Drug

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Synopsis: Pharma: Pharma generale: Drugs: Drug:

Light-sensitive drugs to tackle hardy bugs The voices warning of the demise of our antibiotic defences are getting louder.

The financial incentive that usually drives private sector drug development is weakened by the knowledge that more profitable all-purpose antibiotics become obsolete more quickly because of the likely faster emergence of resistance.

The basic concept is to equip drug molecules with chemical components that change shape in response to heat or light.

Many drugs work by sticking to and deactivating particular enzyme molecules in the body, disabling their function.

And the way a drug binds to its target usually depends on it having a shape that fits rather precisely into a"slot#on the target enzyme.

So if a drug changes shape it might no longer work. Light-switchable drugs have been explored in other fields such as cancer therapy,

but not for antibiotics. Organic chemist Ben Feringa at Groningen and his co-workers used an existing light-switchable unit called azobenzene,

Drugs equipped with activation switches could be administered orally and then turned on with light once they reach the part of the body (the throat

Switching on drugs with ultraviolet light is not ideal in practice because it can have harmful effects.

#ACTINOGEN#Uncovering a hidden source of new antibiotics In recent years, the emergence of multiple-drug-resistant bacteria has created a major health threat, for example through hospital-acquired infections from drug

-resistant'superbugs'such as MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and the rapidly emerging multi-drug resistant Gram negative hospital infections.

such as new strains of tuberculosis against which existing drugs are powerless. It was to meet the unaddressed need for new antibiotics that the ACTINOGEN research project began in 2005

thus confirming that here indeed was a rich seam of potential new drug discovery. With thousands of streptomycete species already known to science,

clearly offer the prospect of a revolution in antibiotic production opening up the possibility of a range of potential new drugs, with important benefits not only for human health,

and scan for infection for exampleâ##synthetic gene circuits are especially useful for detecting things like contaminants pesticides heavy metals and counterfeit drugs.##

#Gel fights breast cancer with fewer side effects A tamoxifen gel applied to the breast may work as well as a pill form of the drug to slow the growth of cancer cells.

Because the drug is absorbed through the skin directly into breast tissue, less of it enters the blood,

and radiation despite the drug effectiveness to prevent DCIS recurrence and to lower the risk of future breast cancer. elivering the drug though a gel,

if proven effective in larger trials, could potentially replace oral tamoxifen for breast cancer prevention and DCIS and encourage many more women to take it,

effective drug concentrations are required in the breast. For these women, high circulating drug levels only cause collateral damage.

The gel minimized exposure to the rest of the body and concentrated the drug in the breast where it is needed. here was very little drug in the bloodstream,

which should avoid potential blood clots as well as an elevated risk for uterine cancer. Women who have completed surgery

or took the oral drug, but the blood levels of 4-OHT were more than five times lower in those who used the gel.

and half the oral drug, which they took daily. The gel application may also be more effective for some women.

and alleviate pain with electronics instead of drugs. e need to make these devices as small as possible to more easily implant them deep in the body

and drug delivery systems to apply medicines directly to affected areas, Poon says. The work creates the potential to develop lectroceuticaltreatments as alternatives to drug therapies,

says William Newsome, professor of neurobiology and director of the Stanford Neurosciences Institute. Newsome, who was involved not in Poon experiments

The investigators are currently designing a study to correlate pharmacokineticshe time course of drug metabolismith genotype.

In coming decades such molecular motors might find uses in drug delivery manufacturing and chemical processing.

It's an odorless tasteless substance that's classified as a harmless food additive by the US Food and Drug Administration.

if a drink has been spiked with drugs. However, you might have to pay, especially for specific professional use-cases.

because the path from a genetic-disease marker to a profitable drug has not been straight#forward.

Using CRISPR to generate tumors should allow scientists to more rapidly study how different genetic mutations interact to produce cancers as well as the effects of potential drugs on tumors with a specific genetic profile.

They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.

But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV LIGHT can be damaging to tissue and cells,

and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,

And many drugs work by targeting specific membrane proteins.""Currently, scientists only know the structure of a small handful of membrane proteins.

Our research paves the way to understand the structure of the thousands of different types of membrane proteins to allow the development of many new drugs

Customizable virusesthe Food and Drug Administration has approved a handful of bacteriophages for treating food products, but efforts to harness them for medical use have been hampered

"For some drugs, having the correct'handedness'is essential as you need the right key in the lock to make the drugs work.

#New Polymer Gel Could Create Edible Devices for Ultra-Long Drug Delivery A team of scientists has developed a polymer gel that could allow for the development of long-acting devices that reside in the stomach,

including orally delivered capsules that can release drugs over a number of days, weeks, or potentially months following a single administration.

including prolonged drug delivery, electronic monitoring, and weight-loss intervention. However, these devices, often created with nondegradable elastic polymers, bear an inherent risk of intestinal obstruction as a result of accidental fracture or migration.

including orally delivered capsules that can release drugs over a number of days, weeks, or potentially months following a single administration.

or extended-release drug-delivery systems that could last for weeks or months after a single administration. his delivery system provides a flexible and smooth external covering that slowly disintegrates,

which could release drugs or small devices for monitoring and imaging the GI TRACT, says Edith Mathiowitz,

the authors say they are excited for the drug-delivery applications of this technology. With further work in adjusting the polymer composition or the design of the system

they say that they could tailor devices to release drugs over a specific timeframe of up to weeks or months at a time.

MIT is negotiating an exclusive license agreement with Lyndra, an early-stage biotechnology company developing novel oral drug-delivery systems,

In a March 2015 commentary piece in Nature, Traverso and Langer wrote that the GI TRACT is an area rife with opportunity for prolonged drug delivery in tackling this global health problem.

as a drug delivery system, as well. Chen and Wang have conducted demonstrations to show the great potential of combining 3d printing with nanoengineering, installing polydiacetylene (PDA) nanoparticles within the microfish.

while they were initially designing photosensitive polymers for drug delivery applications. Once they came up with a polymer that responded to UV LIGHT,

meaning more absorption occurs on small nanoparticles. his is an important consideration for drug delivery

because it could explain what happens with nanoparticles with high drug encapsulation and extensive burst release. arnessing nanoparticles in Africatheresa Dankovich uses nanotechnology to purify drinking water in Africa.

or drugs inside a man-made biodegradable nanoparticle rapperthat patients inhale could penetrate the mucus barrier

and for drug testing, as artificial tissue grown on them would respond realistically. And they could help scientists learn more about how cells in the body respond to different stimuli

the way poppy crops are--allowing millions of people around the world who do not have sufficient access to painkilling drugs to get the medications they need.

which is a drug and a major component in Vicodin. Smolke said the purpose of producing hydrocodone was to show that yeast can be engineered to create a compound that a plant doesn't have the cellular machinery to produce.

and get the drugs to the damaged vessels, explained Christian Kastrup, a biomedical engineer at the University of British columbia. t similar to when a grenade goes off

#Milestone single-biomolecule imaging technique may advance drug design Abstract: The first nanometer resolved image of individual tobacco mosaic virions shows the potential of low energy electron holography for imaging biomolecules at a single particle level--a milestone in structural biology and a potential new tool

for drug design. Knowing the detailed shape of biomolecules such as proteins is essential for biological studies and drug discovery.

Modern structural biology relies on techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy to discover the tiny structural details of biomolecules.

"Longchamp noted the technique would also open the door for"rational drug design,"an inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.

Better knowledge about the individual structures of those target proteins can help scientists develop more effective drugs.

leading to the rapid synthesis of drug derivatives for treating Parkinson's disease. Nagoya, Japan-Yutaro Saito, Yasutomo Segawa and Professor Kenichiro Itami at the Institute of Transformative Biomolecules (ITBM

which is an anticholinergic drug used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.''Parachuting'boron onto the para-position of a benzene ring by a bulky iridium catalyst.

This may relate to suboptimal drug deposition achieved with conventional nasal sprays, inter-individual differences in nasal physiology and a poor understanding of how intranasal OT is delivered to the brain in humans.

including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE)' s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria

The yields of target chemical molecules produced from the acetate were also encouraging--as high as 26-percent for butanol, a fuel comparable to gasoline, 25-percent for amorphadiene, a precursor to the antimaleria drug artemisinin,

it is possible that EVLP could be used to deliver drugs before the lung is implanted so that the patient's immune system does not recognise the transplanted organ as harmful."

Arraythe Food and Drug Administration has approved a handful of bacteriophages for treating food products, but efforts to harness them for medical use have been hampered

including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria that mimics

a fuel comparable to gasoline, 25-percent for amorphadiene, a precursor to the antimaleria drug artemisinin,

and drug screening. However, many of these microfluidic devices operate at only a few hundred cells per second,

Even powerful drugs to block the immune attack can entirely stop it. In a famous 1984 case, a California newborn known as aby Faereceived a baboon heart.

Mohiuddin says the pig heart gave out only when he decided to stop giving the baboon the novel immune-blocking drugs he had used. e believe it could have gone on forever,

the structures could help scientists screen drugs for toxicity and model normal and diseased kidney function,

They developed a new surface coating for medical devices using materials already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA.

And many drugs work by targeting specific membrane proteins.""Currently, scientists only know the structure of a small handful of membrane proteins.

Our research paves the way to understand the structure of the thousands of different types of membrane proteins to allow the development of many new drugs

-or right-handed form may have a multitude of practical applications, potentially leading to new and improved drugs, diagnosis methods, and pesticides.

The breakthrough could be important in developing effective molecules for use in a wide range of industries everything from the development of safer new drugs and disease diagnosis to less toxic pesticides.

for instance with chiral drugs. Presently, more than 50 per cent of all drugs produced are active in only one of their two handed forms.

The chemistry of life Dr Ivan Powis, Professor of Chemical Physics in the University School of Chemistry, who led the research,

for instance the well-known malformation of the limbs of infants of pregnant women taking the Thalidomide drug to relieve morning sickness that occurred around 1960.

In addition to the development of effective new drugs and diagnosis methods for diseases including cancer, it could potentially lead to new reenpesticides using pheromones tailored specifically to attract pollinators

They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.

But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV LIGHT can be damaging to tissue and cells,

and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,

They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.

But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV LIGHT can be damaging to tissue and cells,

and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,

raise promise for medicine but also concerns about"home-brewed"illegal drugs. Experts have called for tight control of organisms genetically modified to produce narcotics.

and have the yeast do all the chemical steps required downstream to make your target therapeutic drug."

The broad concept of using microscopic organisms to make drugs is not new in medicine.

which aims to bring new drugs and medical devices to patients. Cathy Yelf, of the Macular Society, said:"

and to detect drug resistance in infectious diseases. Bringing techniques and testing that is normally confined to a laboratory or hospital, out into the field,

and potentially decide on a drug choice based on some of the genetic testing copy number variations of certain genes that you would find in the sample taken from the patient. he technology also removes barriers to testing that cities

and our aging population. ext up the researchers plan to test their device in the field to detect the presence of malaria-related drug resistance.

#Latest drug technology could help reduce cost of carbon capture A novel class of materials that enable a safer cheaper

and received $200 million from the Gates Foundation, is making RTS, S available as a nonprofit drug.

and Drug Administration approval next year to expand its use to men. n the U s,

and carry payloads of pharmaceutical drugs to targeted tissues. Unlike other methods of making carbon nanoparticles-which require expensive equipment

We use spectroscopy to confirm the formulation as well as visualize the delivery of the particles and drug molecules."

"The team found that the nanoparticles did not release the drug payload at room temperature, but at body temperature began to release the anticancer drug.

The researchers also determined which topical applications penetrated the skin to a desired depth. In further experiments, the researchers found they could alter the infusion of the particles into melanoma cells by adjusting the polymer coatings.

"This is a versatile platform to carry a multitude of drugs-for melanoma, for other kinds of cancers and for other diseases,

You can load it with two drugs, or three, or four, so you can do multidrug therapy with the same particles.""

and also we can tune them to release the drugs in the presence of the cellular environment.

2015nanomedicine Toward nanorobots that swim through blood to deliver drugs (video) June 17th, 2015arrowhead Receives Regulatory Clearance to Begin Additional Phase 2b Studies of Hepatitis b Candidate ARC-520 June 17th,

2015cellulose from wood can be printed in 3-D June 17th, 2015new Sensors Measure Blood Anticoagulation Drug June 17th, 2015discoveries Scientists film shock waves in diamond:

Method could be useful in developing green energy and a better understanding of rust June 18th, 2015new Sensors Measure Blood Anticoagulation Drug June 17th,

Method could be useful in developing green energy and a better understanding of rust June 18th, 2015new Sensors Measure Blood Anticoagulation Drug June 17th,

#Nanowire implants offer remote-controlled drug delivery Abstract: Remote-controlled Eradication of Astrogliosis in Spinal cord Injury via Electromagnetically-induced Dexamethasone Release from"Smart"Nanowireswen Gao and Richard Borgenswe describe a system to deliver drugs to selected tissues continuously,

if required, for weeks. Drugs can be released remotely inside the small animals using pre-implanted,

novel vertically aligned electromagnetically-sensitive Polypyrrole Nanowires (Ppynws). Approximately 1-2mm 2 Dexamethasone (DEX) doped Ppynws was lifted on a single drop of sterile water by surface tension,

We conclude that the administrations of drugs can be controlled locally and non-invasively, opening the door to many other known therapies,

A team of researchers has created a new implantable drug-delivery system using nanowires that can be controlled wirelessly.

which can be used to control the release of a preloaded drug. The system eliminates tubes

"This tool allows us to apply drugs as needed directly to the site of injury, which could have broad medical applications,

but it is our hope that this could one day be used to deliver drugs directly to spinal cord injuries, ulcerations, deep bone injuries or tumors,

"The team tested the drug-delivery system in mice with compression injuries to their spinal cords

The nanowires can be loaded with a drug and, when the correct electromagnetic field is applied, the nanowires release small amounts of the payload.

The magnitude and wave form of the electromagnetic field must be tuned to obtain the optimum release of the drug,

and the precise mechanisms that release the drug are understood not yet well, she said. The team is investigating the release process.

The electromagnetic field is likely affecting the interaction between the nanomaterial and the drug molecules, Borgens said."

and release drugs, "he said.""It is a reversible process. Once the electromagnetic field is removed, the polymer snaps back to the initial architecture

and retains the remaining drug molecules.""For each different drug the team would need to find the corresponding optimal electromagnetic field for its release,

Gao said. This study builds on previous work by Borgens and Gao. Gao first had to figure out how to grow polypyrrole in a long vertical architecture,

which allows it to hold larger amounts of a drug and extends the potential treatment period.

Functional Drug Delivery Using Electromagnetic field-Responsive Polypyrrole Nanowires, "was published in the journal Langmuir. Other team members involved in the research include John Cirillo,

In addition, the concentration of drug maintained during treatment is known not because it is below the limits of systemic detection,

very small dose of a drug to effectively serve as a big dose right where you need it,

"By the time the drug diffuses from the site out into the rest of the body it is in amounts that are undetectable in the usual tests to monitor the concentration of drugs in the bloodstream."

which the drug delivery device will work. The current system appears to be limited to a depth in tissue of less than 3 centimeters,

They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.

But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV LIGHT can be damaging to tissue and cells,

and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,

including prolonged drug delivery, electronic monitoring, and weight-loss intervention. However, these devices, often created with nondegradable elastic polymers, bear an inherent risk of intestinal obstruction as a result of accidental fracture or migration.

including orally delivered capsules that can release drugs over a number of days, weeks, or potentially months following a single administration.

or extended-release drug-delivery systems that could last for weeks or months after a single administration.

which could release drugs or small devices for monitoring and imaging the GI TRACT, says Edith Mathiowitz,

In particular, the authors say they are excited for the drug-delivery applications of this technology. With further work in adjusting the polymer composition or the design of the system

they say that they could tailor devices to release drugs over a specific timeframe of up to weeks or months at a time.

MIT is negotiating an exclusive license agreement with Lyndra, an early-stage biotechnology company developing novel oral drug-delivery systems, for this and other related technologies.

Special delivery for the gut"),Traverso and Langer wrote that the GI TRACT is an area rife with opportunity for prolonged drug delivery in tackling this global health problem.

Viruses there contaminated a plant where bacteria were used to make drugs for two rare genetic disorders, Gaucher disease and Fabry disease, cutting off supplies.

"That clinical use involves the carbon spheres being coated with polymer-a polymer that can gradually release drugs into the system to fight cancer and other diseases.

the microwave-produced nanoparticles are effective in delivering the drugs where they're needed, and vibrational spectroscopic techniques were used to monitor how the polymers gradually released their payload.

The researchers ran a series of different experiments to check the temperatures required for the drugs to disperse,

"This is a versatile platform to carry a multitude of drugs-for melanoma, for other kinds of cancers and for other diseases,"says Rohit Bhargava."

You can load it with two drugs, or three, or four, so you can do multidrug therapy with the same particles."

which is not only responsible for the high associated with the drug-plus hallucinations, delusions, memory loss, and feelings of anxiety or calm-it also been shown to slow tumour growth in mice.

And now, scientists have figured out that the mechanisms by which the drug delivers its desired medical effects

This new research demonstrates how some of the drug's beneficial effects can be separated from its unwanted side effects."

the researchers figured out that negative psychological side-effects of the drug, such as memory defects, mood swings, anxiety,

and paranoia, were triggered by a single pathway in the brain that was separate from the pathway that triggers the drug cancer-killing properties.

In an effort to better understand the drug ability to cause these negative effects, the team isolated this particular pathway

which suggested that the drug was acting on both at the same time. To figure out what effect this was having,

"For me, the ideal drug would be in one of two scenarios: a drug that does not recognise the THC cannabinoid receptor when near serotonin,

or alternatively a drug you could add with THC that would provide that Chinese wall between the two,

"he told Wired d

#Researchers develop new instrument to monitor atmospheric mercury Researchers at the University of Miami (UM) Rosenstiel School of Marine

#Predicting superbugs'countermoves to new drugs New drugs are needed desperately but so are ways to maximize the effective lifespan of these drugs.

To accomplish that Duke university researchers used software they developed to predict a constantly-evolving infectious bacterium's countermoves to one of these new drugs ahead of time before the drug is tested even on patients.

In a study appearing in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the team used their program to identify the genetic changes that will allow methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

or MRSA to develop resistance to a class of new experimental drugs that show promise against the deadly bug.

When the researchers treated live bacteria with the new drug two of the genetic changes actually arose just as their algorithm predicted.

This gives us a window into the future to see what bacteria will do to evade drugs that we design before a drug is deployed said co-author Bruce Donald a professor of computer science and biochemistry at Duke.

Developing preemptive strategies while the drugs are still in the design phase will give scientists a head start on the next line of compounds that will be effective despite the germ's resistance mutations.

If we can somehow predict how bacteria might respond to a particular drug ahead of time we can change the drug

and dividing from one cell to two in less than an hour--drug-resistant bacteria are constantly evolving

For some antibiotics the first drug-resistant bacterial strains don't appear for decades after the drug is introduced

Until now scientists trying to predict the genetic changes that would enable a bacterium to evade a particular drug have had to look up possible mutations from libraries of resistance mutations that have been observed previously.

But this approach falls short when it comes to anticipating how bacteria will adapt to new drugs where the microbes can't be counted on to change in repeatable predictable ways Donald said.

With a new drug there is always the possibility that the organism will develop different mutations that had never been seen before.

and Amy Anderson at the University of Connecticut used a protein design algorithm they developed called OSPREY to identify DNA sequence changes in the bacteria that would enable the resulting protein to block the drug from binding

The team focused on a new class of experimental drugs that work by binding and inhibiting a bacterial enzyme called dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)

The drugs called propargyl-linked antifolates show promise as a treatment for MRSA infections but have yet to be tested in humans.

When the scientists treated MRSA with the new drugs and sequenced the bacteria that survived more than half of the surviving colonies carried the predicted mutation that conferred the greatest resistance--a tiny change that reduced the drugs'effectiveness by 58-fold.

The researchers are now using their algorithm to predict resistance mutations to other drugs designed to combat pathogens like E coli and Enterococcus.

We might even be able to coax a pathogen into developing mutations that enable it to evade one drug

but that then make it particularly susceptible to a second drug like a one-two punch.

Their computational approach could be especially useful for forecasting drug resistance mutations in other diseases such as cancer HIV

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