michael. keenan@oecd. org Over the coming decades, science will play a key role in society's response to emerging global‘grand challenges'.
In turn, the complexity of grand challenges and the need for cross-country responses point to the signifiican role of international cooperation in science.
From an organisational perspective, it is designed to test the role and mission of ICSU and guide long-term strategic choices aimed at strengthening internatioona science for the benefit of society.
UNESCO plays an imporrtan role at the governmental level while ICSU coordinaate international programmes across its scientific unions and national members.
Since its creation in 1931, ICSU has played an important role in facilitating major international science initiatives.
if it is to continue to play a leadership role for the global scientific community. 3. Foresight approach
such as cognitive neuroscience and nanoscience, in which the role of ICSU was less obvious but where ICSU member organisations, could make a significant contribution.
and the roles ICSU might play. Given the uncertainties involved a scenario approach that captures multiple futures was embraced.
and the role ICSU would play in its achievement. Given these tasks, a scenario approach was preferred from the outset,
companies or new hybrid institutions may start to impact on this role. Within any of these structures the way science is organised could be different,
The traditional path of science education could be challenged by the role of new organisations, business and communication technologies.
The CSPR played an important role in further sharpening the scenarrio at its September 2010 meeting, after
spending Concept of scientific integrity expands to include wider societal role scientists expected to play Strong cooperation between natural
The resulting success scenario has a 20-year time horizon outlining the contours of a desirable state of international cooperation in science in 2031 and ICSU's role in its achievement.
These included key roles for ICSU to play in achieving the success scenario by 2031,
and the role it and its members can play in achieving that vision. The exercise and its results were debated extensively at ICSU's General assembly in September 2011,
and civil society now play a key role in addressing complex global issues. These new fora have brought in a wider range of scientific expertise.
ICSU has developed also a‘think tank'role, working with its members and other organisations, to rapidly assess new areas of scientific advance that have implications for the benefit of society.
ICSU has played also an instrumental role in developing education materials and activities for schools and has promoted actively the involvement of practicing scientists in science education.
foresight has a catalysing role. Foresight is about the formation of‘process benefits, 'about aligning expectations and building a‘self-fulfilling prophecy'.
In our approach, foresight has a specific role and thus one could talk about forward-looking policy design.
yet in some cases the market development and actors play more imporrtan roles. In the first level, technology-based solutions, specific developments of technological solutions are depicted on a level that is assessed as necessary.
In the long term, drivers other than just climate change will play a larger role globally. The scarcity of some critical resources, such as fresh water and rare earth metals, will have major effects.
Innovation policy roadmapping. 187 role. The utilization of smart metering and sensor technologies could result in more elaborate energy consumpptio information,
The role of embodied metaphors',Long Range Planning, 41: 309 25. Kostoff, R. N. and Schaller, R. R. 2001)‘ Science and technoloog roadmaps',IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48: 132 43.
We also consider the potential role of foresight in joint programming in Europe and in transnational research programming elsewhere.
as well as the role foresight can play as an integrator of programming functioons The paper also looks at the implications for transnatiiona programming in Europe and elsewhere.
given the role of time lags in transnational policy-making contexts. Table 3 links the four dimensions of policy co-ordination, as described above
In this paper we explore the possible role of foresight in transnational research programming and how it can respond to systemic, horizontal,
and facilitating the different functions of programming described in Table 2. 3. Empirical observations on recent foresights in connection with transnational research programming In this section we describe three European cases of transnatiiona research programming in terms of the role foresight
and piloting of the proposed approach. 3. 1 Foresight processes case by case The cases were handpicked principally because of the explicit role of foresight activities in their implementation as well as the fact that the present authors had access to the information
and to show the different roles that foresiigh plays (see Table 4). A more detailed analysis of the Table 3. Dimensions of policy co-ordination
T. Ko nno la and K. Haegeman specific processes and roles of foresight in each of these cases is given below and in Fig. 2. 3. 1. 1 Wood Wisdom-net24.
Stakeholders25 had specified roles and responsibilities in each consecutive phase of the foresight process. Their inputs were solicited
and respective foresight roles Case Partners Timing Goal Role of foresight Wood Wisdom-net20 18 partners from 8 European countries 2004 8 Establish
foresight activities can find different roles and forms when dealing with co-ordination challenges. Such diversity of foresight activities indicates that it is relevant to tailor the foresight design
In particulaar the role of a supporting tool like foresight for engaging and mobilising the innovation communities can be crucial for understanding
and then explore more in detail how foresight can play a role as an integratto of different functions of transnational research programming.
Stakeholder participation was also based on the definition of explicit roles and responsibilities for the different phases of the process. 4. 1. 3 Flexible and responsive management to accommoodat with stakeholder expectations.
and implementation plans'depends on the envisaged role that is ascribed to a specific foresight activity in an evolving innovation environment.
which are apparent in the implementation of transnational research programming and the consequent roles for foresight..
34 Furthermoore foresight plays particularly a relevant role in learning on future developments in the areas where there is little
and the respective roles of foresight activities can be seen from the viewpoints of an individual programming project, of an instrument,
The argument for using foresight as an integrator of transnational programming functions pleads for giving a more promineen role to forward-looking activities as an integrator of other framework conditions.
Towards this end, the further piloting of the principles and roles for foresight in transnational research programming should be enhanced,
whereby the role of such methods is to foster sense-making (but not to overrule it).
and the role of EU in relation to global governance. Table 2 provides an example of such a crosscutting challenge that synthesizes issues from different thematic areas.
'and the role of strategic R&d planning at the corporate level within this system. With a total budget of E1. 65 billion in 2010, Fraunhofer is the largest contract research organisation in Europe.
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