The project also created a new network of scientific and technological experts in the area of biosecurity,
One of the aims of this network was to initiate joint transnational (foresight activities which combined the foresight activities of at least 3 5 of the foresight programming bodies.
a network of Forsociiet partners was established including some externna organisations that had shown interest in the concept of government-initiated horizon scanning.
administrative and legal Public services Politics State Global Joint horizon scanning Science and Public policy February 2010 11 first discussion with this network was held
In the Dutch scan as well as in the UK scan, networks of future analysts were used to support the scan as a permanent soundiin board.
providing a broad range of inputs to the policy and creating relevant new networks that cross not only policy domains
such contacts have been encouragge by the formation of a network of future analysts (FAN club.
and synthesis Workshop Cross-linkages With policy Themed Scenarios Extranet Peer review Discussion groups Updated database Finalised Themed Scenarios Final database Reports and multimedia Output data analysis phase
This proposal suggests developpin a network of countries and EC-level organisations that have performed horizon scanning
The function of this network will be the exchange of experience and know-how, but also to combine
At the same time, the content of the joint scan could be enhanced progressively by a network of European
and experttise This network would then be available to poliic groups within the EC (and other international groups),
The network should not only deliver a joint scan base to serve national and EC policy and research,
which was limited more for the Danish scan due to the fact that the Danish scan had limited a purpose. 4. Australia and New zealand Horizon scanning Network (health technology scan).
The European Information Network on New and Changing Health Technologies. Available at<http://www. euroscan. bham. ac. uk/index. htm>,last accessed 1 june 2009.
On the other hand, a consensus was reached on wellknnow factors such as universal access to broadband networks, computer literacy and ICT skills,
(28) Cable TV and satellite TV network operators are the predominant distributors of video-on-demand over the internet (30) Content creation for educational purposes (e-learning) reaches a 20%share
or crosscutting technological solutions as in the case of seamless (IPR-based) networks or mobile communications.
cultural diversity, three-dimensional technologies, next generation networks etc. and are dealt with in different areas of the European commission.
He is a director of the Intelligence Teaching and Research Academic Network, a global intelligence netwoork and a board member of the Canadian Association of Security and Intelligence Studies.
FTA objectives reported by the European foresight monitoring Network (EFMN)* A review by the authors of reports on mapping foresight by the EFMN reveals the wide range of objectives that different nations
and quality of social interactions Aid and help elaborate discussions of the future Facilitate thinking out of the box, challenge mindsets Creation of new networks and clusters of expertise,
*See the website of the EFMN<http://www. foresight-network. eu, >last accessed 3 february 2010 Critical success factors for government-led foresight Science
it involves asking a series of strategic questions to national foresight expeert identified through global foresight networks,
European foresight monitoring Network Mapping Reports 2005 2007. Available at<http://www. foresight-network. eu>,last accessse 3 february 2010.
Georghiou, Luke and Michael Keenan 2004. Towards a typology for evaluating foresight exercises. Paper presented at EU US Seminar:
A discussion which developed mainly in the diagnoosi roadmap suggested that a new network Preventive measures (PM) Surveillance
medicine with testing linked to information networks and personalized treatment High throughput technologies Rapid pathogen genetic characterization, high level of biosecurity Users'requirement Access to latest technologies
systems Effective networks to collect, manage and analyse data National laboratory hierarchy accepted Acceptance of information collection processes Privacy concerns addressed Use of point of care
This proposed center could be used as a hub of the network, with samplles information and human resources shared by Asian countries.
combining with establishhmen of a new network system to utilize other research sites effectively for the benefit of the APEC.
The implication of this project is that it has creatte a new network of knowledgeable and concerned scientists and technologists in the field of biosecurity in the Asia-pacific region.
such as the rise of living labs, which are user-driven innovation environmments and the launch of the European Network of Living Labs (ENOLL) in 2006.
and people are part of sociotechhnica networks, which influence the shaping, forms and uses of (new technologies.
As a result, it not only considers the questiio of what is happening (e g. on the network),
1. availability of network (connection at any time, anywhere; 2. user-friendliness; 3. interface; Table 4. Ranking of application clusters and separate applications based on respondents'interest level Application (cluster) Average interest (1:
rather than on the way users interact with different access networks in their natural environmment In this respect,
Mobile and Multimmedi Networks, held 23 26 june 2008, Newport Beach, CA, USA. Feurstein, K, A Hesmer, K A Hribernik, K-D Thoben, J Schumacher 2008.
The Electronic Journal for Virtual Organizations and Networks, 10,47 58. Haddon, L, E Mante, B Sapio, K-H Kommonen, L Fortunati and A Kant (eds.
and analysing Qoe measurements in wireless networks. Proceedings of the International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM. 2006.61), held 26 29 june 2006, Niagara-falls, Buffalo-NY, USA.
Trott, P 2003. Innovation and Market research. In The Internatioona Handbook on Innovation, L V Shavinina (ed.),pp 835 844.
'This simply means that the synergy among them, the network articulation potentiial the intensity of the exchanges and the intrinsically democratic nature of the process benefit individuals and collectivity in more extensive ways than the results of the study themselves (European commission 2011.
The creation, expansion, mobilization and maintenance of networks, are considered often as important as the tangible results, such as reports or recommendations..
Fuller, D. B. 2009)‘ How law, politics and transnational networks affect technology entrepreneurship: Explaining diverrgen venture capital investing strategies in China',Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 27: 445 59.
and agricultural biotechnology innovation systems we find that even within the same nation different NSTISS reveal different dynamics, in terms of actors and networks, the application of technology and knowledge and institutions.
and their networks constitute the national innovation system (Nelson and Rosenberg 1993). Through comparing the similarities
and the actors'networks are shaped by institutions, such as national institutions. Indeed, actors and networks, knowledge and technology,
and institutions are the three blocks of a sectoral innovation system. National institutioons from the perspective of Malerba (2002), should match the sectoral innovation system within the national borders.
of a dynamic network interact in a specific economic or industrial arena which is under specific institutional infrastrucctures The interactions of the actors in the network are both market and non-market.
Technological generatiion diffusion and utilization are at the core of the analysis. Comparing the energy innovation systems of Germany, Sweden and The netherlands,
According to the literature an innovation system is composed of actors and networks technology and knowledge, and institutions.
The interactions and networks between the actors are shaped by national institutions. The national government plays an essential role in establishing national institutions.
as the three innovation systems, is composed of actors and networks, technology and knowledge, and institutions. The components of the system are shaped by national institutions.
networks and knowledge base. Pharmaceutical technology was introduced originalll to Taiwan by Japan. In 1931, some Japanese pharmaceutical companies set up factories in Taiwan to produce pharmaceutical intermediaries and supply the demands of the Japanese army.
some of these companies started to establish networks with academics in order to develop new herbaceeou medicines.
Nevertheless, from the 1980s until 2000, the networks between the researchers and between universities and pharmaceutical companies were established not fully.
Moreover, throughout Taiwanese agricultural history, MNCS such as Monsanto, have not played any role in seed innovation in Taiwan. 3. 2. 2 Universities and their networks.
and applied their research through the network with the ASS. The network between universities and the ASS was established before 1945.
Until the 1970s, the agricultural college of National Taiwan University was the most important academic institution carrying out fundamental agricultural research,
However, because a network between universities was not establisshed the research topics were chosen usually according National, sectoral and technological innovation systems:
Firstly, the actors and networks of different NSTISS may differ from each other and evolve differently over time.
Because of the regulation of human resources in universities the networks between universities and pharmaceuttica companies were established not clearly.
Universities were involved mainly in the innovation through the network with the public research organizations. Only in the 1990s did some universities occasionally transfer modern biotechnology to agricultural SMES.
and the networks of the different groups of actors may not only be quite distinct, but may also change differently over time.
As shown above different NSTISS may have different actors and networks, as well as different applicatiion of a particular technological field for different sets of products.
Thus, appropriate RTDI policies which foster the development of NSTISS should cluster the network of actors, support the underlying logic of knowledge accumulaatio and exploitation in a particular technological field,
the case of biotechnology innovation networks',Research policy, 37: 430 45. Dr. Chip. 2010), Products. Dr. Chip:<
Diffusion may be mediated through networks for example, between industry and academia or between firms in a business cluster but also commonly occurs through more market-based mechanisms, such as user producer interactions and supply chains.
there is a need for additional policies that are related to networks, community building, visions, experiments and learning.
informing decisionmakkin processes, structuring and mobilising actor networks, and capacity-building among innovation system actors. Fig. 2 illustrates the inter-relatedness of these FTA roles with the innovation system functions outlined earlier in the paper (see Table 1). The inter-relations are summarised in the sub-sections that follow. 5. 1 Informing decision-making
and mobilising actor networks The structuring role of FTA relates to the aim of identifyiin
and the design and development of appropriate forms of resilience Mobilising and structuring actor networks Improve implementation by enabling transparency,
Even where new actor networks have not emerged, the FTA PROCESS and its products can mobilise those involved to reassign resources Structuring role of FTA enables definition of governance structures
It provides a framework to network and mutually open national or regional research programmes, leading to concrete cooperation such as the development and implementation of joint programmes or activities.
Benkler, Y. 2006) The Wealth of Networks. How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New haven and London:
and FTA networks, whilst recognising that in practice these types are complementary. In empirical terms this requires further investigation,
FTA networks as informal yet stable settings allowing the bundling or coordination of resources and competencies. 2. 3. 1 Projects and programmes as external FTA services.
rendering them attractive as network nodes in an international context. Institutionalisation also has its drawbacks as organisatiion within a public administration may be at risk of ossifying.
and potential disruptions that are not yet at the top of the current policy agendas. 2. 3. 3 FTA networks.
A third model, more accessible to countries and organisations with limited resources, is the network model
In FTA, networks can relate to individuals, and are enabled peer-to-peer through information technology and the internet (cf.
Examples of web 2. 0 networks include: EFP, FORWIKI, iknow, and the Millenium project. ETEPS, EPTA Network, Eurasian Virtual Centre, Network TA in Germany, Austria and Switzerland are among the more conventional networks.
As an organisational model, networks are complementary to FTA institutions and programmes/projects, interconnecctin FTA knowledge hubs and providing smaller organissation with limited FTA capacity access to a wider
pool of knowledge. In providing support on policy options and consequences in the face of disruptions, they have the potential to mobilise a distributed capacity in a flexible manner.
However, most networks do not have the necessaar processes in place to go beyond information exchange and occasional joint initiatives.
Reduced FTA Coping with a fast-changing world. 157 FTA units or research and consulting units that can serve as network nodes.
As a joint infrastructure, networks are of major benefit in facilitating the exchange of experiences, setting up training activities and communities of practice.
Networks have a strong potential to enhance the visibility and coherence of FTA, but there have been only very few cases of networks being able to tackle the consequences of,
and strategies for, handling disruptive and structural transformations. 2. 4 Framework for analysis of FTA systems The three dimensions introduced in the previous sections constitute the conceptual framework for analysing the suitabiilit of different types of FTA systems
Institutions, networks and external services are regarded as the main organisational models for implementing FTA and constitute the second main dimension.
Networks. Institutionalisation. Co-existence. Competition. Cooperation. Integration 158. K. M. Weber et al. models that are applied.
Networks of FTA practice generate a range of positive impacts particularly in engaging external, often internatioonal experts in FTA.
We can conclude that a substantial benefit can be derived from such networks, in particular for smaller countries or countries with a less developed foresight and anticipatory intelligeenc culture in general.
International cooperaation in particular when assisted by FTA networks, can raise awareness among policy-makers and other stakehollder and help to validate foresight processes
and exploitation of FTA networks to provide agile and strategic support for decision-making. 3. 2 Reflecting on the way forward with FTA systems The above review of recent research work indicates a consideerabl diversity of FTA APPROACHES and systems with coexisting diverse
and old networks which require realignment. This can address bottlenecks in the framework conditiion hampering the whole process from ideas to innovatiion6 Smart specialisation
Local, regional and national FTA networks, cutting across different policy areas, can support an appropriate level of policy coordination to anticipate
Worldwide and regional (European) networks of the FTA units in international organisations, national and at least for some grand challenges regional (subnational) governments, business and nongovernmental organisations are providing an organisaationa solution to share policy perspectives
Overall, networks for the collaborative development of crosscutting challenges Coping with a fast-changing world. 161 may help reframe the‘bigger picture
Service providers as well as FTA instituttion need to be able to draw on networks for many purposes,
and networks of bundled facilities. Based on this, a framework of analysis was developed for tracing the evolution of FTA systems.
and FTA units drawing on networks, blurring the divide between the two. In general, the shift from short-term projects and programmes to institutionalised forms of FTA is due to the demanding policy environment
of the world',Final Report of the European foresight monitoring Network EFMN. EUR 24043 EN. Brussels: European commission.
and has developed, through its mission and activities, deep and extensive networks across the world. Its member organisations cover virtually all of the planet
of labour leads to intense specialisation of countries'economies Governments compete to host the R&d facilities of multinationals through large R&d investments Public science focused on basic research that multinationals are less likely to perform themselves Strong global networks
New networks that are inclusive of governmment the private sector and civil society now play a key role in addressing complex global issues.
Young researcher networks were recognised formally as ICSU associates, which helped them to attract financial support and to ensure their longer-term sustainability.
and formed the basis for the development of many new international science networks, both North South and South South.
2011) Knowledge, Networks and Nations: Global Scientific Collaboration in the 21st century. London: Royal Society. Schwartz, P. 1998) The Art of the Long View:
Thirdly, the literature on technological systems places the emphasis on networks of agents in a specific economic or industrial sector and the particular institutional infrastructure involved in the generaatio and diffusion of technology (Carlsson and Stankiewicz 1991.
Foresight builds up an‘interaction space'by stimulating new networks and communities through the formation of a common vision.
When the business environment follows the systemic logic of a value network rather than the more linear logic of a value chain,
it is important to identify all the elements and linkages in a network (Adner and Kapoor 2010).
the system could refer to an entity consisting of different actors, for example, in the health value network and the regulatory context of this network,
processes and resourrces New solutions need to be negotiated within a large network of actors and thus risk aversion predominates.
Sensor networks and ubiquitous sensing Nanostructured materials; Low-exergy technologies renewable sources, energy storage; Energy efficient, flexible lighting solutions (e g.
ICT devices and networks themselves will be highly optimised. Sustainable decisions are supported also by governmmenta regulation and other incentives. 5. 3. Transformation roadmap 5. 3. 1 Drivers.
and sensor network-based subutility energy measurements play a key Present Medium term Long term Key technologybaase solutions Vision Basic automatic meter reading (AMR) maturing Present
Development and Deployment co-operation (including currency issues) Lack of networks/no European structures to coordinate co-operation in programme area Geographic distance Policy to achieve national priorities through internal capacity
urban megatrends, urban networks and connectiivity and the socio-ecological sustainability of city systems. Expected outcomes of the pilot call include:
and JPI Urban Europe Use of a pilot call to engage stakeholders at different levels in broadening knowledge base Engagement with other networks and organisatiion (e g.
and to create a multidiscipplinar co-ordination network of research funders for joint funding of transnatiiona research
and to overcome differences in programming FPU aims to do continuous foresigght update SRA and extend lifetime of network beyond lifetime of ERA NET A small and decisive team aims to apply a flexible and adaptive approach,
Towards this end foresight can facilitaat access to and co-ordination of different networks and databases of experts and other stakeholders.
and discipline focused expert databaase and thus provides opportunities to bring in new faces in incumbent collaborative networks,
Also the composition of the initial consortium may impact on the capacity to engage with wider networks.
ERAWATCH Network Technopolis Group, European commission. Chioncel, M. and Cuntz, A. 2012)‘ Research and innovation challenges and policy responses in Member States'.
Meier zu Ko cker, G.,Hein, D. and Chinalski, M. 2008)‘ German Polish network-based R&d co-operation:
%20era-NETS%20industrial%20technologies%202007. pdf>accessed 15 march 2012. Nonaka, I. 1994)‘ A dynamic theory of organizational knowleedg creation',Organization science, 5: 14 37.
methods and networks for effective scanning and analysis. 2 Horizon scanning places great emphasis on building a holistic framewoor
Currently text-mining is especially useful to identify networks and clusters of phrases within huge data sets but less useful for identifying new signals and issues.
However, text-mining is useful in the processing phase as it identifies networks and clusters of concepts and phrases within huge data sets.
Additionally, the SESTI experience has shown the crucial value of networks and human expertise. In general, across all combined tools the value of the‘human factor'outweiighe the benefits of any automation tool as these are dependent on a human mind understanding,
Additionally, expert networks were invited through web-based tools to help in the search for early warning signals.
and through interactions and discussions within experts and networks about implications Text-mining enables either‘bottom-up'analysis (from scratch)
or network models in the analysis of interrelationships), whereby the role of such methods is to foster sense-making
or mother organizations. networks as informal yet stable settings that allow for the bundling or coordination of resources and competencies Following this classification,
the contracted external services and organized international networks can still allow for a more rapid and flexible mode of carrying out extensive scanning activities.
Brummer, V.,Salo, A.,Nissinen, J. and Liesio, J. 2011)‘ A methodology for the identification of prospective collaboraatio networks in international R&d programs',International Journal of Technology management, 54
Mo ller, K. 2010)‘ Sense-making and agenda construction in emerging business networks How to direct radical innovatiion'Industrial Marketing Management, 39: 361 71.
components and systems for DC coupling of generators, storage and consumers in the European African network (b) hybrid energy storage for cities:
integration of renewable energy, low-loss energy distribution and efficient use of energy by hybrid local network storage systems.
All institutions that are part of this network are rather independent in this definition. To give some examples:.
and everyday life increase New production organisation Increasing number of networks, increased cooperation, flexible cooperation along value chain, recycling,
The European foresight monitoring Network: Collection of EFMN Briefs',pp. 201 6. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the EU. Cuhls, K.,Blind, K. and Grupp, H. 2002) Innovations for our Future.
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