definitely a potential path for future methodological development.
we have singled out four knowledge spaces that are important in the context of RTOS (see also Table 1). The model combines the four knowledge spaces with three basic temporal scales (past, present, and futures.
and the past and the futures are more incoherent. This visualisation underlines a crucial point:
and the future but the present is the only temporal position where interpretations can be turned into actions.
and social/actor space are linked to a strategic perspective of the future, i e. a strong target Building strategic
transparency Communicating strategic aims Building synthesising vision (vertical and horizontal) Visionary strategising Aligning roadmap knowledge Visionary Exploration of futures on different scales of certainty Systemic
openness towards future possibilities Drafting novel concepts Capacities for resilience Identifying wild cards Focusses primarily on vision building:
This space is devoted to the exploration of futures on different levels of plausibility. Our model starts with a presupposition that in the technology and social/actor spaces
the exploration of the more radical futures is restricted usually by the overaal need to identify certain actions in the present.
In our ideal model, we have depicted, for example, disruptive futures (phenomena that change the name of the game),
alternative futures (trajectories that are alternatives to the hegemonic futures), ‘black swans'(utterly unsuspected phenomena that have significant impacts),
and unlikely futures (futures that are seen not as credible, but that have significance in the imaginary of the present options).
The aim of the roadmap is to identify specific action steps towards the future. This scope is parallel to the technology space.
The second workshop considered the future markeets business potential, and actors in the sector of building services.
It built a vision of the future and fostered action steps to reach that vision.
and focussed on future possibillitie by emphasising ICT applications. It was aimed to build capacities for the renewal of VTT's technological basis by stressing the development of a more service-oriented approach.
Knowledge Key systemic capacities space Description associated with the space Forms of project knowledge Technology Exercise covered the field of building services with an explicit focus on the future possibilities,
future-oriented thinking. Roadmapping was divided into two phases. The first roadmapping phase traced the big picture of the service landscape from the present moment (2009) until 2025.
The project defined the emerging field of service research and its future possibilities, and clarifiedvtt's role in the context of service research.
Furthermore, the project aimed to fortify VTT's brand as a service research organisation by stating the VTT state-of-the-art and vision for the future.
and its future possibilities Capacities for use of the existing service knowledge Knowledge generated via roadmapping was used iteratively throughout the strategy building process, e g. definition of service, identification of most important research needs,
and vision for the future Social/actor Identification of most important players in the field of service research internally and externally Capacities and methods for linking and sharing existing knowledge internally,
abilities at Nordic regional level Construction of implementation strategies Visionary Building long-term visionary glimpses to the futures of ICT applications and adoption of ICT in Nordic region Aimed at systemic
openness towards future development options in the ICT context Systematic assessment of the different future options:
The visionary space was opened by systematic assessment of different future options, for example, by evaluating the plausible,
The roadmapping process was also able to foster a shared understanding of the critical future gaps,
There are also factors that hinder the use of future knowledge. One hindrance to converting the ideas into practices could be the somewhat abstract nature of the case examples:
much of the useful future knowledge is left inside the project reports without further systematic steps.
such as constructing exploratory future narratives or making experimental mini-scenarios, could be handiie than more structured roadmapping.
and steered against continuously fulminating, multifaceted future targets. Fostering structural openness and an anticipatory agency, as discussed
and future affects the organisational practices. Forward-looking sensibility is ineluctably related to contextual historical understanding, and vice versa.
Her research interests are especially in future-oriented research in linking ecological and social aspects of sustainability and in social impact assessment.
Futures of the ICT environment and applications on the Nordic level. Helsinki: VTT Publications, Edita Prima Oy.
Futures of the ICT environment and applications on the Nordic level. Summary report. Publication of Nordic Innovation Centre.
A vision of the construction machinery sector and future roadmap 2012 2020. VTT Asiakasraportti VTT-CR-00459-12.
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