Genetics

Gene expression (4)
Gene therapy (7)
Genetic code (2)
Genetics (22)
Genomics (69)
Genotype (3)
Genus (7)
Molecular genetics (1)
Optogenetics (2)
Transgenics (4)

Synopsis: Biotech: Biotech generale: Genetics:

with the first completion of the sequencing of the genome for one species of the bacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor.

unravelling the secrets of the genome revealed a new mystery. It was known that the bacterium produced four different antibiotics

but the genome sequence revealed the potential for around 20. The known antibiotics represented only 20%of the possible total.

'hitherto lying undetected within the genome.''We could see the genes were there, but there was no product,

whether this genetic information was just redundant, or whether it could be used to trigger the production of new antibiotic compounds.'

'Meanwhile, the genomes of other streptomycete species had been sequenced and all had shown the same pattern, with between 12 and 15'cryptic pathways'.'

can we even get gene expression in paper?####says Pardee. Using a standard laser printer stocked with special wax-based inks he printed patterns of small dots onto uncoated filter paper.

People in a given geographical area are more likely to have similar genetics. When they also have genetic traits typically found in other, distant regions,

The discovery of a certain genotype might indicate the potential for a genetic disease and suggest that diagnostic testing be done.

there is evidence that specific genotypes respond differently to medicationsaking this information potentially useful when selecting the most effective therapy and appropriate dosage.

The investigators are currently designing a study to correlate pharmacokineticshe time course of drug metabolismith genotype.

Whereas biological motors are made of protein researchers are trying to create synthetic motors based on DNA the genetic materials in cells that consist of a sequence of four chemical bases:

When crops are optimized with the right genetics and colonized by the right microbes both organisms can flourish.

The synthetic shell contains no genetic material and so it cannot infect the animals. But it will spur the immune system to produce antibodies that would protect them from the real virus. In 2001,

It costs less than US$1, 500 per person to have the important parts of his clients genomes sequenced.

So Jalas, the centre s director of genetics resources and services, has outsourced parts of the analysis. He uploads his clients sequencing data to cloud-computing software platforms

Jalas and the way he works represent a new and mostly untapped market for a new crop of genetics interpretation and analysis firms,

which will be touting for customers at a meeting of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics in Phoenix, Arizona, on 19-23 march.

which provides genetic analysis software on its cloud-based platform and allows users to upload and run their own algorithms.

Seven Bridges Genomics, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, aims to be accessible to people with no expertise in bioinformatics,

Ingenuity Systems in Redwood City, California, allows users to upload a list of mutations in a person s genome,

and clinical geneticists may be uneasy about uploading data to the cloud.""It s your licence and your lab that go on the line

says Elizabeth Worthey, director of genomic informatics at the Human and Molecular genetics Center at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee.

and is optimized to run genome-analysis software. Knome of Cambridge Massachusetts, announced last year that it plans to sell $125, 000 genome-analysis machines for use in customers labs (see Nature 490,157;

2012). ) It seems unlikely that any single analysis company will rule the market; the range of customers who need to interpret sequence data is growing,

#A new way to model cancer Sequencing the genomes of tumor cells has revealed thousands of mutations associated with cancer.

Researchers have copied this bacterial system to create gene-editing complexes that include a DNA-cutting enzyme called Cas9 bound to a short RNA guide strand that is programmed to bind to a specific genome sequence telling Cas9 where to make its Cut in some cases the researchers simply snip out

While this is an effective way to get genetic material to the liver it would not work for other organs of interest.

#Patent awarded for genetics-based nanotechnology against mosquitoes insect pests Kansas State university researchers have developed a patented method of keeping mosquitoes and other insect pests at bay.

The patent covers microscopic genetics-based technology that can help safely kill mosquitos and other insect pests.

or RNAI to destroy the genetic code of an insect in a specific DNA sequence. The technology is expected to have great potential for safe and effective control of insect pests Zhu said.

MESSENGER RNA carries important genetic information. In the studies on mosquito larvae researchers designed dsrna to target the mrna encoding the enzymes that help mosquitoes produce chitin the main component in the hard exoskeleton of insects crustaceans and arachnids.

or DNA sequence from one animal into the genome of another plays a critical role in a wide range of medical researchncluding cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes.

But the traditional method of transferring genetic material into a new cell, called"microinjection,"has a serious downside.

which in turn reduces the cost to create a transgenic animal,"according to Jensen. One of the team's most significant findings is that it's possible to use the electrical forces to get DNA into the nucleus of the cellithout having to carefully aim the lance into the pronucleus (the cellular structure containing the cell's DNA."

would be attractive for a variety of transgenic technologies, "said Jensen.""We believe nanoinjection may open new fields of discovery in these animals."

"We expect the lance array may enable gene therapy using a culture of a patient's own cells,

and transplanted them into eggs that had their own genetic material removed. They then grew the eggs for a few days harvested the daughter cells that appeared

By tweaking the genomes of these viruses, known as bacteriophages, researchers hope to customize them to target any type of pathogenic bacteria.

Also, each family of bacteriophages can have a different genome organization and life cycle, making it difficult to engineer them

the researchers combed through databases of phage genomes looking for sequences that appear to code for the key tail fiber section, known as gp17.

Existing techniques for editing viral genomes are fairly laborious so the researchers came up with an efficient approach in

which they insert the phage genome into a yeast cell, where it exists as an rtificial chromosomeseparate from the yeast cell own genome.

During this process the researchers can easily swap genes in and out of the phage genome. nce we had that method,

it allowed us very easily to identify the genes that code for the tails and engineer them or swap them in and out from other phages,

stopped brain cancer in rats by delivering gene therapy through nanoparticles. The nanoparticles deliver genes for an enzyme that converts a prodrug called ganciclovir into a glioma cell killer.

As in cystic fibrosis, a current delivery method of gene therapy relies on using a virus, which can pose significant safety risks.

When you consider that the human genome codes for over 600 different forms of just the E3 ligases alone,

"We have installed new genetic information in the yeast Pichia pastoris, so that our cells are able to produce Nootkatone from sugar,

The genome of the yeast cells has been extended with four foreign genes derived from the cress Arabidopsis thaliana, the Egyptian henbane Hyoscyamus muticus, the Nootka cypress Xanthocyparis nootkatensis and from baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Also, each family of bacteriophages can have a different genome organization and life cycle, making it difficult to engineer them

the researchers combed through databases of phage genomes looking for sequences that appear to code for the key tail fiber section, known as gp17.

Existing techniques for editing viral genomes are fairly laborious so the researchers came up with an efficient approach in

which they insert the phage genome into a yeast cell, where it exists as an"artificial chromosome"separate from the yeast cell's own genome.

During this process the researchers can easily swap genes in and out of the phage genome."

"Once we had that method, it allowed us very easily to identify the genes that code for the tails

#USDA Scientists, International Colleagues Sequence Upland cotton Genome U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) scientists and their partners have sequenced the genome of the world most widely cultivated and genetically complex species of cotton,

Sequencing the genome of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) will help breeders develop varieties of cotton that are equipped better to combat the pests,

The two teams sequenced the genome of the genetic standard of Upland cotton, Texas Marker-1,

but also other cellular features such as gene expression, post translational modification, and cell function, said Huang. he acoustic power intensity

and difficult to get them to function correctly. ou try to put all your genes into one parcel so they go to one place in the genome,

who leads a German consortium developing transgenic pigs. t very cumbersome. Creating a good pig is really like winning the lottery. n the United states,

Since last year, some of the genetic engineering has been carried out in collaboration with Synthetic Genomics, a California company started by DNA sequencing entrepreneur J. Craig Venter.

who runs the mammalian synthetic biology program for Synthetic Genomics. o one is so naïve as to think, h,

The organs he used before had three genetic alterations, but the next ones will have seven. f they survive,

The team found a similar gene expression profile to that of kidneys of first-trimester human fetuses, for example,

and Genomics (CBGP UPM-INIA) has shown that by the contact of a plant with a strain of the Colletotrichum tofieldiae microorganism previously isolated this plant can increase the number size

If you can have a simpler mechanism that doesn't require anatomical changes that's pretty darn good says Daniel Voytas director of the Center for Genome Engineering at the University of Minnesota.

Maureen Hansen a professor of molecular biology and genetics at Cornell says the advances won't be seen in commercially grown food crops for at least five or 10 years.

and Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria that contains various soil-borne pathogens. All these bacteria were destroyed by the newly developed nanoparticles.

and potentially decide on a drug choice based on some of the genetic testing copy number variations of certain genes that you would find in the sample taken from the patient. he technology also removes barriers to testing that cities

For future experiments, Ruder is building real-world robots that will have the ability to read bacterial gene expression levels in E coli using miniature fluorescent microscopes.

That finding dispels concerns that the genetic material will quickly degrade in rain and sunlight. In the proof-of-principle study researchers wanted to answer

Geneticists have used the technique to silence specific genes examine what functions are lost and hence learn that gene purpose.

#New gene therapy could rewire the eye to help blind people see Scientists might be able to change the cells in blind people eyes,

Now, scientists hope that they can use gene therapy to transform nerves in the eye to replace those lost photoreceptors.

It is part of a new field called optogenetics which uses molecules from algae or other microorganisms that respond to light,

Optogenetics is a form of gene therapy and works by changing the makeup of the damaged cells.

it is not likely to cause the same kind of ethical and practical problems that blight work on other forms of gene therapy.

Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria containing numerous soil-borne pathogen species; and Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium that can cause harmful biofilms on plastics-like catheters-in the human body.

Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria containing numerous soil-borne pathogen species; and Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium that can cause harmful biofilms on plastics-like catheters-in the human body.

4-D printing to advance chemistry, materials sciences and defense capabilities June 18th, 2015cancer First full genome of a living organism assembled using technology the size of smartphone June 15th,

and deposited onto a spinal cord lesion in Glial fibrillary acidic protein-luc Transgenic mices (GFAP-luc mice). Overexpression of GFAP is an indicator of astrogliosis/neuroinflammation in CNS injury.

Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria containing numerous soil-borne pathogen species; and Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium that can cause harmful biofilms on plastics-like catheters-in the human body.

or have long-term environmental effects like GMOS, affirms Ursula Hudson, member of the Executive Committee of Slow food International l

Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria containing numerous soil-borne pathogen species; and Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium that can cause harmful biofilms on plastics like catheters in the human body.

#Scientists Give Genetically modified organisms A Safety Switch Researchers at Harvard and Yale have used some extreme gene-manipulation tools to engineer safety features into designer organisms.

In this case, they're actually rewriting the language of genetics. The goal is to make modified organisms safer to use,

But George Church a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical school, has created a bacterium that requires an additional amino acid,

With their altered genetic code, they are resistant to viruses that frequently attack bacteria. Viruses need the conventional DNA language

"I think it's commendable they're starting to design safety into genetically modified organisms, "says Jennifer Kuzma, co-director of the Genetic engineering and Society Center at North carolina State university."

#Bacterial genome scalpel can identify key gene regions Arraybacteria use CRISPR-Cas as a self-cleansing defense mechanism and immune system against unwanted DNA invaders such as viruses,

Cutting out one of the islands--the one that contained the milk-utilization genes--reduced the genome by about 5 percent.

Overall, elimination of all four areas reduced the genome by 7 percent.''We did not expect that magnitude of reduction in a relatively small genome,

'Barrangou said.''When you use pinpointed targeting of a specific portion of the genome, you expect a smaller deletion to occur.'

'The researchers say that that the same techniques can be used as a template to study essential and nonessential genomic regions in any bacterium of interest

''This work represents a stunning discovery of the grand and expansive genome rearrangements that occurred in beneficial bacteria that evolved to preserve foods,

The ability to accurately find rare single-nucleotide mutations is becoming increasingly important as scientists drill down into genomes to find biomarkers for early cancer detection. ee trying to solve the needle-in-a-haystack problem,

Tests on amplified human genome samples showed excellent accuracy as well, they said. Zhang noted the technique should lead to significant savings,

#Scientists construct first whole genome sequence of bighorn sheep Geneticists at the University of Alberta have constructed the first whole genome sequence of a bighorn sheep in a new study that could have a significant impact on conservation efforts of the species,

To construct a whole genome sequence, the DNA is first run through a sequencer to identify small strings of building blocks, called nucleotides.

The strings of nucleotides are joined then together to produce a complete picture. he process of ordering the nucleotides into a genome is much like assembling a jigsaw puzzle,

which uses an existing genome sequence as a reference point to streamline the process. ere, one starts with the same jigsaw pieces,

and for genome sequencing this usually results in a much more complete picture being put together in less time than de novo assembly.

In this case, the reference used for alignment was the already complete whole genome sequence of a domestic sheep.

Full genome sequences are still relatively rare; for context, only 108 mammals are listed in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. ntil recently,

generating a genome sequence of any organism was nearly impossible, notes Miller. The majority of organisms sequenced so far have been domestic laboratory species such as fruit flies or lab mice.

and cost-effective enough to be useful in obtaining whole genome sequences of wildlife species, like bighorn sheep.

This opens new avenues of research such as using genomics to plan conservation and management actions for at-risk species. Constructing a whole genome sequence of the bighorn sheep will also help by providing a reference for new studies,

which may make it possible to connect specific pieces of DNA with traits of interestor example,

The findings were published in BMC Genomics. Miller plans to continue his research in conservation genomics through a postdoctoral position at Yale university working with giant Galapagos tortoises,

using genomic methods learned over the course of his Phd to identify individuals that can be part of a captive breeding program u

Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria containing numerous soil-borne pathogen species; and Staphylococcus epidermis, a bacterium that can cause harmful biofilms on plastics like catheters in the human body.

a finding that dispels previous concerns that the genetic material would quickly degrade in rain and sunlight.

Geneticists have used the technique to silence specific genes examine what functions are lost and hence learn that gene purpose.

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