Product

Innovative product (7)
Product (422)
Product development (24)
Product innovation (8)

Synopsis: Product:

and on how the utility of outcomes can impact the different forms of FTA (i e. technology foresight, technology assessment, technology forecasting, technology and product roadmapping).

and the type of products the system generates, including some examples. The two following articles, focusing on Technology assessment (TA) and, using as case study nanotechnology,

Note that we have chosen to pursue this general discussion in the context of systems that deliver tangible products

By this we mean (in the world of more tangible products and services) decision options that do not in themselves amount to tangible operational assets

or improved to materials/products). 491 V. Brummer et al.//Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 483 495 program.

i) New value added products and production, ii) Sustainable forestry and iii) Wood products. This structure differed somewhat from the framework that was employed in the structuring of research areas and sub-areas.

or improved to materials/products) were covered in several workshops, which helped bring in complementary perspectives to the proposed issues.

Res. in press. 19 M.,Lindstedt, J.,Liesiö, A.,Salo, Participatory development of a strategic product portfolio in a telecommunication company, Inter.

the time between the applications of patents and the market introduction of products based on these patents requires in general several years

Some studies based on OECD data and other internationally comparable data investigated the influence of the regulatory framework on R&d activities 27 or product innovation 28.

In a European-wide company survey, companies were asked about the relevance of different types of regulations for the market introduction of new products and services and the various aspects of innovation activities 8. In addition,

product prices are set based separately on maker price (ex-factory price, producer price) and intermediate distribution service price following 2021 2. 62 2. 17 1. 83 2. 33 2. 33 Reduction in urban traffic by 20

but also to all possible direct users of the regulated products and services and indirectly influenced parties.

which is required to detect fields where regulations can help to increase the acceptance of future technologies and innovative products.

Kotz, K. Menrad, R. Walz, New Products and Services: Analysis of Regulations Shaping New Markets, European commission DG Enterprise (ed.),Luxembourg,(2004.

Labour Market Institutions, Product Market Regulation, and Innovation: Cross country Evidence, ECO/WKP (2002) 2, OECD (ed.),Paris. 29 U. Blum, A. Töpfer, G. Eickhoff,

the likely products are articulated not yet. A promising approach however is building mapping tools based on underlying patterns and indicators of the dynamics of emergence.

10.1016/j. techfore. 2008.02.002 1. Lacunae and prospects of assessment and alignment tools for emerging science and technology For innovation to succeed actor alignment in the form of innovation chains from laboratory to products

because products/applications would need a high degree of coordination to enable integration of a large number of technology innovations into a platform

however innovations in terms of products are few and far between. The long term aim is to package MPM as a strategic support system for start-up (and more mature) companies.

In other situations, it may be a continuing product-use combination (cf. the recent trajectory of mobile telephony),

What came together in the co-construction of a trajectory were,(1) heuristics,(2) an exemplary product,(3) a cultural matrix of expectations,

whether to go for a highly application specific product (one purpose only), a product that is somewhat more generic and would allow for a number of distinct yet still similar operations,

or a highly generic, versatile Loc device for many purposes (like a through a plug in and play technology platform.

relegating developments of Loc to remaining in phase 2. The final large bubble represents the evolution of an integrated platform to a product application.

and product application being one-and-the-same. However, the various possible prospective innovation chains include the notion of generic integrated platform

and then securing funding to turn this into a product for crime scene investigations. 16 16 Cf.

although the IP can be shared MNCS have the capability to turn it into a product

www. technology assessment. eu. 530 D. K. R. Robinson, T. Propp/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 517 538 but then proceeded to outsource the further development of product

and then competing based on tailored products and added value. The workshop participants agreed that the attractiveness of this innovation chain would be tempered again by IP issues a large number of companies, distributed IP,

where technologies cannot be products in themselves but must be part of a system of technologies to be enabled. 22 Furthermore,

Following the usual distinction in the literature, we can think of‘process benefits'and‘products'.'The first would include more intense,

products, firms, value chains (production networks),(sub-national) regions, nations, or even larger entities. This problem obviously cannot be solved here. 28 In launching the discussion on the priorities for the new generation of cohesion policy programmes,

the reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms, Adm. Sci. Q. 35 (1990) 9 30.30 S g. Green, M. B. Gavin, L. Aiman-Smith, Assessing a multidimensional measure of radical technological innovation, IEEE Trans.

In corporate contexts, innovation oriented foresight focuses on long term product development strategies or market prospects. Here, foresight is geared towards‘exploration'of longer term strategies in innovation management 31.

All these methods are applied in an innovation process of a new product development. INNORISK project defines the innovation process to include three stages:

Creating Products and Services through Collaboration. Tours, France, 15 18 june 2008. ISPIM, 2008.37 R. Molarius, N. Wessberg, J. Keränen, J. Schabel, Creating a climate change risk assessment procedure hydropower plant case, Finland,

The fourth group of respondents, that of Company Executives, was formed from one hundred of the largest Finnish companies measured in terms of their product development investments.

so as to be able to convert research based ideas into products and commercialize andmarket themwith increasing efficiency.

so as to generate product concepts with increasing initiative and courage. The third societal viewpoint is even more comprehensive

3. 2. Knowledge society development 3. 2. 1. Investment in research and product development 3. 2. 2. Information and communication technologies ICT expenditure The use of information

From this knowledge, new therapies as well as new products may be derived. Energy concert: the energy supply and demand are still a cacophony.

The distinction between scenarios as products and scenarios as processes is relevant in this context. Process is as important as the product 7. The remainder of this article is organised as follows:

Section 2 describes the background and leading questions for the analysis. Section 3 synthesizes the findings from the review of evaluative scenario literature.

The main impacts of scenarios often result more from the process of developing them rather than from any published product describing the scenarios that were created.

Contradictions between product and process functions of scenario planning might aggravate this confusion. Does this assessment mean that future efforts should concentrate rather on indirect forms of scenario-based decision support,

their development and use, Sub-report 2. 1b of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2. 1 by the U s. Climate change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research, Department of energy

along with the ethical and legal issues arising as a result of the widespread use of these products. A number of processes have been designed

when products and services based on new technologies are rejected when they are launched or soon afterwards Create policy processes amenable to current and future issues within the characteristics of trans science (Weinberg ibid.)

An artifact is an artificial product, physical or nonphysical, of any kind that depends on the systemic interaction between nanoscience, nano-technology and the artifacts themselves for their evolution into desirable artifacts:

Regulation, product liability, case law and patent law have existed long and though created for different circumstances will certainly apply to nano artifacts.

Retrospective studies of emerging technology applications/products (from disciplines of Management and Sociology of Innovation) reveal that the journeys twist

whether an innovation will move from a hopeful proof-of-principle to a product well embedded in our society.

responsible innovation and including the notion that this umbrella term covers research, product development and embedment.

and turns in the emergence of a new product 5. Innovation is characterized nonlinear, and by learning processes of actors about artefacts and actants.

This landscape will have different characteristics at different stages of technology/product emergence and is shaped by broader framing conditions and by anticipatory coordination on the part of technology developers and promoters,

which focuses on stabilised chains of product development. The Innovation chain+is designed for new product creation and thus is useful for locating

and framing shifts within certain areas of the chain, in the framing conditions (see coordinating mechanisms) or the whole system,

and citizen reactions to new nanotechnologyenaable products and processes fears of a public backlash and of barriers to public acceptance.

and technology developers begin to start anticipating on societal acceptance of products. Proliferation of engagement/communication approaches at the micro-level allows justification of societal awareness as a strategy for ensuring societal acceptance.

similar to health risk labelling with the privacy risk label This product is tracked system placed on food packaging (a response to bloggers'insistence on transparency).

3) Substantive motivations can lead to a better end product 32. The scenario in Box 2 revolves around these three meanings

One technology entrepreneur uses the Nanodiablog with a substantive motivation for engagement to improve the product.

which could be applied to products (medical devices) are equipped less to oversee products and processes such as active nanostructures

When problems begin to occur with certain products secondary effects, lack of regulation means it's difficult to find who is liable.

and products on the market become identified and recalled pending certification. 1233 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting

but the major emphasis lies on the fact that nano regulation is difficult due to increasing complexity law is equipped less to oversee products and processes such as active nanostructures

Reach applies to chemical products above a certain volume of production (1 tonne while some nanomaterials will be produced below that level. 1236 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 standards causes complication:

When problems begin to occur with certain products (secondary effects), the lack of regulation means it is difficult to find who is liable.

and products on the market become identified and recalled pending certification. Whilst regulators scramble to catch up,

Reflexive governance for Sustainable development, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008.14 J. J. Deuten, A. Rip, J. Jelsma, Societal embedment and product creation management, Technol.

and industrial development, ending up in new products introduced on to the market. As a consequence of this, there is often focus on the opinions of so-called‘elite'scientists and industrialists,

The third phase in the development of the Strategy plan 2003 2007 was more important to the end product than was suggested by the term communication format.

but by a clear guidance concerning the type of expected products of the panels. The panel reports had to provide an analysis and outlook on future challenges in their respective areas,

1) Increase Vienna's research expenditures to 4%of the gross city product;(2) 22,000 individuals employed in the R&d sector;(

, new product development. Furthermore, we see organizations going the next step to require specific analyses and outputs at each stage.

Scripting semi-automates the processing steps to achieve the desired information products. In this example I apply Vantagepoint software www. thevantagepoint. com supported by Visual basic macros.

Technology and Product Roadmapping QTIP serves background information roles well. It is vital in documenting external technology development activities to track their likely trajectories.

Mandate explicit technology information products be provided for decision stages in such processes.!Provide each researcher, development engineer, project manager, intellectual property analyst, etc. with direct, desktop access to a couple of most useful S&t information databases.!

What You Need from Technology information Products, Research-Technology management, 2004 (Nov 8 H. de Bruijn, A l. Porter, The education of a technology policy analyst-to process management, Technology analysis and Strategic management 16 (2)( 2004

metal products and mechanical engineering; the forest cluster; health and well-being; and information and communication industry and services;

and selling new products''16. The characteristics of the knowledge base such as complexity, diversity and observability are used as key factors for generating innovation typologies 17,18. 6 Forlearn project and Forlearn online guide coordinated by DG JRC-IPTS;

which all products containing GM ingredients would have to be labelled as such, 9‘‘Lesogmface aux nouveaux paradigmes de la biologie'',meeting organised on February 11th

2) NGO and green movements have impeded strongly the development of markets for any products including GM component within Europe.

when compared with the steady growth of the market for the products resulting from these explorations, for

Examples are the EU FP6 Nanologue project14 where different products for different socio-technical scenarios were envisaged or the strategy articulation workshops in the framework of the Dutch Nanoned initiative (e g. 49 51.

in the field of nanotechnology the need to foster the forming of new value networks around nano-products

or products that participants believe to be early signals that portend significant changes. They most typically come from publications

Anticipating the fate of particular products, services, or innovations in the marketplace depends on reading the early signs from

new products and services in a wide range of markets. Both Intel and Fujitsu Microelectronics are in fact working on such chips.

we become aware that products in today's highly competitive environment are increasingly competing with products outside their category for the attention of the consumer.

In an attention economy, products compete with every other product on the market. If a company wants to attain mind share in a large segment of the consumer market,

and sells microchips the abstract reframes the reader's concept of algorithms as a product.

what new products will be valuable in that economy. Another abstract K. M. Patton/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1082 1093 1087 helps clients reframe design issues by citing designer Dan Formosa

Software systems are even available to set up futures markets that allow employees to bet on the market success of various products a company has in development.

and selling the product or service? Scientific and technical developments are always fair game as interesting abstracts.

because they help define the environment in which commercial products must succeed. A plethora of abstracts on advertising indicate that tectonic shifts are under way in the marketing and branding domain.

and apply to its own processes, products, or services. This type of clustering allows companies to gain ideas from other industries or other product domains.

Fig. 2 demonstrates this type of overlay or conceptual pattern. Three abstracts from different areas air-quality assessment, health care,

An awareness of such new capabilities serves as a jumping-off point for generating ideas for new technology-based products and services.

unless new developments merit a resurfacing of the topic. 5. The product The most important product of the scanning process is increased an awareness on the part of planners, employees,

It should be clear that without a preceding foresight stage this is the product of historical inertia

and building linkages between partners or even to generate new product ideas directly 29. The use of foresight approaches to build linkages for innovation represents a focus for foresight activity in innovation.

Outputs refer to the products and services, tangibles and intangibles. Results in turn refer to advantage (or disadvantage) that the beneficiaries obtain soon after the end of their participation;

The work is the product of analysis by the DCDC therefore it could be labelled as exclusive in terms of stakeholder engagement.

and market/product development communities. These all contribute to the knowledge base and methodological development of FTA 3 7. The result is a proliferation of tools.

Retention the products of the two preceding steps are stored (as published information or individual experience) so that they can be retrieved

I. Miles/Futures 43 (2011) 265 278 269 programmes and projects (discussed, for example, in the literatures on complex product systems,

and other such external manifestations and products of knowledge as suggested by Dawson 20. Dawson also reformulates the Nonaka framework accordingly (Fig. 1),

But qualitative speculation about how and how far new technologies may be used will also do well to be grounded in terms of available understanding (i e. models) of product cycles and diffusion curves.

when products and services based on new technologies are rejected when they are launched or soon afterwards. -Create policy processes amenable to current

and in the final outcomes and products? How far would public and private leadership literacy as well as building citizens'capacity in FTA METHODS

flows. 3. New business models for the design, production, distribution, retail and management of products and services. 4. Responses to the challenge of sustainability and changes in demography, in consumer behaviours and in social values,

Demand for certain products or services changes and thereby shifts the marketplace, often in response to other drivers or trend impacts that finally become measurable in price terms, such as carbon credits, taxes and footprint accounting;

or in the repackaging of a set of existing technologies that result in quickly obsoleting a product or service.

the companies that made these products disappeared when they could not adapt to or find ways to use the new technology.

and products and services innovation are familiar, when discontinuities occur in society and government, the changes tend to be more significant

, Moral & Legal Issues 2. Science & Technology Science Culture & Discoveries Technology Progress Innovative, Transformative Applications & Products 3. Energy Current Energy Use

high-tech products and high skill-level services most important sources of income, no energy intensive industry Demand and supply of small-scale local products and‘‘at home''services has increased significantly.

some export of these goods (and jobs in these industries) still exist Strong agriculture-and forest industry with many innovative high-value products (not just grain and paper) Both knowledge-and resource as well as energy

(or hardly) products are commercially available and no signs of, for example, a dominant design 4, are present.

since it can be used in all kinds of products and production processes, and thus, will have an impact in all areas of economic activities (examples are the materials production industry, pharmaceutical industry, electronics industry).

which means that it enables different industries to improve their products, but will not likely (at least not at the short-term) make products on its own.

That is, conventional technologies are needed still as well to produce the product. Nanotechnology can for example, enable precise targeting of drugs (pharmaceuticals)

or make computer screens flexible (electronic industry). In this paper we focus on a special kind of nanosized particle, the carbon nanotubes,

The company expects to deliver a product that will replace existing forms of memory, such as DRAM, SRAM and flash memory, with a high-density nonvolatile duniversal memoryt 18.

From the market side the expectations focus on the possibilities that nanotubes might have to improve or revolutionise existing products.

bthe company expects to deliver a product that will replace all existing forms of memory.

In the near future, these innovations will allow NRAMK to be one of the first mass manufactured nanotechnology products.

handling and use of nanoparticles in industrial processes and products, as well as in consumer products. The results are expected to indicate risks to workers and consumers,

and to recommend regulatory measures and codes of practice. Third, the ETC group is working to develop an International Convention for the Evaluation of New technologies (ICENT),

For the coming years Nantero not only aims at getting their product to the market, but also improving the existing technology to achieve even higher densities of suspended crossbars,

The market then focuses on the possibilities nanotube applications promise to improve or revolutionise existing products.

In the coming years Nantero aims at getting their product to the market and to improve the existing technology.

and the business community that the technology (or even nanotechnology) is actually possible of producing workable products for the electronic industry.

Nevertheless, the final product will be understood easily by stakeholders as well as the general public. 5. Strategy formulation. After determining all kinds of implications across the territorial system, the analyst should be able to perceive the gap between the proposed future vision and the present situation of the territory

For most foresight practitioners, scenario development is the archetypal product of future studies because it is profoundly creative and capable of handling uncertainty.

it generates a tangible product future scenarios and their functional, parametric and spatial implications which people can easily refer to

Since technology assessment has to integrate the socioeconomic context of a technical product in order to be comprehensive, in the case of nanotechnology a preparing step is necessary

products and processes which are expected to impact existing technologies by expanding their usefulness, to enable new technological approaches

Therefore it is necessary to perform intermediate analysis steps to connect these technologies to applications or visions for their integration in application technologies or products.

or systems and integrated into reliable and marketable products. The segment of dnanotechnologyt that is closest to a widespread application is the field of dnanomaterialst.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1112 1121 1115 considered as the most important bridge between basic research and marketable products and processes.

Some nanomaterials-based products and processes are already on the marketplace, many more will very likely be seen in the near or mid-term future.

e g. by substituting other materials or by making available new functionalities and thus enabling new products and creating new markets.

Rather than the nanomaterials themselves, their use in new products and processes and their application in existing or new contexts,

Many activities that are considered as nanotechnology are closer to R&d for enabling technologies than they are embedded in a product (or process) development,

Its central goal is to obtain a well-structured connection between R&d activities in this field and potential fields of application and ideas for products.

In short, the methodical challenge for our program is to develop roadmaps that combine the disaggregation level of a product roadmap with the timeframe and the inherent uncertainties of strategic roadmaps for branches or industries.

Especially this exercise is expected to deliver more knowledgeable and thus reliable perspectives about the interdependences between scientific and technological developments, internal and external challenges and products or applications than many other approaches.

it is expected that this process allows more reliable judgements about product ideas and visionary applications thought up by proponents (and sometimes propagandists) of nanotechnology, about the realism and the realisation periods of these concepts as well as about the potential of competing conventional technologies.

However, some of the ideas for products or visions for applications raise also considerable questions with respect to their nontechnical implications.

either form existing products or to new ideas for application. This will be complemented by a more conventional,

(and hopefully better) pathways for one or two yet-to-be selected products which seem to have the potential to be improved heavily

linking research activities with visions of products and applications and supporting more reliable judgements on the realism of or hurdles for innovations discussed.

In the early work ofvon Hippel (1976,1988), the users were innovative users of existing products.

Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:02 03 december 2014 772 H. van Lente Technological roadmaps basically are creative connections between expected developments in technological skills, sequences of products and potential future

Researchers, firms and governments have to make decisions about future products in future markets, about things which,

According to this belief in progress, a next version of products, systems or knowledge will be available (Braun 1995.

it locates products and techniques on the hype cycle (from‘inflated expectations, 'via‘disillusionment'to‘productivity')in order to decide

Journal of Product innovation Management 18, no. 1: 39 50. Könnölä, T.,V. Brummer, and A. Salo. 2007.

and refers to managers'inability to predict what the consequences of drivers of change will be on their organisations (e g. will customers switch from a traditional product fuel-based car to an innovative one hybrid car?).

what the value or utility of each option might be (e g. should we develop environmentally friendly products?).

These forces are competitors, customers, suppliers, potential incomers, substitute products, and providers of complementary products (Porter 1980,1985).

The general environment refers, instead, to the sectors that affect the firm indirectly; these are the political, economic, ecological, societal,

Firm Business Foresight activities started Philips Consumer electronics Early 1990s BASF Chemicals Mid-1990s Daimler Automotive Late 1970s Siemens Consumer Products,

that is, chemicals, plastics, performance products, agriculture and nutrition products, and oil and gas. These country and business scenarios derive from a more focused analyssis

and integrating analyses of future changes in the macro environment into market and product issues. Foresight activities address major trends and forces in the political, economic, infrastructural, social,

At business and operational levels, strategic foresight supports the definition of target features for enhancing products and services,

in the performance products and construction sectors, macro trends of increasing pressure on cost-saving, environmental concerrns and growing urbanisation have led the firm to boost product development in the thermal insulation,

and 3d and interactive games, each requiring specific product features in terms of resolution graphics, colour brightness,

and products they use in their everyday lives. A specific initiative the‘Probes Program'has been established recently as a long-run (10-year time horizon) research project intended to present‘provocations'about new lifestyle patterns,

These different pieces of insight are matched finally through an interactive process that brings the social researchers from Philips Design and the technologists from Philips Research together with the business managers from all the product divisions of the company.

In the case of the consumer products and ICT businesses, the time horizon is 5 years.

and storage and started to develop and to experiment with innovative product concepts in all its business divisions.

this regards the impact of drivers of change on the identity of the main activities of the value chain and the main components of the business (micro) environment, that is, rivals, suppliers, customers, substitute products,

and (iv) providers of complementary products (fuel from oil majors. Daimler's managers could be quite confident as well of the main activities of the value chain for example, assembly of components and production and distribution of cars and the main markets industrialised and emerging countries.

what are the newkinds of products and services that customerswant? What are the newkinds of benefits they seek?

and enhance the traditioona identity of the main components of the business micro environment, leading to incremental developments in the value chain, products, and services.

which surrounds the industry. 7 The second category is‘discontinuous'drivers of change that bring about boundary uncertainty, by leading to completely new kinds of products, players,

such as what should be the price of our premium products? In this context, traditional techniques such as‘top-down'scenarios (e g. deductive scenarios starting with two key dimensions:

For instance, in the case of a completely new kind of products such as video on demand: what could be the price?

Instead, environmental scanning efforts and, most of all, explorative actions (e g. new concepts of product and service, prototypes, commercialisation in target market niches, venture initiatives,

which help managers to figure out the (new) identity of the main components of the business micro environment and the new activities (and products and services) of the value chain.

the products we have to provide and the new players who are entering the business.

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