Perspective

Different perspective (34)
Future perspective (35)
Long-term perspective (9)
Multiple perspectives (10)
New perspective (15)
Perspective (467)

Synopsis: Perspective: Perspective:

The discussion also addressed the wider issues of the broadening perspectives that are being introduced to future work beyond technology and its development.

or from a public policy perspective, is confronted with the need to navigate increasingly complex decision landscapes.

This is done in the context of the third constituent, viz. a perspective on innovation as complex and largely unpredictable.

But we would like to point also to a third main constituent, namely a perspective on innovation processes that is based on contemporary empirical and theoretical research as well as (some) practical experience.

From a modern perspective on innovation it is on the contrary essential to accept that decision-makers are confronted with uncertainty

From the perspective of policy-making, this is quite understandable because any kind of publicly funded activity is regularly under scrutiny

Especially from the perspective of small countries the adaptive element is crucial for devising policy strategies.

This realist perspective on policy support is more an insight emerging from practical experience as will be outlined in

i e. of recent and current developments along the lines of the perspective on complex innovation processes.

From today's perspective, portfolio analysis then looks across the scenarios in order to assess and select those technology options

The notion of adaptivity seems also very relevant from the perspective of developing countries that strongly depend on foreign markets and technologies.

First attempts to evaluate research portfolios systematically from a real options perspective have been made 52 this is at least potentially a step towards greater complexity.

current trends, the state of play and perspectives S&t intelligence for policy-making processes, Research report, IPTS/ESTO, Sevilla, 2001.5 R. Barré, Synthesis of technology foresight, in:

Current Trends, the State of Play and Perspectives, Research report, IPTS/ESTO, Sevilla, 2002.6 M. Keenan, D. Abbott, F. Scapolo, M. Zappacosta, Mapping foresight

Participatory Technology assessment, European Perspectives, CSD, London, 2002.480 E. A. Eriksson, K. M. Weber/Technological forecasting & Social Change 75 (2008) 462 482

Perspectives on Radical changes to Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP. Proceedings of the SCORE Workshop, Copenhagen, 20 21 april 2006, TNO, Delft, 2006.30 H. Van Zuylen, K. M. Weber, Opportunities and limitations of European innovation policy

These issues were elaborated from national and European perspectives, which served to highlight the benefits of creating international RTD networks.

and to ii) generate more holistic perspectives on the emerging agenda. Dependability is vital in foresight processes that consist of interdependent modules (e g.,

In total, well over 200 Researchers from the participating countries submitted research issues. 3. 2. 2. 2. Assessment of research issues from the research perspective.

moreover, to describe how they would like to contribute to a possible project later on. 3. 2. 2. 3. Assessment of research issues from the industrial perspective.

which helped bring in complementary perspectives to the proposed issues. The director of the TKK group (the third author of this paper) facilitated the workshops, with support from thewoodwisdom-Net Coordinator.

From the administrative perspective, the geographical distances between participants from many countries make it impossible to organize participatory workshops for them all:

From the communication perspective, this means that without sufficient instructions, the participants may not be well aware of

current trends, the state of play and perspectives, in: A. Tübke, K. Ducatel, J. Gavigan, P. Moncada (Eds.

and strategic resources to move further (from the actor perspective). Technical paradigms are‘models 'and‘patterns'for finding solutions to selected technological problems,

The second notion of path is from the perspective of an actor making decisions, developing strategies and taking action.

and (MPM-2) was used in an interactive way with practitioners as part of a workshop on bridging gaps in the innovation chain from the perspective of practitioners.

in order to direct research and seek out possible actors who could co-construct an innovation chain based on the Strategic research Areas of Frontiers. 2. Broadening the perspectives of the practitioners participating in the exercise to test the robustness of MPM as part of a strategy support system

Building off MPM-1, we conducted interviews based on perspectives and projections of the field of lab-on-a-chip for single cell applications.

Another obstacle came from the MNC perspective based on the risk of outsourcing the development of an integrated platform to SMES:

Multi-path mapping allows one to bring technical and organizational perspectives of path emergence and dynamics together in one related space.

an academic perspective, Technovation 17 (8)( 1997) 417 426.6 H. J. Duus, Strategic business market forecasting, Strateg.

Change 6 (1997) 97 115.9 T. A. Kappel, Perspectives on roadmaps: how organizations talk about the future, J. Prod.

significance, satisfaction and suggestions for further research perspectives from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, Strateg. Change 14 (2005) 1 13.16 R. Phaal, C. J. P. Farrukh, D. R. Probert, Technology roadmapping A planning framework for evolution and revolution, Technol.

skills and perspectives in new forms of social interaction and networking, typically working towards a common purpose.

Another perspective, coming from public administration 27, notes that low dependencies and common goal-setting are two major factors facilitating the networking of public administration institutions.

From a socio-technical perspective Molina 28 studied networks and alignments in large-scale European projects using the‘socio-technical constituencies'12 approach of organisational behaviour theory.

Further work in this area will study other impact areas from the perspective of relevant theories

Current Trends, the State of Play and Perspectives, 2001, IPTS-ESTO Report EUR20137EN. 4 N. Brown, B. Rappert, et al.

i) different approaches/perspective need to be taken into account when contemplating about the future;(ii) the links, communication, interactions,

One possibility is to take the perspective of the sector, that is, keep universities as the‘unit of analysis'when conducting a foresight process.

To conclude this special issue we welcome the column From My Perspective of the Founder and Editor-In-chief of this journal and one of the key participants of the FTA 2008 Seville Conference, Professor Harold A. Linstone.

This perspective then, suggests that knowledge is a network of interlocked claims. Only some of these claims may be anchored in observation,

Since the subjectivist perspective on knowledge is conditional on entirety networks of knowledge claims, tacit knowledge is required

However currently, strategic infrastructure planning is carried often out in a very narrow perspective. The present paper argues that foresight informed strategic planning,

and strategic planning is carried mostly out in a very narrow perspective: tending to blind out alternative solutions, context uncertainties and broad goals.

regions, sectors and companies mainly by focusing on perspectives associated with new technology development. Furthermore, its standard case of application has been to direct

an explicit consideration of differing value perspectives is more recent. We will elaborate these three aspects in some more detail below.

and the relative importance attributed to different goals will vary depending on interests of specific stakeholder groups'perspectives 34.

Linstone's multiple perspectives approach 35 argues for the enrichment of the traditional technical system's analysis with organizational and personal perspectives.

/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1150 1162 integrated system-and demand-management perspective 38, p. 4. Some scenario projects show a variety of different land use

we propose to apply a strong exploratory perspective to these core elements of the strategic planning process.

a widening of participation in the assessment phase is necessary to include local knowledge for the establishment of regional specific scenarios 6 as well as for multi perspective assessment of options.

RIF aims at providing an explorative perspective on strategic decision making and adopts an explicit participative stance.

the perspectives of relevant stakeholder groups are taken into Account for each scenario, participants adopt roles of different future stakeholder groups representing either future citizens

Trade-offs related to context conditions and diverging value perspectives can now be represented in this diagram for each option.

Points to the left of the diagonal indicate potential sustainability deficits as the option is more desirable from the average stakeholder groups'perspective than from a balanced sustainability perspective.

Political actors of the region were keen on developing a perspective for the future of the sanitation system to avoid singular investments,

and exchanging perspectives about the sanitation system in the region. 4. 3. Constructing the trade-off landscape Based on this initiative,

ii) In the second workshop, participants carried out the same assessments by taking the perspective of typical future citizens or industry representatives.

and creating awareness for different value perspectives. Throughout the process, core team members built up a high level of trust among each other and with the results;

After our rich empirical experiences, we believe that a strong explorative perspective can be combined productively with strategic decision making,

and that different stakeholder perspectives are incorporated in a reflexive way (see also 7, 30). Furthermore, RIF offers an approach to explore disruptive alternatives in the mode 2 foresight concept.

Manag. 20 (3)( 2008) 369 387.21 J. F. Coates, Scenario planning from my perspective, Technol. Forecast.

an application of perspective-based scenario analysis using the analytic hierarchy process, Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 70 (4)( 2003) 359 384.54 O. Renn, Participatory processes for designing environmental policies, Land use Policy 23 (1)( 2006) 34 43.55 B. Truffer, Wissensintegration

including its environmental, social and economic perspectives. The High level Expert Group appointed by the European commission crystallized these trends by defining foresight as follows 5:

as well as the drivers and bottlenecks of the ongoing business in a defined time perspective 29.

relevant collaborative networks and future actions. o Diverse future perspectives refer to understanding diverse ideas, opinions and perspectives in priority-setting,

and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards broader concerns including the whole innovation process with its environmental, social and economic perspectives.

We could certainly speculate about such discontinuities (science fiction specializes in this domain) but, taking Kuhn's perspective,

and gives perspectives for the future development of barometer. 2009 Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Innovation policy Science and Technology indicators Barometer Future-oriented knowledge 1. Introduction A growing number of different international comparison systems of the economic and innovation performance of nations have emerged within a decade 2

For example, one problem of comparisons based on composite indicators is that they give a backward looking mirror perspective,

and strategic perspectives on howwell the Finnish innovation environment is positioned now and how competitive it is assessed

and Section 4. 2 discusses further development perspectives of the barometer in the future. 4. 1. Results of barometer support innovation policy-making One of the strategic aims of technology barometer exercise is to provide guidance on technologies and actions

and crosscutting perspectives. As a result, some of the original fields changed and new fields emerged.

but integrate them with a neutral perspective on the other hand. BMBF divisions are involved also and continuously informed

An Attitudinal Perspective, Technological forecasting and Social Change, vol. 25,1984, pp. 281 292.16 K. Cuhls, K. Blind, H. Grupp, Innovations for our future.

Current Trends, the State of Play and Perspectives, EUE 20137 EN, IPTS Technical Report Series, Brussels, 2001.28 K. Cuhls, Foresight in Germany, in:

budget-or policy-cycle related perspective frequently prevails in this phase, alongside serious time and resource constraints and the need to fix working compromises between conflicting societal interests.

This process requires a longer time perspective. Drawing from the private sector literature, using scenarios to address the challenges facing firms can easily fail for another reason:

T. Ribeiro/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1198 1207 4. Reviewing practitioners'perspectives 4. 1. Relevance

lessons from regional projects, Development 47 (4)( 2004) 62 72.24 M. B. A. van Asselt, Perspectives on Uncertainty and Risk:

usually possess a deep sense of the fittingness of things, a rare sense of judgement, that leads to self-assurance, self-actualisation, self-expression and a keen awareness of issues and sentiments, often with a world perspective.

Dempster, A self-organizing perspective on planning for sustainability, Thesis for Master of Environmental Studies in Planning, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1998.21 W. Ulrich, Critical systems heuristics, in:

perspectives and dynamics in order to develop smarter strategies. As mentioned elsewhere 2, 3 such interactive workshops are not an easy task.

They acknowledged the concentric bias of the enactor perspective (technology developers and promoters who project a linear path from their technology option into the future described in Box 1) and attempted to broaden this concentric bias by taking into consideration open-ended nature of their projections and structured explorations of the journey-like

This model is a complex mix of perspectives, and is a combination of technology studies, innovation and management studies,

Robinson and Propp expand this path perspective to a multi-path one. In this paper, we shift discussions to the journeys themselves

with the aim of bringing together actual and potential players involved in nanotechnology governance to share perspectives,

as well as the exploration of positions, stances and perspectives of the stakeholders, where probed and explored.

Garud and Ahlstrom 12 describe two perspectives of such technology assessment, those of technology developers and promoters they term insiders (that focus on innovation through enactment cycles)

Conceptual development of this multilevel perspective has been explored elsewhere 2. Box 2 Scenario 1 summary. The nano umbrella term becomes more specific (in funding mechanisms) now defined in terms of potential sectors that will be impacted by R&d lines.

but also the perspectives (shown in Figs. 2 and 3) which allow for location of actual selection forces and mechanisms of action.

the narrative shifts into the perspective of NGOS and Trade unions. The question of risk thresholds is discussed often especially around consumer safety and occupational health and safety.

The evaluation of my workshops for Frontiers show that learning about other perspectives occurs, however it does not yet mean that the scenario method has proved practical in the long term (in the practices of the participants),

The IC+framework provides a gameboard to bring together linear/concentric perspectives with complexity, and thus helps with the creation of scenarios.

but from a researchers perspective (the tension of exploration and exploitation). 33 1238 D. K. R. Robinson/Technological forecasting & Social Change 76 (2009) 1222-1239 30 A. Rip, R. Kemp, Technological change, in:

'which is associated with the inherent characteristics of specific social groups from socioeconnomic cognitive and political perspectives.

With its long-term perspective and its emphasis on connecting perspectives of different knowledge areas and different actors and stakeholders, foresight differs from corporate strategic planning,

It is acknowledged generally that the theoretical rationale for foresight exercises is supported by the perspective (or school) of evolutionary economics (Georghiou and Keenan 2006.

2. 3. Foresight seen in different strategy perspectives Strategy, strategic planning or strategic management is established a well academic discipline that is taught at most business schools

In the perspective of strategic positioning (Mintzberg, Ahlstrand, and Lampel 1998), the premises of foresight are as follows:

In this perspective the premises for foresight might be that: Foresight and strategy are also about priority-setting;

and utilised foresight from this perspective (Eerola et al. 2004; Karlsen and Karlsen 2007. In this perspective the premises for foresight might be that:

The focus is less on priority-setting as a result of a foresight process and more on knowledge creation and knowledge sharing by the various actors during the process;

Whatever priority-setting research councils undertake in this perspective it is based on competeenc (scientific strengths or weaknesses),

integrated with specific current topics and relevant perspectives. During the process a parallel discussion took place about a new measure to be employed in the council's funding function.

dealing more with overall and general perspectives of energy research. During the first year of the turbulent period

the strategy is a description of existing activities and some interesting perspectives The strategy of coordination:

especially with respect to elements such as the legitimacy of discussing long-term future perspectives and the inclusion of actors.

from an indicator to a network and process perspective. Technology analysis & Strategic management 13, no. 4: 533 53.

Proposing this broad perspective rightly anticipated problems that would arise with any approach that sought only to identify thematic priorities without taking into account structural factors.

as well as a perspective on future challennge and key areas for action that had been developed in the context of a participatory process.

From this network perspective, policy making is not just about government, but about the joint impact of public and private decision making on society's course of change and the interactions that precede formal decision making.

From this perspective, foresight can be interpreted as an integral element of networked and distributed policy making by providing three crucial functions (Da Costa et al. 2008;

2) Policy strategic counselling by merging the insights generated in the context of policy informiin foresight activities with perspectives on the strategic positioning

establishing longer-term perspectives Ultimate Integrating new able actors in the community that is shaping an area of concern Counselling Immediate Making hidden agendas

often building on a longerteer perspective, had to be avoided in the strategy. Making conflicting positions explicit,

current trends, the state of play and perspectives, ed. A. Tübke, K. Ducatel, J. Gavigan and P. Moncada-Paternò-Castello.

What results can we expect from their participation in a visioning project in terms of knowledge, perspective or future literacy?

but on representing an authentic social group, contributing perspectives and insights different from all the others. This was also the original intention expressed by the municipal leadership to explain why the young people were asked to participate in this vision project.

what perspectives and insights were they to contribute to the project? The case shows that their perspectives were predefined already.

The project leaders might have been a bit hasty in declaring their contributions as nonreflective and unstructured. According to vision project members participating in school lessons at one college in Lundal,

As with other future methods, the perspective on visioning is dependeen on the context in

Development and perspectives of foresight in Germany. Technikfolgenabschätzung 12, no. 2: 20 8. Cuhls, K,

and R&d managers to gain a global perspective on entire bodies of research. That can help position research programs

whether the full diversity of their perspectives will be retained in the final results; and how strictly the participants must adhere to the use of proposed methodologies in their work.

modes of stakeholder participation, perspectives on analytical methodologies and manageemen styles, among others (cf. Rask 2008.

and coalitions that may reflect rivalling visions or even incompatible perspectives on the future (Könnölä,

Yet there were methodological steps that retained dissensual perspectives as well. For example, the compilation of documents from the internet-based questionnaires showed the full distributions of the panellists'assessment ratings

while‘unusual'panel characterisations may generate fresh perspectives, more time may be required to lay the grounds for the generation of such perspectives.

In hindsight, the development of novel methodological approaches in Finnsight most notably the definition of dedicated units of analysis (driving forces, focus areas of competences) and the extensive deployment of internet-based tools for engaging the panel

and rationalist technology-focused approaches towards recognition of broader concerns encompassing the entire innovation system including societal perspectives.

and tools Eerola and Miles come to the topic from the perspective of knowledge management but their interpretation of the core of that topic as set out by Nonaka and Takeuchi 14 focuses on the ways in

From a forward looking perspective, special emphasis should be given to the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods applied as support to a well functioning knowledge triangle,

complemented by a thematic perspective focussing on a given field of research area. Barre''s analytical perspective builds on various theoretical concepts:

R&i systems, principal-agent and agency theories, strategic and distributed intelligence for innovation policy. It proposes a functional description of National innovation systems along three interacting arenas of governance:

and recognise the diverse perspectives in priority setting 32,33 and support finding the most appropriate priorities.

/Futures 43 (2011) 232 242 235 objectives matrix (Table 2). In each cell of the matrix, the Foresights do not have the same actors involved, nor the same perspectives, nor the same objectives.

In a nutshell, this cognitive tension stems from a shift in perspective from a rather reductionist view where the genome was considered as the blue print for life representation that has shielded the endeavour of sequencing the human genome towards a more holistic and systemic view where a structured genome interacts with its epigenetic surrounding.

Another aspect highlighted by the analysis is need the for stronger integration of citizens'perspective into the steering arena.

Current Trends, The State of Play and Perspectives, S&t Intelligence for Policy-making processes, European commission EUR 20137 EN, Sevilla, 2001.4 L. Georghiou, Third Generation Foresight Integrating

refining the co-evolutionary multilevel perspective, Technological forecasting and Social Change 72 (6)( 2005) 681 696.14 R. R. Nelson, S g. Winter, In search of a useful theory of innovation

and bspeculativeq simply as a means of providing a perspective on a time frame for projected impacts.

and potential implications. 4. The players Because the scanning process profits from a wide variety of perspectives in the abstract-collection process and the Scan meeting,

and Croydon, England, offices, providing a global perspective. Fig. 3. Defining forces. K. M. Patton/Technological forecasting & Social Change 72 (2005) 1082 1093 1090 Employees participate primarily on a voluntary basis

where the openness extends through wider stakeholder involvement, a broad thematic perspective, an ongoing process, and a sensitivity to disruptive trends.

For example the Romanian Science and Technology foresight 2005 sought to reconstruct the RDI system around long-term perspectives.

including its societal perspectives, for instance, sustainability, security and information society. While foresight is used commonly in connection with the public-Futures 43 (2011) 252 264 A r T I C L E I N F O Article history:

and final outcomes 8. The systemic understanding of innovation processes has challenged conventional technology driven forecasting practices and called for new participatory foresight approaches that address also the consideration of diverse perspectives, formation

opinions and perspectives in prioritysettting identifying and fostering alternative and competing coalitions and value networks as well as exploring alternative futures

Agora and Innovations foresight. 3. 2. Visions foresight (consensual perspectives and informative outcomes) Visions foresight can be characterised as consensual,

In practice, the technology foresight in Korea and China has borrowed lots of experiences from technology foresight projects in Japan. 3. 3. Priorities foresight (consensual perspectives

and difficulties to provide new and fresh perspectives for change. This may be supported by ensuring extensive stakeholder participation through the diversity and high number of participants.

and be used to stimulate a wider discussion among stakeholders. 3. 4. Agora foresight (diverse perspectives

/Futures 43 (2011) 252 264 262 3. 5. Innovations foresight (diverse perspectives and instrumental outcomes) Innovations foresight can be characterised as instrumental processes with diverse

future perspectives that generate many ideas, opinions and perspectives, which support the specific foreseen decision-making situation or for the formation of strategic partnerships/joint actions.

The driving for diversity of perspectives together with instrumental results are likely to lead to concrete innovation ideas

The instrumental approach and still integration of diverse perspectives was largely possible, because the project was organised internally,

consensual foresight objectives and diversity considerations are complementary perspectives which are needed both in attempts to enhance the performance of innovation systems:

This allows addressing diverse perspectives and scenarios as well as common vision-building. However, positioning a project as informative

current trends, the state of play and perspectives, in: A. Tu bke, K. Ducatel, J. Gavigan, P. Moncada (Eds.

Current Trends, the State of Play and Perspectives S&t Intelligence for Policy-making processes, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), Technical Report EUR-20137-EN, Seville, 2001

The EPIS Annual Monitoring Synthesis Report, The Role of ICTS as Enabler for Energy efficiency, the European Perspectives on Information society (EPIS) project, 11/2008, EUR Number:

A knowledge-based perspective A. Eerola A i. Miles b a VTT Technical research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland b Manchester Institute of Innovation research, Manchester united Kingdom 1

of the key judgements and assumptions that entered into it, of the perspectives and likely reactions of other stakeholders,

on foresight process and results Conference papers Project website Fig. 2. Different foresight elements in a dynamic process of shared knowledge creation, a SECI perspective.

posits about FTA FTA can be examined from many several perspectives. Here we have related methods in FTA to knowledge and knowledge management issues.

However, the stakeholders, their perspectives, and the representations of the participants involved are analysed usually not in a systematic way.

From a stakeholder perspective, strategic management needs to create a satisfactory balance of interests among the various stakeholders who contribute to

and its umbrella communities, should adopt necessarily more complex perspectives. Long term and systemic analysis are key characteristics of FTA,

and to encourage reader to think about similar other Future-oriented examples from their own perspectives.

and thereby focuses on a single definition in each case after exploring several perspectives. This approach was selected

and signs usually associated with early developments in technologies, societal innovations, conflicts, origins of conflicts, etc. that while not easily verifiable from a present day perspective.

17 Y. Nugroho, O. Saritas, Incorporating network perspectives in Foresight: a methodological proposal, Foresight 11 (2009) 6, 21 41.

and the variety of their experience and perspectives. A full list of the interviewees is provided in Annex 1. A video of the interviews can be accessed at http://forera. jrc. ec. europa. eu/fta 2008/videos. html.*Corresponding author at:

Social implications The papers of this Special issue point to the need for FTA to take into account user perspectives

Finally, the papers point to the need for FTA to take into account user perspectives and to shape the social context.

taking the user perspective into account, fostering participation and building networks. Such an understanding is in contrast to its perception as a mere storytelling technique generating oversimplified visions without the backing of rigorous analysis. Therefore

and to make the perspectives of different stakeholder groups heard and seen. FTA can contribute not only to the steering of innovation systems,

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