At the same time, the new global context suggests increased financial, trade and investment flows leading to high levels of interconnectedness.
horizon scanning activities have been applied at the national level to inform national foresight exercises, thus providing a more evidence-based approach to research and innovation policy (Georghiou 2007).
On the other hand, the concept of an emerging issue refers to a higher level of abstraction in the sense that an issue emerges
the scanning tools can be grouped with regards to the level of participation, and the means of processing information.
Search engines and text-mining can be applied without the involvement of wider groups outside the project core team (nonparticiipatory) The second way of grouping involves the identification, processing and analysis of weak signals and emerging issues with the help of various levels of automation.
and thus the representativeness, level of expertise, and commitment of participants are critical factors for success. The survey conducted in the SESTI project was confronted also with the limited time and visibility of the contributors.
At the individual level, sense-making builds on the actor's ability to perceive, interpret and construct the meaning of the emerging landscape (du Toit 2003;
and require action at EU level through appropriately aligned crosscutttin policies that implement effective joint responses.
and general level than the issues from which they were built. In consequence, the clusters may not be all that easy to interprret especially
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with similar technological scope.
At the corporate level Fraunhofer complements these strategic planning activities with a process to identify and strategiicall develop research themes across its institutes.
Grand challenges are discussed at many levels, for instance, the EU, the regions, nations, cities and organisattions Even the New framework Programme‘Horizon 2020'will stress programmes that are based on‘social challenges'(European commission 2011:
Fraunhofer's strategic R&d planning predominantly takes place at the level of its 60 institutes and its six groups of institutes, each with a similar technological scope.
In a hierarchical trend system, they are active at different levels. They change Fraunhofer future markets. 233
climate/energy. health/nutrition. mobility. security. communication Interestingly, there seems to be a considerable level of consensus on the upcoming challenges.
'and the role of strategic R&d planning at the corporate level within this system. With a total budget of E1. 65 billion in 2010, Fraunhofer is the largest contract research organisation in Europe.
and at all levels of education no later than 2015 Goal 4 Reduce child mortality Target 5 Reduce by two-thirds,
and strategic areas of excellence is the identification of specific strategic future topics at the corporate level,
Fraunhofer performed its first future-oriented process at a corporate level to identify strategic future topics across the institutes.
The SINTEF research and technology development portfolio is defined at the level of the single institutes. This means that their focus is not on providing overall large solutions to the grand challenges.
not only at a European level but also at the Fraunhofer level. This already existing trend and here a consistent timeline is meant as a‘trend'will be strengthened by such processes.
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