Changes within society and nature are happening at a much higher speed than current institutions
and for meeting the challenges faced by society, such as those concerning health, energy supply and the environment.
Modern societies have a strategic interest in research and technological development, and governments have an interest in the overall priorities of national expenditure on these areas.
the economy and society with the aim of identifying the areas of strategic research Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:09 03 december 2014 Foresight
that of science, technology, economy and society in general. In the perspective of strategic positioning (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand,
and technology research can make to society. Earlier strategy plans for the Technical research Council, as well as plans for other research councils,
The Technical research Council plan mentions that its strategy is about prioritising areas of science with special importance for society during the next 10 20 years.
The dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London: Sage. Grant, R. M. 1991.
towards risk society or ecological modernization of scenarios. Futures research Quarterly 17, no. 2: 33 55.
As a starting point for assessing research domains, representatives from Luxembourg society, business and research were invited to the Stakeholderworkshop with the aim of identifying the main challenges facing Luxembourg over the coming decade.
‘research domains in the public sector with short-term and/or long-term socioeconomic interest for Luxembourg society'.
thus familiarising the wider public with the stakeholders as well as with the role of science in a modern society. 6. 3. Impacts on the research community As mentioned in the previous section,
Second, it is clear that a forward-looking process like foresight needs to be underpinned by sufficient and appropriate‘objectivised'data, e g. publication data, statistics on the national R&d environment, reports on the state of economy, environment or society
but about the joint impact of public and private decision making on society's course of change and the interactions that precede formal decision making.
but also decision makers from research, industry, policy making and society. Thus, a shared understanding of problems, goals and development options can be expected to emerge among those actors that have an important role to play in shaping the future.
3) Science and society;(4) Urban development for research. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 Trade-offs between policy impacts of future-oriented analysis 959 Panel 1 FTI in business Integrative concept for RTI-strategy Panel
3) Embedding RTI into society: providing space and occasions for public discussion about RTI, its opportunities and challenges.
'The World Future Society, an international organisation propagating foresight, describes visioning as‘the process of creating a series of images
which the community council desires for the development of society. In order to obtain operative power the visions
and warned about the possible alienating effects such visions could have on social groups already living on the fringes of society.
But this is the way society works; we are supposed not to come up with revolutionary ideas all the time. I am not sure about this,
Social Living their future lives in Lundal Concentrate on issues of well-being in society! Ask your parents and neighbours!
and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. 20.
Local newspaper article, 5 april 2006.21. See also Flyvbjerg (1998. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 984 S. Jenssen 22.
Theory, Culture & Society 20:1 33. Berkhout, F, . and J. Hertin. 2002. Foresight futures scenarios: developing and applying a participative strategic planning tool.
Health, Risk and Society 4: 259 72. Brown, N, . and M. Michael. 2003. A sociology of expectations:
In Interfaces between science and society, ed. A. Guimarães Pereira, S. Guedesvaz and S. Tognetti, 100 17.
World Future Society. Cuhls, K. 2003. Development and perspectives of foresight in Germany. Technikfolgenabschätzung 12, no. 2: 20 8. Cuhls, K,
Administration & Society 37, no. 2: 225 42. Dreyfus, H. L, . and P. Rabinow. 1982.
self and society in the late modern age, 10 35. Stanford, CA: Stanford university Press. Godet, M. 2001.
the need for reflexivity and learning at the interface between science and society. International Journal of Foresight and Innovation policy 1: 150 67.
Theory, Culture & Society 20, no. 2: 49 57. Latour, B. 2003. Is re-modernisation occurring and if so,
Theory, Culture & Society 20:35 48. Ling, T. 2002. Decision making in the public sector. In Scenarios in public policy, ed. G. Ringland, 124 31.
& Society 17:26 54. Downloaded by University of Bucharest at 05:10 03 december 2014 986 S. Jenssen Marcus, G. 1995.
1) Learning and learning society (2) Services and service innovations (3) Well-being and health (4) Environment and energy (5) Infrastructures and security (6) Bio-expertise
and bio-society (7) Information and communications (8) Understanding and human interaction (9) Materials (10) Global economy Apart from its title, each panel was characterised by a description of about 150
as well as some domains of their potential application in industry and society. This notwithstanding, the panellists were encouraged explicitly to deliberate how they would construe the scope of their panels.
to (1) major changes in the global context,(2) growing needs in Finnish industry and society, or (3) anticipated scientific and technological achievements.
for example, advances in relation to forest-related industries were discussed in panels on Environment and energy, Bio-expertise and bio-society, Materials,
Panel Examples of focal competence areas 1. Learning and learning society Neurological, cognitive, motivational and social basis of learning Practices of lifelong learning, the education system and informal
technologies 5. Infrastructure and security Environmental know-how and technology Logistic know-how and security of supply management Integration know-how 6. Bio-expertise and bio-society Complete use of renewable
Technology and Innovation7 in fields that are important to the future of Finnish society and business and industry.
and learning society, understanding and human interaction). As a result, these latter panels spent more time on demarcattin their boundaries
or to legitimate results but more proactively to embed them in the strategies of organisations across the economy and society.
they see a shift from technocratic to wider democratic processes of decision-making as societies respond to globalisation
and trends and how these address or are related to the grand challenges faced by societies today and in the future.
The immediate conclusion for Foresight is need the for consensus building among stakeholders from industry and civil society for a further development of the European research and innovation system.
the Socioeconomic Dimension, Foresight Center of NISTEP, Tokyo, Japan, 2001.5 A. Havas, Terminology and Methodology for Benchmarking Foresight programmes, For Society Transnational Foresight ERA NET, 2006.6 N. Borup, N
which sought to examine the future of‘‘Key Research actors''in the European research area encompassing civil society, researchers, small and medium enterprises, universities, research and technology organisations, multinational enterprises, national and regional governments 23.
and may miss crucial emerging attributes of research and research actors in the knowledge society''.''A number of foresight exercises have addressed actors.
society and technology which may impact upon the business and its innovative activities. Rollwagen et al. describe this process in Deutsche bank which they summarise as‘‘Foresight explores
and society and (ii) its respective impacts and implications on policy. 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.§
The first dimension addresses the type of main outcomes of the foresight project referring to its different kinds of impacts on the policy and society at large.
Consensual‘‘Innovation 25''has set 5 scenarios of Japan society in 2025 and it includes‘‘Long Health Society'',Safe and Secure Society'',Society with Multiple Career Path,
''‘Japan contributing to Global Issues''and‘‘Japan Opening to the World''.''Fixed The methodology was fixed at the beginning.
a term used by governments to describe material assets that are essential for the functioning of a society and economy (such as electricity generation and distribution, telecommunication, transportation systems, public health, financial services,
a term put forward by Castells 15 to describe a society built on technologies of information storage, retrieval,
and communication technologies (ICT) can make to the economy, society and personal quality of life, "and the ICT priority has the largest budget share of the current European RTD Framework programme (FP7:
and generated a number of debates on the future of information and communication technologies and the development of a knowledge society in Europe.
but it could also have wider impacts in society and be used to stimulate a wider discussion among stakeholders. 3. 4. Agora foresight (diverse perspectives
However, the participants from different sectors of the society benefited from the project. It helped them position in the system,
Our analysis supports the thesis that different classes of foresight projects have respective different types of impacts on policy and society.
We expect that the developed framework can facilitate the discussion about the expectations and the management of foresight projects and about its impact on policy-making and society at large.
a co-evolutionary view Futures 20 (6)( 1988) 606 620.15 M. Castells, The Rise of the network society.
economy, Society and Culture, vol. 1, Blackwell, Malden, 1996.16 European commission, Green Paper on the convergence of the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors,
Terminology and Methodology for Benchmarking Foresight programmes, For Society Transnational Foresight ERA NET, 2006. T. Ko nno la et al./
and quite often non-governmental organisation and civil society stakeholders 1. FTA, especially in the form of Foresight programmes, has come to be applied in the form of a mutual learning process,
Following these, the Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering launched a major consultation exercise exploring risks as well as opportunities.
the main report was Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering 27; the dissemination and follow-up to this is described (ands updated) at http://www. nanotec. org. uk/whathappen. htm (accessed 29/07/09;
Scenarios of US and Global Society Reshaped by Science and Technology, Oakhill Press, Greensboro, 1997 (available at http://www. josephcoates. com/2025 pdf. html (accessed 29/07/2009)).
IPTS-ISTAG, European commission, Luxembourg, 2001.27 Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies:
Opportunities and Uncertainties, Royal Society, London, 2005 (available at: http://www. nanotec. org. uk/finalreport. htm (accessed 29/07/09)).28 O. Stapledon, Last and First Men:
''Nanotechnologies and the royal society and royal academy of engineering's inquiry, Public Understanding of Science 16 (3)( 2007) 345 364.40 S. J. Wood, R. Jones
society and corporate activities. Setting a new landscape for FTA ACTIVITIES around the concept of governance, is the aim of the paper while shedding some light on the issues
Available online 26 november 2010 A b s T R A c T FTA and equity addresses the need for multiple stakeholders'participation in public policy and corporate decision making thus leading to more democratic societies.
which is a result of the transformation of societies and situations as a result of various factors including globalisation, environmental concerns, more knowledge intensive work and lifestyle.
The later discussion intends to enable the FTA COMMUNITY to reflect on how FTA ACTIVITIES can support the move towards more democratic societies and the potential impacts of FTA in governance.
but in human societies it has perceptual and physical components infecting matters relating to society, science and technology, economics, ecology, politics and value/norms:
Ulrich Beck 2 coined the term‘the risk society'in 1986, but this was some time after the UK's Royal Society embarked, in 1981, on a series of conferences on the assessment and perception of risk.
Risk and perceptions of it are closely related to fear making the proper understanding of the real physical nature of risk of prime importance to framing regulations where the politics of fear may intrude irrationally.
has begun to split society. The challenge to the conventional mantra that economic not human, development, depends on the advancement of science
societies and the natural world. By the early 1970s, the clamour for governance of S&t resulted in the formation of the PAU in the UK and the OTA in the USA;
and glocalisation themselves, have to be set against the background noise of matters that affect human societies and natural life globally:
Governance and regulatory concepts imply a modified description of what regulation is and how it works, where the regulatory limits of state authority and the potential of society to influence
and that the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision making, in ways that are responsive to the present and future needs of society.
Sheng 9 claims that there are eight major characteristics to good governance: 1. Participation by both men and women through freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organised civil society on the other hand. 2. Consensus oriented resulting from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society and community.
It requires different interests in society to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interest of the whole community
and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development
and civil society organisations to the public or those who will be affected by decisions taken and consequent actions,
and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making best use of the resources at their disposal through the sustainable use of natural resources
which depends on ensuring that all members of a given society or community feel that they have a stake in it
to promote a continuous and closer interface between the state, the economy and society. Yet, COM 10 claims that governance methods and systems have not been institutionalised on a broad and continuous basis in Europe and elsewhere.
Ulrich's 12 Critical systems Heuristics (CSH) recognises that various stakeholders in society may see situations 14 in radically different ways because different stakeholder values and behavioural characteristics lead to different boundary judgements.
and stakeholder approach has various implications for the relationships between the society, corporate industrial activities and public governance.
The implications of this approach for relationships between the society and public policy explain the shift from the government to governance.
Regarding the relationships between corporate industrial activities and society, the this new approach brought the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) concept onto the agenda,
other than their shareholders and their economic performance, to take society's, and the environment's interests into account.
and facilitate policy making taking into account the active involvement of society and the requirements of the new governance systems.
which affect society's ways of living, and to policies aiming to improve social cohesion.
and society Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a critical cross-connecting theme regarding democracy and participation in shaping corporate decisions.
they focus on the tension between business and society rather than on their interdependence. Each creates a generic rationale that is not tied to the strategy and operations of any specific company or the places in
what is good for society as a whole. One of the assumptions behind CSR is that business outcomes
principles that apply to a firm's relationship to society as readily as to its relationship to its customers and rivals.
Inside-out linkages are those that a company impinges upon society through its operations which are dependent on location.
and benefit society. Each company can identify the particular set of societal problems that it is equipped best to help resolve and from
society and corporate activity A central assumption behind innovation systems theory is that knowledge is the fundamental resource in the modern economy
brought about by the so-called risk society, are shaping innovation processes. Hence it is important to be clear that there is a need for emerging technologies to be subject to social scrutiny.
and at avoiding litigation claims through the involvement of the society in setting the standards.
and processes could support a move towards genuine governance and thus a more democratic society.
in addition, is driven increasingly by radical disruption of markets, societies and ecosystems. Firms will need to focus on themes like creativity, breakthrough innovation, entrepreneurial solutions to great challenges, like pandemics and climate change,
to improve salient areas of competitive context Responsive CSR6 Transform value-chain activities to benefit society
and process contribute to governance modes that are more responsive to risk society perceptions, values and apprehensions.
Are conventional technocratic modes of regulation yielding to governance modes that are more responsive to risk society perceptions, values and apprehensions?
Rather than just opening dialogue between science and society solely in terms of environmental or health impacts, there is a need to tackle broader social concerns such as ethical and cultural values, power relations,
and civil society at large, in the new institutions and procedures look like? At the same time, which FTA METHODS and processes could contribute to enlarge societal participation in development strategies (at local, regional, national and international levels?
7. 2. FTA for corporate decision making The challenges faced by corporations reflect the structural changes taking place in the economy and society.
and other stakeholders taking into consideration social impacts and social dimensions of its value chain in a competitive context as well as its relationships with employees, customers, governments and society at large.
/Futures 43 (2011) 279 291 287 business and society if consistently invested in social initiatives
and considerations that are emerging in the landscape of governance due to changes and transformations in society.
The greater acknowledgement of the co-evolution of technology and society, as well as the claim that FTA practices should be submitted to interpretation of their significance by the relevant disciplines of the social sciences
which explicitly deals with complex socio-technical systems and science society relationships. FTA is also an agenda-setting process aimed at providing anticipatory intelligence as basis for decision making.
FTA can fulfil its role of supporting actors in society in shaping a common future based on a shared vision among all concerned.
2 B. Ulrich, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage, London, 1992.3 F. Soddy, Cartesian Economics:
. novonordisk. com/images/Sustainability/sr02/SR2002UK. pdf. 29 M. E. Porter, M. R. Kramer, Strategy & society:
a typology and analysis, Business and Society 36 (4)( 1997) 419 429.33 K. Davis, Can business afford to ignore social responsibilities?
40 H. Z. Evan, Seminar at Economic Commission of Europe, Warsaw, 1973.41 F. Davitaya, Changes in the Atmosphere and Some Problems of its Protection, in Society and the Environment:
factors and patterns that are pervasively causing change in society generally. The speed of change may be deemed comparatively slow
when discontinuities occur in society and government, the changes tend to be more significant because they can alter so many other domains. 2. 5. Weak signals The final key term is‘‘weak signals''.
Sub-categories (A b c) to classify Domains of Interest 1. Society & Culture Social Norms, Education, Information & Knowledge society Demographics, Urbanization, Population Health & Migration Equity, Ethical
Examples of trends by category A b c Society & Culture 66 Growth of knowledge/access and need for management Aging/labor force ratio creating tensions Negative prospects from genetic manipulation‘‘Privacy loss''as 21st century externality Pandemic risks increase Genetically designed children will be possible Dematerialisation the West
Over 70%of the trends identified by the participants have high impact on Society and Culture;
Strong emphasis again on ecology-environment and economy with Society and Culture and S&t close behind;
In contrast to the trends, the drivers are grounded more in current areas of expected leverage such as society-cultural change factors,
including R&d and energy choices we may be able to affect through our society or nation.
Examples of critical drivers by category A b c Society & Culture 46 Increased citizen participation with the help of collaborative Web tools International mobility of educated workforce improves cultural
and hoarding alters social patterns Decline of motivation in the youth cohort of industrialised and aging societies Ethics in capitalism under scrutiny Growing tribalism around national,
Clear dominance of geopolitics and security not a surprise but followed by Society and Culture some interesting possibilities;
Examples of wild cards shocks by category A b c Society & Culture 42 Rise of dogma, e g. creativism/creationism, social resistance to technological change New diseases from pharmaceutical and space
Strong classes between cultures, intensification of conflicts between cultural classes Population boom & high competition in job markets Decline of knowledge grounded in local society and history because of less direct human interaction
, interrestrial visitors, alliance, eco-collapse, biotech Increased impact of converging technologies on social life Natural language codifications becomes available allowing people communicate globally New s&t paradigms for knowledge society
Examples of discontinuities by category A b c Society & Culture 10 Back to basics: nature, safety, home Personalised genomic healthcare Rapid reversal of tolerance to multicultural populations Human systems adapt to new culture of physical and biological requirements Reduced need
Lots of focus on Society and Culture=a well balanced orientation for a FTA audience; Provocative elements explored:
and somewhat uncharted directions for societies hence they represent a good cross section of global anxieties as well as global aspirations great fodder for an extended strategic conversation. 3. 2. 6. 1. Further assessment
Examples of weak signals by category A b c Society & Culture 61 Concept of rational behaviour in modernity losing value
and benefits of FTA and to help build an FTA culture across society through awareness raising''.
and anticipate the various possible futures that will guide PAGE 280 jforesight jvol. 14 NO. 4 2012 society.
as economies and societies become more globalized. Innovation is both a source of and response to disruptive transformations
and is highly dependent on developments in society but it is difficult to assess which development will take place
The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage Publications, London. Gordon, T. J.,Glenn, J. C. and Jakil, A. 2005),‘Frontiers of future research:
Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse, Risk governance and Society, Vol. 10, Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht. Risk Commission (2003), Ad hoc Commission on‘‘Revision of Risk analysis Procedures and Structures as well as of Standard Setting in the field of Environmental Health in the Federal republic of germany'',Final Report, Salzgitter Federal Radiological
and undertaking cost-benefit analysis. 2. Create an enabling environment for variation by facilitating conditions that enable societies to create alternative approaches to achieve a common objective
Policy making In a complex system (which all societies are need) policy makers to recognise that systems are all about relationships and interactions between the constituent parts rather than about the details of the constituent parts.
and Ville Lauttama ki is a Researcher, both at the Finland futures research centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. low-carbon society by the year 2050.
the variety of opinions in society as well as the best possible knowledge of what is technologically feasible, economically affordable and socially acceptable.
housing and industry) in cutting down the GHG's. Other background questions related to societal conditions that affect the way different aspects of climate policy would be received in the Finnish society.
The workshop produced a considerable amount of material concerning the workings of the Finnish society
There were also positive factors in the Finnish society that favour the attainment of the climate policy goals.
and a genuine will of most members of society to work for the environment, obedience of the law, good technological know-how, abundant resources of biofuels and the infrastructure from forest to industry already in place (as a heritage from paper and pulp industry),
Publication of the report launched a wide public discussion on low emissions communities and low-carbon society,
since it is supposed not to undermine wellbeing in our society. All in all, one can conclude that using futures studies methods in public policy formulation have promising possibilities.
the level of the research groups, the technological field and the society. This three-level framework allows the analyst to study different perspectives of a specific case
and (iii) more global and diffuse, in society at large (see Fig. 3). The vertical dimension lists the three levels of aggregation.
How are the technological developments from the scientific viewpoint taken up by society? How are the technological developments from the market viewpoint taken up by society?
What are, from a market point of view, the different options and focus points? What are the results of private companies that contribute to the realization of the technology?
Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 2. Questions that are raised in order to address the dynamics of expectations and processes of agenda building.
and potentials of applications Articles in scientific journals Review articles that give an overview of the developments in the field Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Reports by NGO's Reports by government agencies Spokesperson statements
they feed expectations by various actors in society (e g.,, the public, politicians, firms. On the 5 1 nm is approx. 1/80,000 of the thickness of a human hair
nanotubes in electronic devices, the level of the society; and nanotubes as part of nanotechnology. Such a case specific typology gives a focus for each level
and is therefore useful to distinguish what the boundaries are of the case. 3. 1. 1. Society The scientific developments,
and understanding of nanotubes production and characteristics13 have led to expectations on the level of the society.
processes 3. 2. 1. Society Are the expectations (concerns) about the toxicity of nanoparticles (incl.
First, the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering in the UK have incorporated these issues into their study (commissioned by the UK government,
or society's well-being 30.3.2.2. Technological field None of the expected possible applications have come to a successful commercialisation yet.
Society Technological field (Research group Market Basic research Fig. 7. Main findings located within the three-level framework.
At the level of the society we observed open discussions on different topics. This indicates a growing attention for various aspects related to nanotubes as part of nanotechnology.
Nanotubes in electronic devices More research groups work on similar problems related to nanotube applications Society Technological field (Research group Basic research Market Fig. 8. Emerging irreversibilities located within the three-level framework.
Managing Technology in Society, Pinter, London, 1995, pp. 307 330.7 A. Rip, R. Kemp, Technological change, in:
A Technical, Political and Institutional Map of Emerging technologies, Greenpeace Environmental Trust, London, 2003, July 14 Royal Society, Royal Academy of Engineering, Nanoscience and nanotechnologies:
in Society. The Approach of Constructive technology assessment, Pinter Publishers, London, 1995.33 R. Smits, A. Leyten, Technology assessment, Waakhond of speurhond?
Since then he has been involved in a wide range of studies in the area of technology, innovation and society.
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