Technology assessment (TA) has ingredients of both of these approaches the main emphasis being balanced in evaluation of the short-and long-term impacts of new technologies.
All these future-oriented approaches try to illustrate and manage the future in an explicit and systematic way by identifying,
1) VTT is striving for a more integrated approach in developing its FTA competences and services,
Development of an integrated approach that combines the strengths of FTA and risk assessment traditions is not,
stressing the need for a flexible, integrative approach. The authors'involvement in technology assessments studies commissioned by the Parliament of Finland,
and positions these projects according to important foresight design dimensions. o Section 4 paves the way towards a modular and integrative approach by discussing the common and complementary features of risk assessment
and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards the recognition of broader concerns that encompass the entire innovation system,
Altogether, a substantial shift away from the fixed modelling and management towards more contingent and participatory approaches has taken place in all FTA areas.
and problem-driven approaches are taken 1. It is stressed also that it is important to see technology as part of a whole technological and societal system 11.
In recent years the approach towards more comprehensive and holistic risk management has strengthened. Approaches like inherent safety 26 in process design as well as resilience engineering 27 in process operating address the complex nature of industrial process.
It has been understood that process safety is not a creation of a component by component study.
This approach has raised recently interest in the risk management field. Resilience engineering originates from the resilience thinking of ecosysste dynamics 38 implying that ecosystems must cope with continuous changes and constant evolution.
The sociological approach to organisational management suggests that vulnerabilities are part of the natural logics of the corporate life 39
Hence, the risk management paradigm is changing towards a more holistic approach. The process safety is considered not component-by-component anymore
which could also be applied in amore holistic approach. One newapproach thatwidens the traditional field of risk assessmentmight open fromthe future-oriented,
economics and technology, applying big amount of creative brainstorming approaches ending to two potential scenarios.
Risk map/risk taxonomy is used in the INNORISK approach as a link between the fuzzy front end
and concrete level case studies follow the technical risk assessment tradition. 4. Towards an integrated approach 4. 1. Risk assessment
especially in terms of methodological variety which is large in both approaches. Hazard/risk estimation and evaluation phases,
Exclusive stakeholder engagement o Extensive stakeholder engagement refers to the approach in which the actual number of participants is high,
and holistic processes Foresight activities and methodologies may have benefits that will support the risk analysis methods and activities in the development towards a more holistic approach.
Risk assessment methods are fixed traditionally approaches, e g. focused on a certain industrial plant or specific chemical or event (Fig. 5). They typically are short-term studies,
Fig. 5 also shows that the assessment of new emerging risks demands longer time-frame and a more contingent examination approach.
and risk assessment traditions in emerging risk assessment would then help in applying the more contingent and holistic approach in more fixed and short time risk assessment exercises.
and networking approach of different expert analyses. Since future and risks are always ontologically unknown to us,
and discussed the attempts to integrate these two approaches. As a result, it has been discovered that both approaches seek to manage the uncertainty of potential futures,
and to create knowledge to help decision making in defining management strategies concerning the changes the future may cause.
There is, therefore, a common ground shared by both approaches. Common ground is found also methodologically; models, workshops, brainstorms, interviews,
literature reviews and other such methods are used in both approaches. However, risk assessments utilize more systematic and standardised methods, especiaall in risk identification phase.
Either way, both approaches may benefit methodologically from each other in developing better methods for assessing the futures.
The new approach future-oriented impact assessment (FIA) is seen also promising in integrating methodologically risk assessment into the whole innovation process.
the future risk assessment shows up as a methodology that should increasingly adapt supplementary elements from many different approaches such as FTA.
expert workshops and interviews Development and future expectations of the approach New approaches like inherent safety and resilience engineering address the complex nature of industrial processes.
and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards broader concerns including the whole innovation process with its environmental, social and economic perspectives.
From fixed modelling and management towards more contingent and participatory approaches. 1174 R. Koivisto et al./
Technology assessment for managers, Routledge, London, 1998.12 R. Fairman, C. D. Mead, P. W. Williams, Environmental risk assessment approaches, experience and information sources, European Environment
A User-friendly Approach, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New york, 1991.27 E. Hollnagel, Resilience the challenge of the unstable, in:
Futures methodology issues 1. Introduction There are many methods and approaches to the study of the future.
but also the methodological approaches used in their analysis vary greatly. There are few attempts to aggregate futures data
For example, the Internet has made participatory approaches among geographically dispersed people practical. Just forty years ago, computers were not much of a factor in futures research.
but a whole new set of approaches to planning and systems management need to be invented.
and new approaches, expand its utility, promote innovation, and hopefully improve decisions which incorporate its findings.
Despite the vast amount of interest in the Nordic innovation policy during the last decade, even this approach may have its pitfalls.
On the other hand, scientific approach as such creates a set of boundary conditions in order to avoid compromising too much of the scientific validity of the concept.
One new approach to be integrated in the barometer structure in the future can be oriented the future concept of impact assessment
This approach seeks to combine evaluative ex-ante impact assessment risk analysis, and foresight approach into one anticipatory methodological concept of strategic policy intelligence.
of Technology policy, the Manufuture Secretariat Germany of the German Verband deutscher Maschinen-und Anlagenbauer (VDMA) supported the approach.
The process linked both foresight and monitoring in its integrated approach. The process had impacts along the six functions of Foresight for policy-making that recently emerged in the Foresight debate (informing policy,
The process was considered to be the major approach of a German ministry in science and technology foresight.
As there is not a single methodology for searching procedures, the methods contained quantitative methods like bibliometrics as well as qualitative approaches like workshops, expert interviews, internet and qualitative literature searches.
A new approach of inventor scouting (identifying young inventors and interviewing them) added to the methodology.
This search was combined with a bibliometric approach. Literature was analysed. Experts were identified and interviewed in order to find the most promising topics in research and technology for the next 10 to 15 years or even further in the future.
bibliometric analysis and a new approach of inventor scouting to bring in new ideas. In this second phase, the most interesting (crosscutting) topics from the starting phase were elaborated further by the topic coordinators with specific expertise.
and simulation require multidisciplinary approaches. To work out the similarities in different application may be a first step to adapt the instruments and tools in other disciplines so that in the future even in technical and social science contexts,
This is not a linear approach of searching for new topics and then delivering a result, but more for interconnectivities and the loops inbetwween Different departments of the BMBF as well as external persons are consulted
While methodological approaches are covered well in the academic literature, less attention has been paid to studying the use, impacts and effectiveness of scenario planning in public policy-making.
A diversity of methodological approaches has been applied in a large number of case studies testing to the vibrancy of the field.
& Social Change Methodological approaches to scenario planning are covered well in the academic literature. Their use and impacts in the realm of public policy is treated,
because scenarios provide a potentially very attractive approach to addressing uncertainty and complexity. Furthermore, the focus of our review was on literature that explicitly attempts to evaluate scenario planning approaches,
including comparative studies of the strengths and weaknesses of several different exercises and assessments of the impacts scenario planning approaches can have on decision-making processes Fig. 1. Forms of scenario-based decision support. 1200 A. Volkery, T. Ribeiro/Technological forecasting
& Social Change 76 (2009) 1198 1207 and organisational performance. To identify relevant literature a number of experts were asked for suggestions.
and policy-makers the authors conclude that new approaches are necessary to increase the relevance and impact of foresight exercises 31.
For instance, deductive approaches to scenario development are used commonly. They usually rank driving forces, select the two most important driving forces
Building scenarios from trends rather than key driving forces might reduce the combinations that normally become excluded in the scenario axis approach, because of potential inconsistencies.
Inductive approaches more easily allow focusing on wild cards, the authors argue, and extend the scenario building process to introduce seemingly paradoxical elements to force a sensitivity analysis on the assumptions underlying claims of inconsistency 36.
Inductive approaches, in opposition to deductive approaches, are guided not by a structuring Framework scenarios rather evolve by brainstorming events and spinning larger stories around these events.
triggering a stronger use of deductive approaches that require less time, seem more logical and easier to communicate.
However, one might argue that the higher costs of inductive approaches in the beginning might pay off later in the process given the fact that unmet expectations about the ability of scenarios to deliver novel insights about future developments oftentimes lead to frustration or rejection of the approach by policy-makers.
Therefore it seems consequential to try to restrict the use of an approach that by its very nature aims at challenging these core aspects
Discussions pointed to recent approaches to strengthen capacities for scenario planning and foresight within governments. Examples include:
or a cross-sector approach can be used. Examples can be found for all categories and sometimes practice covers more than one dimension.
and it is based on a cross-sectoral approach. On the other hand, the strategy unit in the Department for Agriculture in The netherlands is an example for an actor in charge of long-term sectoral analysis. A number of other procedural options can be utilized to strengthen the role of scenario planning.
different ex-ante evaluations procedures have been integrated into one regulatory policy appraisal approach to improve the quality of regulation,
a more systematic debate around options for the better institutional embedding of those approaches is still largely missing 12.
However, there is no uniform approach as diverging political and administrative cultures as well as overall traditions and styles of policy-making and administration will heavily influence the design of institutional arrangements.
whether it more advisable to go for a centralized approach, with a central unit in charge of coordinating other departmental units,
or a rather decentralized approach, with departmental units coordinating themselves. Whether specific foresight units should be located physically within departments for the environment
and there is no standard approach towards its institutionalization within government and public administration. This is not only natural in a booming field
but there will also never be a standard approach. Long-term thinking does not have a uniform relationship with strategy and policy-making.
The postulate of some studies that inductive approaches seem to perform relatively less well in comparison to more inductive approaches
inductive approaches are considered also often to be too time-consuming and ambiguous in their outcomes, highlighting the need for further methodological improvements.
relevance and legitimacy of the approach will require more than methodological refinements. More stable institutional settings are needed to experiment with flexible process formats that can adapt analytical efforts to specific information needs and conflict constellations.
The Prima Approach to Decision support, Springer, Berlin, 2000.25 United states Commission on National Security in the 21st century, New world Coming:
The underlying philosophy is of‘satisficing'as often the time scale for thework involved precludes any other approach.
Practical experiments to widen participation in Foresight studies vary from extensions of conventional approaches to entirely new ones.
The approach of CSH recognises that various stakeholders in society may see situations 14 in radically different ways because different stakeholder values and behavioural characteristics lead to different boundary judgements.
it should be remembered that systems thinking grew out of von Bertalanffy's recognition of the paucity of the reductionist approach to problem solving related to living systems.
In this way Inclusive foresight will involve fundamental reforms and changes in its current social approach. Ulrich 17 19 and more recently Dempster in her description of sympoiesis 20 extended systems thinking to provide a better understanding of the issues associated with determining system boundaries and the roles of values associated with the implementation and measurement of practical results.
A Management Science Approach, John Wiley, 2001.16 Sir G. Vickers, Appreciative behaviour, Acta Psychologica 21 (1963) 274 293.17 W. Ulrich, The design
A New approach to Practical Philosophy, Bern: Haupt. Reprint edition, Chichester: Wiley 1994.19 W. Ulrich, Critical heuristics of social systems design, European Journal of Operational Research 31 (3)( 1987) 276 283.20 M. B. L
This approach is developed as a support tool for Constructive technology assessment (Constructive TA), see Box 1, and incorporates what we call endogenous futures into scenarios
Co-evolutionary scenarios were developed as a theory-informed approach to capture the complexities of innovation journeys
I begin by exploring evolutionary approaches and what they have to offer. 2. 1. Lacunae in evolutionary models of technical change How do innovations come to be selected from a number of possible options;
They suggest the quasi-evolutionary approach citing that Constructive TA could act as a middle point. Robinson and Propp made a first step through exploring path dynamics 6 They developed a multi-path mapping approach
which would combine path dynamics 26 28 with the sociology of expectations 29 to prospect micro-level innovation chains.
It is complementary to the widely used value chain approach, which focuses on stabilised chains of product development.
often advocating a precautionary approach (cf. Principles of Oversight) up to a moratorium (cf. ETC-Group and others.
Another approach would be to shift the focus of strategy articulation away from relying on prediction in its strictest sense,
only its odds 5 then this implies a shift from deterministic approaches to foresight and strategy towards the creation of circumstances and conditions which enhance the chance of success. Good preparation
Proliferation of engagement/communication approaches at the micro-level allows justification of societal awareness as a strategy for ensuring societal acceptance.
By 2012, health care authorities would not certify the approach without clinical testing. This leads to precaution by health insurance companies to cover the procedure.
and leads to instrumentalist approaches being used when engagement is operationalised for R&d activities. This approach to engagement stems from an anticipation by nanotech developers of public friction
which leads to enlightenment and legitimisation strategies. Nanodiablog provides a space for other actors to shape the context from instrumental to constructive criticism (whistle blowers have a space to proclaim
The co-evolution of regulatory approaches and technology options was discussed also throughout the workshop, although not directly quoted in the discussions,
This can be seen as a stakeholder endorsement of the approach (which is an important indicator how well workshops like these are working.
but important, contribution to this family by combining concentric and multilevel approaches through emphasizing co-evolution.
Manag. 7 (4)( 1995) 417 431.13 A. Rip, A co-evolutionary approach to reflexive governance and its ironies, in:
te Kulve's work on Food Packaging for a thorough description of this approach 2. Also see the work of Alireza Parandian,
Also the multilevel approach similar to 2 was used in one of the Frontiers Constructive TA exercises on the drug delivery sector,
His Phd manuscript focuses on challenges for putting Constructive TA type approaches into practice, through methodology and application development and is about to be submitted at the time of publication of this article.
Business as usual approaches are not capable of addressing these challenges. Smart decision making linked to the ability to innovate calls for the anticipation and exploration of future directions through a societal debate within policy making,
new approaches to governance; and (5) FTA in security and sustainability. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:08 03 december 2014
and of the range of methods and systematic approaches existing in the strategy field. With its long-term perspective and its emphasis on connecting perspectives of different knowledge areas and different actors and stakeholders, foresight differs from corporate strategic planning,
the methods and approaches used in foresight activities have their basis in the academic discipline of strategy.
and thinking on methods and approaches. The COST A22 Action on Foresight methodologies and the appearance of several journals dedicated to this area are just a few indicators of this.
and lists of approaches and methood for foresight have been suggested by different authors in review articles on foresight and future-oriented technology assessment methods (Technology Futures analysis Methodsworking Group 2004).
but newer approaches do not totally replace older approaches: different approaches to foresight and strategy coexist.
There exists no clear and generally accepted distinction between foresight and strategy, but it seems generally accepted Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 Foresight
Both the environment-scanning and competence-based approaches are based on the assumption that rational-analytical processes are used in strategic decision-making.
The methods used in this approach to strategy formulation are, among others, stakeholder analyses, networks, negotiations, political games, alliances and power bases in expertise (i e. academic reputation.
Foresight methods preferred under this approach focus on key actors and their viewpoints, for example stakeholder analyses and Delphi studies.
The resource-based approach does not replace analyses of an organisation's strateggi environment, but supplements these by analysing internal competencies.
Upward Government minister, parliamentary politicians Downward Programme Management system operators (PSO actors) Energy production companies Energy-technology companies Scientists Approaches Key scope Science
and approaches to strategy exist concurrrentl among the participants in the cases studied, and this is especially true for the Technical research Council.
There is no doubt that a more rational-analytical approach is appealing, especially for technical research councils. In reality, however, the processes involve a strong element of power play and politicca negotiation.
In The approach to and the potential for new technology foresight, The Proceedings of an International Conference on Technology foresight, Tokyo, Japan. http://www. nistep. go. jp/achiev/ftx/eng/mat077e/html/mat077oe
The approach used is set out in Figure 2 and is described briefly below. In the first part of Phase 1 an initial‘diagnostic'step focused on mapping the Luxembourg research landscape.
A two-pronged approach emerged: first, to call on the public research institutes to submit ideas for new research programmes;
on the understanding that it would provide a more participative (involving knowledge users as well as producers) and future-oriented (visionary) approach to identifying topic areas suitable for new FNR programmes.
Proposing this broad perspective rightly anticipated problems that would arise with any approach that sought only to identify thematic priorities without taking into account structural factors.
'In a coordinated approach with other elements8 of public policy, FNR Foresight was to provide the basis:
These adaptations in approach and scope were sometimes misunderstood by the FNR Board and led also to a considerable amount of confusion in the research community.
Along with a shift in approach came a host of new challenges that typically characterise group work.
After the Government's agreement on the list of national priorities, this new strategy and the foresight results were then put together in a new approach:
government policies in relation to research and technology had predominantly been inspired by an approach that today is labelled often as‘picking winners':
This‘hands off'approach has evolved subsequently into what is called nowadays the systems approach to research,
technology and innovation, which not only deals with framework conditions, but also with the institutional and structural settings of innovation systems (Dosi 1988;
Similar to this shift in approaches to innovation processes, there has been a shift in the conceptual understanding of policy processes.
In line with this consensus-oriented approach, dissenting views were excluded either or debated until a formulation was found that could be accepted by all participants.
and the need for a strategic and forward-looking approach were recognised. However, as the participatory process was not following a strictly speaking forward-looking methodology (e g. scenario development, road mapping, etc.
an approach that rewards crosscutting and horizontal initiatives. The foresight and strategy process also fulfilled policy facilitating functions,
and areas of policy action requiring a better networked approach, both within local government and beyond (e g. innovationorieente procurement), were addressed in the process,
or may be impacted by a given approach to policy making, as for example within the areas of environmental regulation or energy conservation.
as a more direct process of establishing a desired vision of a communal future not necessarily based on different future scenarios. 5 This latter approach is politically crucial for public organisations trying to develop policy and long-term thinking.
Building on these arguments Jenssen (2007) advocates a more cautious approach to the importance of foresight as a strateggi tool for policy
The social part of the municipality plan is characterised by long-term planning including a broad social approach and substantiation of those visions and goals
and the approach proposed within inclusive foresiigh as giving room to lay knowledge and inclusive, non-expert participation.
a discursive approach. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung 4, no. 2. http://www. qualitative-research. net/index. php/fqs/article/view/718 Cornish, E. 2004.
Paper presennte at the proceedings of international conference on Technology foresight the approach to and potential for new technology foresight.
Devising a new approach to capitalism at home. Anthropology Matters Journal 6, no. 2. http://www. anthropologymatters. com/journal/2004-2/o'connor 2004 devising. htm (accessed September 2009.
theoretical approaches and educational initiatives. Journal of Social issues 58, no. 3: 411 27. Thomas, H. 1994.
a conceptuua and methodological approach. In Reflexive governance for sustainable development, ed. J-P. Voß, D. Bauknecht, and R. Kemp, 189 221.
Stagegaat approaches set forth explicit decisions to be sequenced toward particular ends (e g.,, new product development. Furthermore, we see organizations going the next step to require specific analyses and outputs at each stage.
They can serve tremendously in showing others how to search using Boolean and other approaches,
Certainly, this btech miningq approach to quick technology analyses does not equally affect all forms of FTA.
These draw on both statistical and artificial intelligence approaches. Advanced entity extraction, query refinement, and elucidation of relationships based on text co-occurrence patterns can extend QTIP possibilities.
Its novelty lies in the approach to technology analyses in support of technology management. To fully realize QTIP potential requires significant process management change:!
This was partly because the panel approach, together with the tight schedule, placed constraints on the number of participants that could be invited;
Along this attribute, Finnsight was closer to the consensual approach. To some extent, this was
again, represented a further step towards distilling consensual messages from the panel reports. 4. 4. Fixed vs autonomous management Fixed management can be characterised as a centralised approach where the scope
In contrast, autonomous management refers to more openennde processes that are intermediated by the foresight co-ordinators (cf. the Core group in Finnsight) who facilitate relatively autonomous participant-led activities in the work of expert panels or other approaches (Salo
in terms of its methodological approach, Finnsight was unique thanks to the extensive combination of internet-based questionnaires and facilitated workshops.
This approach obviated the need to‘feed'the panels with background documentation which would have necessitated uneasy choices as to
In hindsight, the development of novel methodological approaches in Finnsight most notably the definition of dedicated units of analysis (driving forces, focus areas of competences) and the extensive deployment of internet-based tools for engaging the panel
In view of positive experiences, we believe that analogous approaches may be useful also in other contexts where expert panels are required to generate coherent and comprehensive foresight results in the presence of tight timeframes and high expectations.
a new approach for analysing technological change. Technological forecasting and Social Change 74, no. 4: 413 32. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:11 03 december 2014 Axes of balance in foresight 1001 Irvine, J,
and approaches that had matured and developed separately. A variety of antecedents could be detected for this initiative.
and synthesise the approaches that in Europe at least are called strategic intelligence 6, and which here operated under the FTA banner and, on the other hand,
if not all of the approaches listed above. Certainly foresight papers have dominated numerically but the need to recognise the traditions of technology assessment,
By the time of the second conference, the‘‘impact of fta approaches on policy and decision-making''had become the core theme
and that for wider purposes a dual definition of foresight as a broader umbrella and as a specific family of approaches will persist.
or use of these approaches to look at an entire research and innovation system. FTA APPROACHES are locked also in a spiral of co-evolution with research and innovation policy,
and practice which lead them to deploy a hybrid methodological framework involving tailored approaches for specific purposes
They argue that this tailored approach should be adopted in the development of the European research area. Ko nno la et al. put forward a framework to clarify different roles of foresight within the system and their respective impacts and implications for policy and societal developments.
and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards recognition of broader concerns encompassing the entire innovation system including societal perspectives.
These mapped a picture of FTA as an increasingly important approach in many countries across a wide range of challenges.
The pressing need to mobilise resources around societal challenges exposes the limitations of technocratic approaches
and emphasises the need for the kind of participatory approaches that foresight in particular can offer. Tailored approaches are needed that reflect the varied and complex structures of sectors
and those who hold a stake in crosscutting themes. Methods in turn need to manage the complex knowledge flows that are entailed.
Introduction The paper presents an approach at improving the impact of foresight by systematically taking into account the characteristics of the targeted research and innovation (R&i) domains when designing a Foresight exercise.
and practice which allow for deploying a hybrid methodological framework where different approaches serve different purposes in specific phases in order to tailor Foresight to a wide range of different contexts and objectives.
, academic debate and mutual learning among both academics and practitioners within project contexts such as Forlearn, 6 Costa22, 7 Forsociety8 and intense exchange with other approaches such as futures studies
evidence-based policy and academic disciplines such as Innovation studies and Science and Technology studies 2. A number of classifications have been developed distinguishing types of Foresight with respect to approach, context and purpose 3
Foresight practitioners do now deploy hybrid methodological frameworks where different approaches serve different purposes in specific phases in order to tailor Foresight to each specific purpose and context.
The famous‘‘Foresight generations''4 are viewed no more as mutually exclusive but as complementary approaches. Explorative and normative elements are combined as well as wide collective dialogue
and evaluation to tailor approaches to policy objectives (8, Forsociety). In order to improve Foresight impact on policy strategy building it has been proposed to complement collective Foresight processes with a strategic counselling phase where the outcomes are translated into strategic choices 9. To sum up,
it seems that Foresight has been evolving from a loose collection of approaches to a complex integrated framework with a number of levers for adaptation to specific purposes and contexts and gradually,
The sectoral systems of innovation approach which is focussing on the characteristics of knowledge production has been complemented by analysis of the properties of application domains
In all these approaches to characterising innovation regimes the knowledge base plays a crucial role.‘‘‘‘Central to the systems approach is the view that the key resource of a firm,
For some time now it has been suggested that insights from innovation systems research on the systemic nature of knowledge production should be taken into account by R&i policy to better target its instruments and approaches 16.
Recently also political science approaches have been advocating the idea that innovation in the environment of the political system needs a corresponding increase in complexity of the political system or
Such approaches see‘congruence 'or‘homology'of structures as necessary in order to fulfil the function of government,
however, decrease the diversity of options that could challenge conventional approaches and dominant designs 29
The paradigm shift from the one gene one function towards a holistic approach that is one the one hand challenging the safety assessment of commercialised GM plants offers on the other hand a cognitive opportunity for modifying stakeholders alignment of interests.
Outcomes from both approaches could need to be fed into the strategic orientation and programming arena by a stronger institutional steering on EU level. 5. 2. The case of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (N&n) Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (N&n) are seen as the‘top-down'miniaturisation movement of three domains:
A number of Recent foresight approaches are currently heading in this direction. Examples are the EU FP6 Nanologue project14 where different products for different socio-technical scenarios were envisaged or the strategy articulation workshops in the framework of the Dutch Nanoned initiative (e g. 49 51.
a network analytical approach, in: Presentation at the Conference‘‘Knowledge for Growth: European Strategies in Global economy'',Toulouse, July 7 9, 2008.46 B. Kahane, A. Delemarle, L. Villard, P. Lare'do, Knowledge dynamics and agglomeration phenomena:
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