applications, products, markets and drivers with empirical analysis of the policy instruments that are utilised currently. The outcomes of the process can be strategies to implement a novel policy instrument
and explore new markets, products and services. It represents a merger of future methods with those of strategic management.
at the end of a foresight exercise, for stakeholders to say that‘the process was as more important than the product'.
products and equipment; climate and water resources; sanitation Diagnosis of six themes related to water resources Experts panels to debate
applied metrology for biologiica products and processes; trends in public perception and flows of information; technological and commerciia strategies (long term perspective;
the development of innovative services, products and processes; the incubation of firms and the implementation of a technological infrastruuctur in private and public organizations.
S&t achievements State Key and New Product Program 1988 Support new high-tech products for key industries 9th Five-year Plan National Program
Technology development Project for Research institutes 1999 Support central government-related technology development research institutes Action Plan for Thriving Trade by Science and Technology 2000 Facilitate exports of high-tech products
'Thus, the‘Innofund+programs'includes Innofund, Spark, Torch, Agricultural S&t Transfer Fund, National Engineering research Centers (data from 2007) and the New National Products Program.
The NSFC was a product of the official reform of the S&t system which started in 1985.
as are the Agricultural S&t Transfer Fund and the New National Products Program. Overall it could be argued that S&t spending by China's government spending has been focused more on generating knowledge than on utilizing it.
products and services suffers from several institutional shortcomings and weaknesses, both with regard to bank lending and venture capital funding (Fuller 2009;
while the sectoral innovation system emphasizes the innovation of a particulla set of products (Malerba 2002).
The sectoral innovation system recognizes a system as a set of products which are developed in a global context.
A group of actors in the system carry out market and non-market actions for the creation, production and sale of the products.
C.-C. Chung has tried also to link the relationships within a sectoral innovation system to a country's international performannce as well as a sector to the technological opportunities which can be mobilized to develop new products and processes for that sector.
such as institutional actors, use the knowledge of a particular technological field to produce a set of particcula products.
produce and sell a particular set of products. The interactions and networks between the actors are shaped by national institutions.
which to develop complex products, but they manufactured low-end intermediaries that were highly similar to each other (Ding 2001:
However, the products of these companies overlapped. The knowledge base of all these firms was chemical engineerrin rather than biotechnology.
these companies did not adopt any modern biotechnology in their products. In 1982, to fit the new‘Good Manufacturing Practice'regulations announced by the government,
or to export their products. Instead they competed with each other in the domestic market on the basis of price.
The knowledge accumulated about the functions of each herb was based on the records of traditional Chinese pharmacopooeias The products produced by the herbal factories were the herbal medicines
and rarely exported their products (DCB, 2004: 100). ) Only after the 1980s, was modern biotechnology graduaall adopted by the companies producing Chinese herbal medicines.
if they manufactured their pharmaceuttica products in Taiwan or transferred manufacturing technologies based on chemical engineering to local companies (Zheng 2001:
Before the 1980s, the agricultural products were export-oriented. The main purpose of the agricultural policies at the time was to direct the agricultural sector to maximize the production of agricultural products, especiaall the primary productions of rice and sugar cane,
in order to earn large amount of foreign currencies. The majority of foreign exchanges were used to support the development of manufacturing industries, particularly the information and communication technologies (ICT.
and agricultural products were exported no longer, did the policy objectives of the agricultuura policies turned to upgrading the farmers'living standards (Chang 1982:
and to open its domestic market for foreign agricultural products, the R&d funding for modern agricultural biotechnology was decreased even slightly (Wong 1998:
and targeted those products which were innovated not yet by the public organizations. Universities were involved mainly in the innovation through the network with the public research organizations.
Secondly, different NSTISS may adopt the same knowleedg base to develop different products and provide contrasting opportunities for the development of the knowledge.
In summary, the two NSTISS in Taiwan used different processes to adopt biotechnology and produced different sets of products.
while agricultural products were exported, the agricultural R&d policies focused on the quantity of agricultural products. However, after the 1980s, once the agricultural products only served domestic demands,
the government promoted agricultural R&d and regulation policies, merely to increase the welfare of farmers
or to control domestic food safety. Even though the system certainly adopted biotechnnolog for innovation, the commercialization of agriculttura biotechnology was encouraged not by policies.
as well as different applicatiion of a particular technological field for different sets of products. Thus, appropriate RTDI policies which foster the development of NSTISS should cluster the network of actors, support the underlying logic of knowledge accumulaatio and exploitation in a particular technological field,
and encourage the production and innovation of a particular set of products. Indeed, new RTDI policies should be customized to deliberately match the different dynamics of different NSTISS
2010), Products. Dr. Chip:<<http://www. bio-drchip. com. tw/HOME2ENG/06products. asp>accessed 14 december 2010.
Orienting European innovation systems. 141 Innovation refers to a process of introducing a new product process, service or organisational form into the marketplace and the social sphere (OECD and Eurostat 2005;
while a product or process is being diffused since the introduction of something‘new'in a different context often implies adaptation
when products and services based on new technologies are rejected Creating new capabilities Improve decisions by meeting societal expectations
At the same time, the Innovation Union3 Flagship Initiative recognises that the same challenges also provide powerful opportunities to develop innovative products
the FTA PROCESS and its products can mobilise those involved to reassign resources Structuring role of FTA enables definition of governance structures
though the intermediate products, such as forecasts around key drivers of change, were used extensively. 3. 2 The three phases of ICSU foresight The foresight exercise entailed three phases as follows:.
IPRM integrates the approach of technology roadmapping including such contents as enabling technologies, applications, products, markets and drivers with the perspectives of systemic policies and policy instruments.
and align them with explicit product plans and related action steps. In this culture the roadmapping process is a systematic managemmen practice aimed at product development.
The second is the emerging culture of strategy roadmapping in which the roadmapping is perceived more as a dynamic
The roadmaps are approached not as‘hermetic'plans to achieve definite goals (e g. new products), but instead they are approached as knowledge umbrellas that depict a large-scale strategy picture of a system.
There are several reasons why the existence of a market for new products cannot be taken for granted.
Thirdly, policies could be about setting product certification and labelling schemes and requirements. Also the more standard technology policies,
The key policies can be categorized into the levels of drivers, markets, products and solutions, and technologies.
Demonstration projects exhibiting value of green building concepts 3d and product model technologies; Standalone HVAC solutions;
Sensor technologies Product model technologies integrates building in urban infrastructure; Energy harvesting HVAC; User-enabled energy management systems;
Use of life cycle approach in procurement PRODUCTS AND SOLUTIONS: Support to collaborative R&d; Facilitating commercialization of research results TECHNOLOGIES:
LED) High performance insulating materials Product model technologies linking design, building, and operation; Integrated HVAC; Real-time energy management systems;
At the level of products and solutions, the support for collaborative R&d and facilitation of commercialization of research results were assessed as the main innovation policy practices.
At present, one of the most importaan enabling technologies is 3d and product model technologies, like building information models.
development of ICTS will focus on product model technologies linking design, building, operation and real-time EMS.
In addition, important emergent enablers are product model technologies that integrate buildings in urban infrastructure, energy harvesting HVACS and user-enabled EMS.
and to select more environmentally sustainable products and services. Smart production and recycling technologies have resulted in Drivers Present Medium term Long term Vision Technology roadmap 1:
life cycle emissions of products not known, information fragmented in isolated systems SYSTEMIC POLICIES: Management of complex of information systems;
such as smart appliances for automated decision making Intelligent and more automated transportation Intelligent products and services with life cycle management modules Remote collaboration solutions:
T. Ahlqvist et al. optimised products, processes and systems that consume as few resources as possible at every stage of their life cycle.
i e. producing different products, such as water and energy, same facility New ICT-based tools and processes for the design and operation of factories Digitalized production processes, like virtual prototyping Intelligent products with life cycle management modules
Remote collaboration solutions: seamless integraton of virtual and physical Robot-based and automated recycling Electronic versions of almost any product Integrated production facilities aiming at zero-loss utilization of raw materials Automatic waste
management solutions based on robotics Distributed small-scale energy production Remote collaboration products Enabling technologies Methods and processes for environmental impact assessment of products and services,
like carbon footprinting Large scale modelling and simulation technologies enable system-level LCA and digital product processes Advanced modelling,
optimisation and artificial intelligence enable intelligent products and recycling solutions Modelling and simulation technologies required for LCA tools Wireless sensors Image processing technologies AMR hardware and software Mobile technologies Advanced identification and recognition technologies
for waste management and recycling Web 3. 0 in advanced identification and recognition technologies for waste management and recycling Data mining technologies 3d environments and
The third type of systemic policies is policies for life-cycle efficient producttion for example factory facilities to produce several different types of products
At present, there are a number of separate products and services available (e g. carbon footprint calculators, car navigators and ecodriving instructors) for private citizens.
In the medium term, ecodesign tools are used widely to minimize the environmental impacts of products over their life cycle.
That means that different types of products will be produced in the same facilities to ensure a maximal use of resources.
Intelligent products and services are emerging with embedded life-cycle management modules. A considerable portion of the energy is generated in a distributed manner in buildings or at the neighbourhood level
and processes for the environmental impact assessment of products and services, including carbon footprinting. The modelling and simulation technologies required for LCA methods are also available.
large-scale modelling and simulation technologies will enable system-level LCA, digital product processes, and a smart energy supply.
In the long term, advanced modelling, optimization and artificial intelligence methods will enable intelligent products, recycling and energy grid solutions.
and virtual products. 6. Conclusions This paper has depicted an IPRM methodology in the context of forward-looking policy design.
large-scale diffusion of commercial innovatiion also requires the emergence of a specific market for new products.
The construction of complex products and systems',Research policy, 29: 955 72. Geels, F. W. 2002)‘ Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes:
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