'IF is a basis for stimulating a future-oriented innovation dialogue that enables different types of users
In spite of the terminological differences, a common, explicit focus is put on dialogue, co-production, societal learning, joint agenda-building, etc.
Performance measurement systems FTA Strategy Implementation A b s T R A c T Despite the growing number of publications on firms'performance measurement systems (PMS), consensus
and experiences as well as obtain consensus on the changes needed in their existing BSC, i e. formalised in this way a‘‘contract''to implement a new management model.
Moreover, the insights generated via discussions with the managers were used to promote an indeept analysis of the existing BSC
The established dialogue was important to increase the perception of democracy among those involved. Moreover
The established dialogue helped State representatives understand the need of building proper feedback mechanisms to continually capture
Hence, the lack of involvement of government representatives into the debate due to the bureaucracy in place, did not allow the consolidation of the conversational environment created
In turn, the link between citizens'expectations and desires collected via dialogue (phase 3) and feedback mechanisms (phase 4) did not generate new strategies (phase 1). Once such link could not materialise it was not possible to develop scenarios based upon strategic diagnosis (phase 2),
FTA has a long tradition in creating spaces for dialogue and in engaging different actors to confront views,
through processes and tools that enable spaces for inclusive dialogue to take place 40,44 46. Embedding this form of dialogue in the proposed system would
thus improve the ways in which stakeholders are perceived. Also the ways that they are involved in decision processes.
It builds upon the creation of spaces for dialogue and communication channels which allow a shared understanding of individual actors'capabilities, needs and perceptions,
lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues, Science and Public policy (2012)( forthcoming. 49 T. Ko nno la, A. Salo, C. Cagnin, V. Carabias, E. Vilkkumaa, Facing the future:
The subsequent case-specific discussions are followed by a cross-case evaluation. The article finishes with concluding remarks. 2. Toward networked foresight 2. 1. Analogies in the development of innovation management and futures research Liyanage 13, Niosi 14 and Ortt and van der Duin 15
and network orientation. 5. 1. 1. Networked foresight activities Foresight activities were limited to workshops, moderated discussions and other meetings either as stand-alone events or as series of events (activity 1. 4). Predominantly,
policy recommendations based on a dialogue with senior citizens. Paper presented at the Second International Seville Seminar on Future-oriented technology analysis, held 28 29 september, Seville, Spain.
debate and research agenda setting by revealing new angles and relatioons knowledge gaps and potential hazardous or promising developments Characteristics of government horizon scanning An analysis of different horizon scanning exerciise and descriptions highlights the following characteristics:
administrative and legal Public services Politics State Global Joint horizon scanning Science and Public policy February 2010 11 first discussion with this network was held
and further used as input for prioritisation discussions in expert and user panels in Denmark.
and Public policy February 2010 12 discussions with representatives from different ministrries The primary data for The netherlands scan were collected by the COS Horizon scanning team
and synthesis Workshop Cross-linkages With policy Themed Scenarios Extranet Peer review Discussion groups Updated database Finalised Themed Scenarios Final database Reports and multimedia Output data analysis phase
consultation and debate) that will lead to implementable policies (policies that achieve governmment'goals while meeting society's expectatioons) In this way,
The final proposal Dialogue with involved parties from research and society Final research themes RESEARCH2015 catalogue Figure 3. Design of the Danish OECD DAST horizon scan Source:
) The procees involved many stakeholders who have been influenced by the discussions and issues that were selected. After the report was published the horizon scan team was approached by a number of organisatiion
Further development of the joint horizon scan On the basis of the experience of the pilot joint horizzo scan and discussions within the established netwoor of interested organisations and interviews with representatives of different directorates of the EC, a proposal
Discussion and conclusion All three scans delivered issue lists which overlapppe considerably but which were also complementtary This means that cooperation might be rewarding to improve the scanning images for each country
which a consensus can be reached. Complexity It is clear that the issues identified in the horizon scans are very different in nature:
in order to reach a consensus as to the most likely developments and critical issues for further policy discussion.
The final policy analysis stage was restricted to discussions with the client, i e. the European commission. The varying degrees of particippatio enabled us to handle better the complexity and uncertainties regarding the evolution of the creatiiv content sector,
value chain Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Policy implications Drivers, enablers, threats contextual factors Consensus vs controversial issues Scenario analysis
In a nutshell, the Delphi survey revealed only a small number of topics where experts did not reach a consensus about the likely future development.
On the other hand, a consensus was reached on wellknnow factors such as universal access to broadband networks, computer literacy and ICT skills,
No consensus could be reached for the theses printed in italics Adaptive foresight in the creative content industries Science
To structuur our discussion we followed the common elemeent used in step 3 to systematically describe our scenarios (global context and key drivers
This was done in closed discussion with the client, i e. European policy-makers who were involved in the various workshops throughout the process,
This is coherent with the methodological approach of adaptive foresight that foresees a phase of internal debate of policy implications by the client (or other stakeholder),
On certain areas a consensus on their importtanc for the future was easy to reach
Three Discussion papers. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publicatiion of the European communities (Scientific and Technical research series, EUR 23633 EN.
An Overview of research finding and debates prepared for the European Cultural Foundation
Science and Public policy February 2010 0302-3427/10/010031-10 US$12. 00 Beech tree Publishing 2010 31 Science and Public policy, 37 (1 february 2010, pages
e g. debates, inclusiveness, actor alignment etc. and foresiigh impact in terms of learning effects, and strateeg formulation for action by system actors.
and quality of social interactions Aid and help elaborate discussions of the future Facilitate thinking out of the box, challenge mindsets Creation of new networks and clusters of expertise,
and process) for improving the effectiveness of foresight studies (see Table 4). Survey process From the preceding discussion,
i e. engaging in the political process, debates; stimulating public engagement and introducing visions, scenarios and other means to raise awareness Reframing the debate:
i e. suggesting or presenting a new action plan or initiatives to further scrutinize the problem and its key dimensions;
and ways to intensify the extent of public input and debate Policy and implementation aspects Policy analysis:
i e. more comprehensive policy content, more evaluation of policy through debate and higher perception of democratic legitimacy Decisions taken:
The scenario discussions revealed an EID life cycle model (see Figure 4), with four stages from preventiiv measures to surveillance and detection to treatmeen and prevention of spread.
Since the scenario workshop, this EID life cycle model has been employed throughout the project as the structure for discussions in the technology roadmapppin workshops in both Japan and Chinese Taipei and the final symposium in Bangkok.
The discussions at the workshop revealed their inter-relationships both with one another and with the three domains of technoloog research identified earlier.
'During this project many fruitful discussions took place, suggesting potential activities that could have a high impact in efforts to combat EID.
A discussion which developed mainly in the diagnoosi roadmap suggested that a new network Preventive measures (PM) Surveillance
and which propagates the industry's‘push'perspectiive has dominated the theoretical debate for several decades.
2008), this paper limits itself to a discussion of the research process and the way the abovementioned challenges were tackled.
Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 65 consensus not only among political actors but also among organizations representing business interests.
but such a discussion would be beyond the scope of this empirical paper. Impact of technology policy on innovation by firms Science and Public policy February 2010 73 Appendix Table A1.
IZA Discussion paper No. 1653. Bonn, Germany: IZA (Institute for the Study of Labour. Caliendo M. and S Kopeinig 2005.
Evidence from the German service sector, ZEW Discussion paper No. 02-04, Mannheim, Germany: ZEW. David, P, B Hall and A Toole 2000.
the format of brief presentations followed by active explorrator discussion between the presenter and policymakkers and a concluding discussion to identify major issues and findings.
The agenda was built around five key questions: what kind of emerging issues should FTA seek to address,
The methodologgica approach must induce out-of-the-box thinking, by the cumulative introduction of different visions on the subject, open discussions and the use of creative methods.
environmental issues are at the center of political debate, and are also being questioned by those beyond the strict sphere of science and technology (S&t).
Thus, not only discussions about the need for social engageemen in the decision-making process emerge, but also the concepts of governance, macro-coordination and develoopmen of vertical communication channels in the governnmen area return to the forefront.
From this brief introduction about the environment of governance social engagement and foresight, it can be seen that the discussion about intangibles should be focused more on state-of-the-practices than the state-of-the-art.
human resources and infrastructure to handle complex thematic debates in several areas of interest, planning for small and very large events such as the last three national S&t conferences organized by the CGEE
This also helps to create the environment for an innovative dialogue to be established, perhaps one of the most imporrtan outcomes of any collective intelligence-based process.
building upon and consolidating consensus where possible and mapping controversial points, which will require a more elaborate implementation strategy.
resultiin from discussion and commitment among key stakeholdders expanding the perception of strategic options among the decision-makers.
discussion and prioritization of results in an integrated format Analyses of recommendations of each panel compared to previous Brazilian foresight studies and international information Final report and dissemination of results Biotechnology Mapping
The final workshop,‘FINEP of the future',provided a forum for further discussions between employees and stakeholders, resulting in the construction of the key elements of the proposed plan:.
searching for as much consensus among the participants as was possible. Overall, around 3, 000 people participated in the process in its various stages.
More important than consensus on future challenges not always possible is shared the sense of commitmeen to a desirable future established by different stakeholders..
Such criticisms highlight a fundamental debate in Chinese science policy-making as to how research funding should be allocated
1. 2 Analytical assumptions On the basis of this discussion, we argue that research priority-setting may take the following (not mutually exclussive directions:
The role of experts, public consultation and debate Once the decision is taken that something should be done,
The planning process was surrounded by relatively public and heated debates concerning the fundamental choice of development strategy to be pursued in the plan (see also Gu and Lundvall 2006.
A related debate centered on the impact of foreign direct investment, which had been encouraged strongly by Chinese official policy,
The overarching goals remain under strong central politiica control (notwithstanding factional debates among the policy elites.
The sub-plans are organized more loosely and open to rank political debates: indeed one of the goals of the political elite has been to foster such open exchanges.
which are worth further discussion. To set up a more profound discussion of the configurattio of the three innovation systems we structure the rest of this paper as follows:
Section 2 reviews the literature on innovation systems. On the basis of the literature we conceptualize the configuration of the three innovation systems.
due to the governmment'policies, these biotechnologies were commercialized seldom. 4. Discussion and conclusion The Taiwanese pharmaceutical biotechnology innovation system and agricultural biotechnology innovation system reveal different dynamics.
Political consensus despite divergeen concepts of precaution',Science and Public policy, 32: 277 84. Wong, J. 2005)‘ Remaking the developmental state in Taiwan:
technology assessment. 1. Introduction Recent years have seen a great deal of discussion on how science, technology and innovation (STI) systems might be reoriented to better address several grand challenges that affect not only contemporary societies but also the future of human civilisation itself.
even if a consensus exists that alternative trajectories would be more beneficial to follow. Such lock in has to be borne in mind
and facilitate more effective public dialogue beyond the usual suspects by engaging new entrants, small business, wider stakeholders and civil society.
FTA PROCESSES have a long tradition of creating spaces for dialogue and for engaging different actors to confront views,
while also bringing public concerns and interests into the debates. The collective knowledge creation enabled by the structuring role of FTA PROCESSES enables the articulation of market-shaping expectations and visions,
organisational or disciplinary in nature Deepen dialogue with society and improve governance, thus increasing trust between policy makers, business and the general public and consequently reducing the number of occasions
are involved usually not in any sort of debate. By bringing together relevant stakeholders, EU instrumeent can be a means to enable different parties to learn with one another
while also bringing public concerns and interests into debates Structuring role of FTA can be enabled within EU instruments
For example, FTA can enable spaces for dialogue and interactions between actors to emerge, which can lead to the establishmeen of new linkages (as well as the disruption of existing ones.
or diffused as usually, very few actors (usually termed experts) take part in the dialogue or creative process.
improovin the quality and robustness of anticipatory intelligeenc and preparedness for disruptive events through systematic approaches and shared insights and perceptioons creating an effective dialogue between key players in the different policy domains;
vision-building and consensus-building for engineering major processes of transformation and efforts to define the research agenda, setting research priorities and specialisation focus.
and more recently there has been a growing trend to use foresight to open up broader and exploratory debates,
From a historical perspective the recent debates on the need to tackle transformations and disruptive developmeent represent the most recent shift in the evolution of FTA.
In this context, scenario work seems to allow fairly flexible frames for such overarching discussions, whereas a number of other methods are applied to develop future plans and action-oriented recommendations for decision-making.
Consensus-building and effectiiv engagement of civil society. Programmes and projects. Networking to address open innovation Emerging rationales for FTA.
The institutionalisation of FTA seems to generate intense discussion on the benefits and drawbacks of stronger integration in the policy processes.
In particular Warnke (2011) recommends the use of strategic dialogues to foster the embedding of suggested‘future fields'into the national research, technology and innovation (RTI) landscaape Ahlqvist et al.
However, the coordination mode of governance that seems to be on rise in Europe see for instance the debates on European Innovation Partnerships
Due to the broad coverage of the conference, the contributions can be regarded as reflecting the current state of the debate.
FARHORIZON Innovation policy Workshop (Weber and Georghiou 2010) and ERAPRISM Policy Dialogue Brief on Innovation policy (Georghiou and Harper 2010),<http://farhorizon. portals. mbs. ac. uk
Lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues',Science and Public policy, 39: 208 21. Brummer, V.,Ko nno la, T. and Salo, A. 2008)‘ Foresight within Era nets:
Georghiou, L. and Cassingena Harper, J. 2010)‘ Policy dialogue brief on innovation policy',Report from the ERAPRISM Project.<
The sub-sections that follow begin with a discussion of the considerations and choices concerning the exercise's design,
Science successfully met the challenge of setting up more effective processes to ensure the consensus of the very best science was communicated to multiple stakeholders in a way that helps decision-making.
The discussion aims to open a perspective on how policy development can be facilitated in a dynamic context of societal challenges and enabling technologies.
reorienttin the science and innovation system, demonstrating the vitality of the science and innovation system, bringing new actors into the strategic debate,
The second step was a discussion workshop on the core themes of the process. The third step was the selecctio of the relevant themes for the actual roadmapping process.
lest they be taken over by short-term policy agendas and debates. 2. 2. 4 Temporal co-ordination of policies and research systems.
and industrial leaders on the basis of different criteria. 26 Those issues that were evaluated favourably on the different criteria were prioritised for discussion in a series of four workshops.
they are relevant for ensuring wider stakehollde debate and engagement. 3. 2 Conclusions on the cases Our examination of the three initiatives indicates that foresiigh activities may alleviate some barriers to transnational programming by way of addressing systemic, horizontal, vertical and temporal co
aiming at continuous dialogue between a wide set of stakeholders and JPI Urban Europe Use of a pilot call to engage stakeholders at different levels in broadening knowledge base Engagement with other networks and organisatiion (e g.
aiming at continuous dialogue between stakeholders and Urban Europe and ensuring a long-term integration of stakeholders in activities Embedding foresight in transnational research programming. 199 increasing research capacity in a specific thematic area can also contribute to better understanding and aligning research systems.
and capabilities as an integral part of programming. 4. Discussion Building on our experiences from the case studies,
The analysis and discussion may be of similar relevance to forms of transnational research programming between nations outside Europe
The UEF aims to establish a continuous dialogue between stakeholders and Urban Europe on strateegi issues and to ensure a long-term integration of a large number of stakeholders in the implementation activities.
Lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues Effie Amanatidou1,,*Maurits Butter2, Vicente Carabias3, Totti Ko nno la 4, Miriam Leis5, Ozcan Saritas1, Petra Schaper-Rinkel6 and Victor van Rij7 1manchester
and dialogue. 2. Defining and clarifying concepts 2. 1 Weak signals alongside emerging issues and wild cards Horizon scanning implies a search process,
and that connect these possible futures to current issues for political debate (the discourse)'.'Recent horizon scans of the UK, Netherlands and Denmark show us many examples of smaller and larger potential emerging issues.
2010) Discourse and decision-making Political discourse refers to the continuous communicative debate that takes place in the political arena.
This debate is unique for human beings with their ability of speech and writing (Chilton 2004;
not only to search for signals in officially published documents and reports but also to exploit relevant discussions in blogs and micro-blogs (as Twitter),
surveys and visits to conferences and seminars while other tools like the initiation of a wiki and the active use of blogs and micro-blogging can encourage wider participation and dialogue.
the assessment of discussions can be an interesttin way in which to collect signals. Conferences may also be particularly interesting for making contact with future-oriented experts as well as policy-makers in the relevant domains.
These triggered the discussions that followed. After discussing the issues participants were asked to vote on the terms of the perceived impact, plausibility, novelty, policy relevance and strength of each of the emerging issues.
and through interactions and discussions within experts and networks about implications Text-mining enables either‘bottom-up'analysis (from scratch)
For literature review and selection of conferences same reference framework Verification method Cross-referencing with other articles Discussions with experts Discussions with experts;
as reported in literature/discussed in conferences Ethical, legal, societal issues Medium High High Expert discussions, futurists symposia,
and credibility Medium Medium High Through discussion with peers In text-mining dependent on sources fed into database.
In conferences through discussions with peers Existing strategies and relevant stakeholders Medium Medium High As reported/criticised in raw resources.
These types of debates can also be evoked by the horizon scanning process itself. Therefore horizon scanning is not merely about searching for signals and their factual evidence.
In this regard, it is importaan to improve the credibility of the assessment for example by establishing interdisciplinary discussion groups to validate it.
Political debate about ageing in The netherlands',Science and Public policy, 35: 575 83. Van dijk, T. A. 2002)‘ Political discourse and political cognitioon'In:
futures. 1. Introduction In future-oriented technology analysis (FTA), the systematti exploration of divergent views on future developments has tended to receive less attention than approaches that foster consensus seeking (Ko nno la et al. 2011;
and outlining them for further analysis..Bilateral and collective discussions between experts and JRC-IPTS helped to synthesize relevant issues into an interim report.
relevance to EU policy-making. novelty in comparison with earlier policy debates. probability of occurrence by 2025 In total, 381 issues were evaluated on a seven-point Likert-scale
which provided interesting inputs for debate in the final workshop. 226. T. Ko nno la et al. 3. 3. 3 Rare event-oriented analysis. Rare eventorieente analysis was carried out to identify those issues that the respondents considered improbable but still novel
This discussion was the basis for reaching agreement on the final three overarcchin challenges at the end of the workshop.
In its approach, the workshop evolved from a loosely structured discussion of issues resulting from the scanning of reports to a collective sense-making process that focused on how such issues could be brought together into crosscutting challenges
Lessons from initiating policy dialogues on emerging issues',Science and Public policy, 39: 208 22. Anderson, W. 2005)‘ Wiring up Whitehall:
This enhanced the existing discussion about challenges and needs-oriented approaches versus a science and technology push.
But in these and many other cases (Popcorn 1993,1999) of megatrend discussions, the definition of the megatrends was explained not
climate/energy. health/nutrition. mobility. security. communication Interestingly, there seems to be a considerable level of consensus on the upcoming challenges.
it provided them with a kind of discussion platform. Equipped with roadmaps and claims for internal and external communication,
which led to three additional projects in mobility and security. 6. Discussion and lessons learnt 6. 1 FTA APPROACHES of other research
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