Fuel factorjohan Steelant, a senior research engineer at the European space agency (Esa) and coordinator of Lapcat-II,
Fuel choice is important, especially as one consideration for any future hypersonic fleet will be to try to keep its emissions as low as possible.
This is why hydrogen was chosen, rather than a fuel based on hydrocarbons. Quote: Although hydrogen can be ignited,
the risks of an explosion or fire are lower compared to conventional airline kerosene fuelwhat more,
liquid hydrogen fuel is not highly combustible mid-flight. Although hydrogen can be ignited, the risks of an explosion or fire are lower compared to conventional airline kerosene fuel.
Nasa used the same stuff to power the Space shuttle. f there is leak, the hydrogen is
hence there won't be a pool of hydrogen on the ground as is the case for kerosene.
Hydrogen, like kerosene, needs an igniter or a heat source to initiate combustion so it doesn't ignite spontaneously,
which simulates speeds up to Mach 1. 8. Hytex uses liquid hydrogen both as a fuel
The fuel consumption is one-fifth that of rocket engines, says Hideyuki Taguchi, leader of Jaxa hypersonic airplane research.
If the hydrogen can be sourced from natural gas, instead of from the electrolysis of water, the airfare tickets of a hypersonic trip could drop to about half the price of a business-class ticket.
An alternative fuel could be liquefied natural gas such as super-cold liquid methanethe big question now is how to create all of that hydrogen. ind turbines could actually store their energy by producing hydrogen,
An alternative fuel could be liquefied natural gas such as super-cold liquid methane; when stored as a liquid it needs far less space than gas. f a market for small business jets existed,
While the design consumes two times more fuel per second than a Mach 4 plane, it gets to the destination in roughly half the time so the fuel consumed overall during the trip is roughly the same.
A question of heatdealing with heat will be a real concern. Anything travelling at Mach 5
we have lower fuel consumption and smaller tanks, which makes the vehicle again smaller, Steelant says.
which reacts with the inner platinum surface of the micromotors to generate a stream of oxygen gas bubbles that propel the micromotors around.
"If the micromotors can use the environment as fuel, they will be more scalable, environmentally friendly and less expensive,"said Kaufmann n
the fossil fuels burned to power the machinery, and the decomposition of organic material within the wastewater itself.
The reaction also yields excess hydrogen gas, which can be stored and harnessed as energy in a fuel cell.
LA will never fully replace petroleum-based plastics. For one thing, some objects, such as toilet drain pipes, are meant not to be biodegradable.
said Magnus Egerstedt, Schlumberger Professor in Georgia Tech School of Electrical and Computer engineering, in a statement. nstead,
affiliated with the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic systems (CALDES), reported a tunable band gap in black phosphorus (BP),
Like graphene, BP is a semiconductor and also cheap to mass produce. The one big difference between the two is BP natural band gap
allowing the material to switch its electrical current on and off. The research team tested on few layers of BP called phosphorene
which is an allotrope of phosphorus. Keun Su Kim, an amiable professor stationed at POSTECH speaks in rapid bursts when detailing the experiment,
therefore we tuned BP band gap to resemble the natural state of graphene, a unique state of matter that is different from conventional semiconductors. he potential for this new improved form of black phosphorus is beyond anything the Korean team hoped for,
"Because oil and water don't mix, the oil wets the particles and creates capillary bridges between them
so that the particles stick together on contact, "said Orlin Velev, INVISTA Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering at NC State and the corresponding author of the paper."
Chilling the oil is like drying the sandcastle. Reducing the temperature from 45 degrees Celsius to 15 degrees Celsius freezes the oil
and makes the bridges fragile, leading to breaking and fragmentation of the nanoparticle chains. Yet the broken nanoparticles chains will reform
the oil liquefies and an external magnetic field is applied to the particles.""In other words, this material is temperature responsive,
Scientists have developed a simple process to treat waste coffee grounds to allow them to store methane Abstract:
Scientists have developed a simple process to treat waste coffee grounds to allow them to store methane.
Methane capture and storage provides a double environmental return-it removes a harmful greenhouse gas from the atmosphere that can then be used as a fuel that is cleaner than other fossil fuels.
if we can use this for methane storage?'"'"he continues. The absorbency of coffee grounds may be the key to successful activation of the material for carbon capture."
Activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds for stable methane storagethe published version of the paper"Activated carbon derived from waste coffee grounds for stable methane storage"Nanotechnology 26 385602 (doi:
By combining semiconducting nanowires and bacteria, researchers can now produce liquid fuel. Three pioneers in the field of synthetic photosynthesis discuss the potential of this technology
the researchers flowed methane through a tube furnace at 1, 000 degrees C over a copper foil that catalyzed its decomposition into carbon and hydrogen.
#'Parachuting'boron on benzene rings (Nanowerk News) Tuning the para position of benzene moieties is significant for creating biologically active compounds and optoelectronic materials.
Yet, attaching a functional handle specifically at the para position of benzene has been challenging due to multiple reactive sites on the ring.
Chemists at ITBM, Nagoya University have developed a novel iridium catalyst that enables highly para-selective borylation on benzene,
Itami and his coworkers have generated a new catalyst that uses steric interactions with the benzene substituent,
making it possible to conduct late stage diversification of core structures containing benzene. The study, published online on April 10, 2015 in the Journal of the American Chemical Society("para-CH Borylation of Benzene derivatives by a Bulky Iridium Catalyst),
The positions right next to the substituent on the benzene i e. the ortho-(2-or 6-)positions are blocked usually by the substituent during C-H borylation.
However, a mixture of meta-(3-or 5-)products and para-(4-)products are observed usually in a 2: 1 ratio upon C-H borylation of a monosubstituted benzene.
and materials science for creating benzene-containing functional molecules, I figured that para-selective C-H functionalization would be an extremely useful technique for the late-stage diversification of core structures.
Caramiphen, an anticholinergic agent used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease contains a monosubstituted benzene moiety along with ester and amine groups.
"More than 80 percent of our energy today comes from burning fossil fuels, which is both harmful to our environment and unsustainable as well.
The new Georgia Tech algorithm that fuels this system demonstrates the potential of easily controlling large teams of robots,
"said Magnus Egerstedt, Schlumberger Professor in Georgia Tech's School of Electrical and Computer engineering.""Instead, the operator controls an area that needs to be explored.
affiliated with the Institute for Basic Science's (IBS) Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic systems (CALDES), reported a tunable band gap in BP,
reported a tunable band gap in BP, effectively modifying the semiconducting material into a unique state of matter with anisotropic dispersion.
Like graphene, BP is a semiconductor and also cheap to mass produce. The one big difference between the two is BP's natural band gap
allowing the material to switch its electrical current on and off. The research team tested on few layers of BP called phosphorene
which is an allotrope of phosphorus. Keun Su Kim, an amiable professor stationed at POSTECH speaks in rapid bursts when detailing the experiment,
therefore we tuned BP's band gap to resemble the natural state of graphene, a unique state of matter that is different from conventional semiconductors."
#Biodiesel made easier and cleaner with waste-recycling catalyst (Nanowerk News) Researchers at Cardiff University have devised a way of increasing the yield of biodiesel by using the waste left over from its production process.
when biodiesel is formed from vegetable oil, and convert this into an ingredient to produce even more biodiesel.
It is believed this new process will have significant environmental benefits by improving the yield of biodiesel in a sustainable way that doesn't require the use of additional fossil fuels
and could potentially reduce the costs of the biodiesel production process. The results have been published today, 14 september, in the journal Nature Chemistry.
By 2020, the EU aims to have 10 per cent of the transport fuel of every EU country come from renewable sources such as biofuels.
Fuel suppliers are required also to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the EU fuel mix by 6 per cent by 2020 in comparison to 2010.
At present, biodiesel is produced by combining fats and oils with methanol, which is derived usually from fossil fuels.
A waste product from this process is crude glycerol which is formed on a large scale and contains many impurities that make it costly to purify
and reuse in other areas. In their study, the researchers, from the Cardiff Catalysis Institute, developed a way of turning the crude glycerol back into methanol,
which could then be used as a starting reactant to create more biodiesel. To achieve this, the researchers reacted glycerol with water,
the researchers estimate up to a 10 per cent increase in biodiesel production, which they claim would be very helpful to industry at this point in time.
"Biodiesel manufacture is a growing part of the EU fuel pool, with statutory amounts being required to be added to diesel that is derived from fossil fuels."
"We've provided unprecedented chemistry that highlights the potential to manufacture biodiesel in a much more environmentally friendly,
and potentially cheaper, way, by converting an undesired by-product into a valuable chemical that can be reused in the process."
and seriously improve the quality of life by reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuels and encourage efficient use of resources."
"This paper shows how fundamental catalysis research can develop new mild processes to enhance the sustainability of biodiesel.
They specifically concentrated on the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide on metal electrodes because of the current interest in this process for sustainable production of fuels and value added chemicals,
used in everything from fire extinguishers to oil recovery to carbonated beverages, but it is also a major greenhouse gas.
such as reducing carbon dioxide to convert it into a usable fuel, Surendranath says. This could reduce emissions of a principal greenhouse gas that fosters climate change,
and transform it into a useful, renewable fuel. The initial finding described in this paper is just one piece of
Using the sun instead of fossil fuels to power a desalination plant isn't a totally new idea.
One day he realized that no matter how fuel efficient or how few tailpipe emissions the modern car has,
Even the most fuel efficient car has a large carbon footprint before ever leaving the plant. Czinger and his team's approach was to take the large plant out of the equation.
The Blade is fitted with a 700 horse power engine that runs on natural gas, reducing its carbon footprint even further.
"said Lonnie O. Ingram, director of the Florida Center for Renewable Chemicals and Fuels at the University of Florida,
Unlike other hydrogen fuel production methods that rely on highly processed sugars, the Virginia Tech team used dirty biomass--the husks and stalks of corn plants--to create their fuel.
This not only reduces the initial expense of creating the fuel it enables the use of a fuel source readily available near the processing plants,
making the creation of the fuel a local enterprise. Rollin used a genetic algorithm along with a series of complex mathematical expressions to analyze each step of the enzymatic process that breaks down corn stover into hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
He also confirmed the ability of this system to use both sugars glucose and xylose at the same time,
which increases the rate at which the hydrogen is released. Typically in biological conversions, these two sugars can only be used sequentially, not simultaneously
One of the biggest hurdles to widespread hydrogen use is the capital cost required to produce the fuel from natural gas in large facilities.
The dominant current method for producing hydrogen uses natural gas, which is expensive to distribute and causes fossil carbon emissions.
enzymatic reactions such as those being used in this system generate high-purity hydrogen, perfect for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.
"We believe this exciting technology has the potential to enable the widespread use of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles around the world
and displace fossil fuels, "Rollin said d
#Major advance in artificial photosynthesis poses win/win for the environment A potentially game-changing breakthrough in artificial photosynthesis has been achieved with the development of a system that can capture carbon dioxide emissions before they are vented into the atmosphere
including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE)' s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria
and oil industry in that we can produce chemicals and fuels in a totally renewable way, rather than extracting them from deep below the ground."
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is now at its highest level in at least three million years, primarily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels.
Yet fossil fuels, especially coal, will remain a significant source of energy to meet human needs for the foreseeable future.
The yields of target chemical molecules produced from the acetate were also encouraging--as high as 26-percent for butanol, a fuel comparable to gasoline, 25-percent for amorphadiene, a precursor to the antimaleria drug artemisinin,
production of methane emissions and odors) make necessary to search for other waste management routes. It is highlighted the thermal treatment through pyrolysis for large scale production of biochar
in which the liquid partially floats on a layer of air or gas, and Wenzel, in which the droplets are in full contact with the surface,
#Biodiesel made easier, cleaner with waste-recycling catalyst Using simple catalysis, the researchers have been able to recycle a non-desired by-product produced
when biodiesel is formed from vegetable oil, and convert this into an ingredient to produce even more biodiesel.
It is believed this new process will have significant environmental benefits by improving the yield of biodiesel in a sustainable way that doesn't require the use of additional fossil fuels,
and could potentially reduce the costs of the biodiesel production process. Arrayby 2020, the EU aims to have 10 per cent of the transport fuel of every EU country come from renewable sources such as biofuels.
Fuel suppliers are required also to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of the EU fuel mix by 6 per cent by 2020 in comparison to 2010.
At present, biodiesel is produced by combining fats and oils with methanol, which is derived usually from fossil fuels.
A waste product from this process is crude glycerol, which is formed on a large scale and contains many impurities that make it costly to purify
and reuse in other areas. In their study, the researchers, from the Cardiff Catalysis Institute, developed a way of turning the crude glycerol back into methanol,
which could then be used as a starting reactant to create more biodiesel. To achieve this
the researchers reacted glycerol with water, to provide the element hydrogen, and a magnesium oxide (Mgo) catalyst.
Using the recycled methanol, the researchers estimate up to a 10 per cent increase in biodiesel production,
"Biodiesel manufacture is a growing part of the EU fuel pool, with statutory amounts being required to be added to diesel that is derived from fossil fuels."
"We've provided unprecedented chemistry that highlights the potential to manufacture biodiesel in a much more environmentally friendly,
and potentially cheaper, way, by converting an undesired by-product into a valuable chemical that can be reused in the process."
and seriously improve the quality of life by reducing carbon emissions from fossil fuels and encourage efficient use of resources."
"This paper shows how fundamental catalysis research can develop new mild processes to enhance the sustainability of biodiesel.
including biodegradable plastics, pharmaceutical drugs and even liquid fuels. Scientists with the U s. Department of energy (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and the University of California (UC) Berkeley have created a hybrid system of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria that mimics
and oil industry in that we can produce chemicals and fuels in a totally renewable way, rather than extracting them from deep below the ground.
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is now at its highest level in at least three million years, primarily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels.
Yet fossil fuels, especially coal, will remain a significant source of energy to meet human needs for the foreseeable future.
a fuel comparable to gasoline, 25-percent for amorphadiene, a precursor to the antimaleria drug artemisinin,
But the fossil fuel industry is far from abandoning its own interest in British waters as the energy giant BP has announced that it is to invest about £670m to extend the life of its North sea assets.
Last year, the Convention executive secretary, Christiana Figueres, said the world long-term goal was to reduce greenhouse gases to zero by 2100#a target she said would require leaving three-quarters of fossil fuels in the ground. e just can afford to burn them she said a
July 31, 2015-Today United states crude production includes 9%contribution from Canadian oil sands. By 2020 that number is expected to climb to 14%.
whether the northern leg of the Keystone XL pipeline gets built or not. So the United states has invested much in Canadian oil sands production and as a result the U s. July 30,
2015-One of my readers who follows my blog through Linkedin admonished me a couple of weeks ago for being too critical of the fossil fuel industry.
July 28, 2015-If you are a regular reader of this blog then you have read about the importance of our research into stem cells and their therapeutic value.
By a pipeline system fecal sludge of the hospital enters a two-stage unaerobic reactor where it is mixed with biowaste.
Bacteria decompose the mixture and produce among others the energy-rich gas of methane. It is used then for the gas stoves in the kitchen of the hospital.
In the region of Pucanganom we installed a system that processes toilet sewage of 15 families and the dung of their animals in three biogas facilities.
There the organic wastes are converted into biogas and fertilizer within a period of one month. Via a pipeline system the gas is passed directly on to the gas stoves of the neighboring houses.
The remaining sludge is dried and used as a fertilizer. At first we had to work hard to convince the population Fuchs says.
The liquid layer on the surface provides a barrier to everything from ice to crude oil and blood.
and create biochar a highly porous charcoal said project principal investigator Karl Linden professor of environmental engineering.
Additionally the biochar can be burned as charcoal and provides energy comparable to that of commercial charcoal.
Linden is working closely with project co-investigators Professor R. Scott Summers of environmental engineering and Professor Alan Weimer chemical and biological engineering and a team of postdoctoral fellows professionals graduate students undergraduates
methane Rice university scientists have created a highly sensitive portable sensor to test the air for the most damaging greenhouse gases.
and laser pioneer Frank Tittel and his group uses a thumbnail-sized quantum cascade laser (QCL) as well as tuning forks that cost no more than a dime to detect very small amounts of nitrous oxide and methane.
and found it capable of detecting trace amounts of methane, 13 parts per billion by volume (ppbv),
"Methane and nitrous oxide are both significant greenhouse gases emitted from human activities, "Tittel said.""Methane is emitted by natural sources, such as wetlands,
and human activities, such as leakage from natural gas systems and the raising of livestock.""Human activities such as agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, wastewater management and industrial processes are increasing the amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.
The warming impact of methane and nitrous oxide is more than 20 and 300 times, respectively, greater compared to the most prevalent greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.
For these reasons, methane and nitrous oxide detection is crucial to environmental considerations.""The small QCL has only become available in recent years,
Tittel said, and is far better able to detect trace amounts of gas than lasers used in the past.
Previous versions of the QCL are just as effective, but far too bulky for mobile use.
What makes the technique possible is the small quartz tuning fork, which vibrates at a specific frequency when stimulated."
When light at a specific wavelength is absorbed by the gas of interest, localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature
and pressure increase in the gas.""If the incident light intensity is modulated, then the temperature and pressure will be said as well,
That signal is proportional to the gas concentration.""The unit can detect the presence of methane or nitrous oxide in as little as a second,
he said. To field test the device, the Rice team installed it on a mobile laboratory used during NASA's DISCOVER-AQ campaign, which analyzed pollution on the ground and from the air last September.
"This was a milestone for trace-gas sensing, "Ren said.""Now we're trying to minimize the size of the whole system."
poor access to water pipelines often leads to a heavy reliance on well water. But some ranchers find that even their livestock won tolerate the saltiness of this water. t useful to install a small-scale desalination system where people are
The scientists can use gas-based samples rather than high concentrations in solution and the technique is much more detailed by looking at energies involved scientists can see many other things about the molecule,
In that case, both the plastic and the oil-based sauce are hydrophobic and interact together.
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic compounds formed from incomplete combustion of fuels, from contaminated soil. The process is irreversible
a renewable fermentation process that seeks to act as a partial replacement for the an oil-based processes that goes into making synthetic rubber.
a technology that replaces the oil-based feedstock for part of the synthetic rubber-making process with renewable biomass.
but both companies are interested also in creating a cost-competitive product that is a better economic alternative than the petroleum-based isoprene,
You have this polymer that s made from carcinogenic compounds like benzene and it will last up to 10,000 years.
and solar power in recent years is launching more than 20 demonstration projects that involve storing energy by splitting water into hydrogen gas and oxygen.
and distribution infrastructure already used for natural gas and eventually turned back into electricity via combustion or fuel cells.
Germany isn t the only country investing in hydrogen energy storage. Canada is getting in on the action too with a major demonstration facility planned for Ontario.
and the hydrogen can be used to replace fossil fuels not only in electricity production but also in industry and transportation
When it opens next year it will have the capacity to produce 650000 kilograms of hydrogen a year the energy equivalent of 650000 gallons of gasoline.
Hydrogenics which has supplied electrolyzers for many of the biggest projects in Germany is designing a 40-megawatt system that will produce the equivalent of 4. 3 million gallons of gasoline a year.
Electrolysis remains more expensive than producing hydrogen from natural gas at least in the United states where natural gas is cheap.
captures harmful gas and weaves transistors into shirts and dresses. otton is one of the most fascinating and misunderstood materials,
can be manipulated at the nano level to build nanoscale cages that are the exact same size as the gas they are trying to capture. e wanted to harness the power of these molecules to absorb gases
In that case, both the plastic and the oil-based sauce are hydrophobic and interact together.
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic compounds formed from incomplete combustion of fuels, from contaminated soil. The process is irreversible
AIS's portfolio of Smart HMI solutions are deployed currently in IIOT, Smart cities, Smart Transportation, Smart Factories, Smart buildings and Digital Oil fields.
The team also has other devices in the pipeline that they are currently testing and comparing their performance against lab instruments that are approved FDA.
Ruder also envisions droids that could execute tasks such as deploying bacteria to remediate oil spills. The findings also add to the ever-growing body of research about bacteria in the human body that are thought to regulate health and mood,
who studies phyto-engineering for biofuel synthesis. e hope to help democratize the field of synthetic biology for students and researchers all over the world with this model,
#Biodiesel production from Sugarcane A multi-institutional team led by plant biology professor Stephen P. Long from the University of Illinois reports that it can increase sugarcane's geographic range boost its photosynthetic rate by 30 percent
and turn it into an oil-producing crop for biodiesel production. These are the first steps in a bigger initiative that will turn sugarcane
and sorghum two of the most productive crop plants known into even more productive oil-generating plants.
But soybean isnt productive enough to meet the nations need for renewable diesel fuels Long said.
and mustard) and later with sugarcane the team introduced genes that boost natural oil production in the plant.
They increased oil production in sugarcane stems to about 1. 5 percent. The team hopes to increase the oil content of sugarcane stems to about 20 percent he said.
Using genetic engineering the researchers increased photosynthetic efficiency in sugarcane and sorghum by 30 percent Long said.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011