When floated on water the particles form a sheet; when the water evaporates, it leaves the sheet suspended over a hole.
Its almost like a drumhead, says Xiao-Min Lin, the staff scientist at the Center for Nanoscale Materials who led the project.
when floated on water they try to avoid contact with it, so they end up distributing themselves in a nonuniform way across the top and bottom layers of the nanoparticle sheet.
You use one type of molecule that hates water and rely on the water surfaces to drive the molecules to distribute non-uniformly,
or you could use two different kinds of molecules. The key is that the molecules have to distribute non-uniformly.
and insolubility in water--properties that allow the body to clear the drug too quickly,
forming a water-soluble nanoparticle with the drug hidden in its core. These nanoparticles are highly soluble in blood
It enough a single pulse of laser, with a duration of several picoseconds the time of a single oscillation in a polar molecule, like water.
and ice in the planetary system,"explains Professor Metchev. These are much like the dust
and the ice grains produced by collisions among asteroids and comets in the Solar system.""Metchev's team conducted a study with data from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE TO search for any thermal glow that such dust
and ice can produce.""We found that 51 Eridani is surrounded by warm dust that indicates the presence of an asteroid belt,
Imagine two river crossings, one with tightly-packed stepping-stones, and the other with large gaps between stones.
when submerged in water. The valleys in the surface roughness typically need to be less than one micron in width, the researchers found.
Understanding how the surfaces deflect water so well means the valuable feature could be reproduced in other materials on a mass scale, potentially saving billions of dollars in a variety of industries,
pockets of water vapor or gas accumulate in them by underwater evaporation or effervescence, just like a drop of water evaporates without having to boil it.
These gas pockets deflect water, keeping the surface dry, "he said. In a study published today (Aug 18) by the journal Scientific Reports("Sustaining dry surfaces under water),
"Patankar and his co-authors explain and demonstrate the nanoscale mechanics behind the phenomenon of staying dry underwater.
In their experiments, the researchers used a variety of materials with and without the key surface roughness and submerged them in water.
Samples with the nanoscale roughness remained dry for up to four months the duration of the experiment.
In this work, we looked for properties that manipulate the water phase changes we know.""The researchers also report that nature uses the same strategy of surface roughness in certain aquatic insects, such as water bugs and water striders.
When submerged, water tends to cling to the top of the spikes, while air and water vapor accrue in the pores between them.
The combination of trapped air and water vapor within these cavities forms a gaseous layer that deters moisture from seeping into the surface below."
"When we looked at the rough surfaces under the microscope, we could see clearly the vacant gaps--where the protective water vapor is said,
"Patankar. Historically, scientists had understood not how to keep water vapor from succumbing to condensation within the pore,
which can cause water to wet the surface. But the Northwestern team found the molecular key:
They demonstrated that when the valleys are less than one micron in width, they can sustain the trapped air as well as vapor in their gasified states,
which are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, in water. Lead researcher Dr Zo Waller, from UEA's school of Pharmacy, said:"
#Water heals a bioplastic (w/video) A drop of water self-heals a multiphase polymer derived from the genetic code of squid ring teeth,
"What's unique about this plastic is the ability to stick itself back together with a drop of water,
but not with water.""A squid ring teeth derived plastic being cut in two and self healing with water and pressure.
Demirel and his team looked at the ring teeth of squid collected around the world--in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, near Hawaii,
Argentina and the Sea of japan--and found that proteins with self-healing properties are ubiquitous. However, as they note in a recent issue of Scientific Reports("Segmented molecular design of self-healing proteinaceous materials),
Using warm water at about 113 degrees Fahrenheit--slightly warmer than body temperature--and a slight amount of pressure with a metal tool,
"If one of the fiber-optic cables under the ocean breaks, the only way to fix it is to replace it,
To achieve this, the researchers reacted glycerol with water, to provide the element hydrogen, and a magnesium oxide (Mgo) catalyst.
and water over such a simple catalyst gave such valuable products and interesting chemistry.""This research has the potential to transform the way in
what we believe is a large iceberg, Surendranath adds, since the basic ingredient is dirt cheap material that we are modifying using well-known chemistry.
Lewis is a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university and the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS.
Lewis and her team designed a new multimaterial printhead based on active mixing, Her team included Thomas Ober, former Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Wyss Institute and SEAS;
In addition to Hardin, the work included Ober, former SEAS Postdoctoral Research Fellow and current Wyss Staff Scientist Alexander Valentine,
or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments a
and electricity at a low cost from fuel found in water. Both heating generators and generators for electricity could be developed within a few years,
Heavy hydrogen is found in large quantities in ordinary water and is easy to extract. The dangerous handling of radioactive heavy hydrogen (tritium) which would most likely be needed for operating large-scale fusion reactors with a magnetic enclosure in the future is therefore unnecessary."
even after exposure to water. When wiped repeatedly with a towel, the new sunblock was removed entirely.
using high efficiency solar cells to power water electrolysis("A 24.4%solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency by combining concentrator photovoltaic modules and electrochemical cells").
A team led by Cockrell School of engineering associate professor Christopher Ellison found that a synthetic coating of polydopamine--derived from the natural compound dopamine--can be used as a highly effective, water-applied flame retardant for polyurethane foam.
The polydopamine was coated onto the interior and exterior surfaces of the polyurethane foam by simply dipping it into a water solution of dopamine for several days.
or ions in solution, are surrounded by a shell of water molecules that stick to the ion,
which require large amounts of pressure to push water through. f these were replaced with graphene,
the pressure required to push water through would be among the lowest imaginable, if not the lowest, says Wanunu,
The nanosheet layers include a water-repelling core (yellow), peptoid backbones (white), and charged sidechains (magenta and cyan).
Surrounding water molecules are red and white. The scientists discovered a design rule that enables a recently created material to exist.
they contain water pockets, and they are potentially porous when it comes to water and ions.
These insights are intriguing on their own, but when the scientists examined the structure of the nanosheetsbackbone,
like an ice cube does to water. Next, the crystal drug is placed into a fat and protein coat, similar to
what is done in making a coated ice-cream bar. The coating protects the drug from being degraded by the liver and removed by the kidney.
The steel of today is as prone as ever to the corrosive effects of water and salt and abrasive materials such as sand.
researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS) have demonstrated a way to make steel stronger, safer and more durable.
The team solved this by using an electrochemical technique to grow an ultrathin film of hundreds of thousands of small and rough tungsten-oxide islands directly onto a steel surface."
"If one part of an island is destroyed, the damage doesn't propagate to other parts of the surface because of the lack of interconnectivity between neighboring islands,
"said Alexander B. Tesler, former postdoctoral fellow AT SEAS, current research fellow at Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and the paper's first author."
"This island-like morphology combined with the inherent durability and roughness of the tungsten oxide allows the surface to keep its repellent properties in highly abrasive applications,
including water, oil, highly corrosive media, biological fluids containing bacteria and blood. Not only did the material repel all the liquid
#Solving 80-year-old mystery, chemist discovers way to isolate single-crystal ice surfaces A Tufts University chemist has discovered a way to select specific surfaces of single-crystal ice for study,
publishing the week of October 26 in advance of print("Producing desired ice faces")."Crystal Ice Face The ability to select
and study crystal ice faces, like this one, could help answer important questions, such as how vapor interacts with ice crystals to produce rain,
which pollutants attach themselves to ice crystals, and why no two snowflakes are alike.""Ice crystals are ubiquitous
principal investigator of the Laboratory for Water and Surface Analysis. Those answers could have implications for important issues such as seeding rain clouds and protecting the environment.
"I thought I'd grow a piece of ice and be done, but it's a very unusual material
"These limitations hindered scientists'ability to examine the molecular-level structure and dynamics of ice.
That has left gaps in our understanding of the important role that ice plays in the environment,
In 2013, Shultz's lab took a giant step toward removing these limitations by inventing a special apparatus to grow large samples of single-crystal ice.
But selecting a specific face from that ice remained elusive. Shultz credits her most recent breakthrough to simple geometry and trigonometry.
The most common type of ice called Ih or"ice one h,"is made up of water molecules in a hexagonal crystal shape in an orderly,
repeating arrangement called a lattice. Shultz found that by using certain measurements and formulas, she could determine the crystal's lattice orientation as it relates to a surface
which checked its fire, water, wind, impact, acoustic and permeability resistance. The fire test was the most demanding. e had many concerns about it,
The water test checked the tightness of the technological units. ain water must not touch the inner side of the façade,
A Layered Manganese Oxide To Capture Sunlight for Water-Splitting Catalysis"),Assistant professor of Chemical engineering Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes details how this new material efficiently captures sunlight and then,
how the energy can be used to break down water into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). This process is known as oxidation,
when a plant uses light to break down water and carbohydrates, which are the main energy sources for the plant.
and it could turn rain water into energy with the help of the sun."But, unlike many other energy sources,
Mendoza-Cortes, a computational and theoretical chemist, said the challenge he faced was designing something that didn't rust from the process of breaking down water that also trapped the energy
Each of Jiang's half-millimeter diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
Each of Jiang's half-millimeter diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
If you are a resident of the San francisco bay area, you will be lucky to be among the first persons to enjoy this new service on Facebook Messenger.
The rapid freezing method is able to prevent the water in the tissue from forming crystals,
Water crystals can severely damage the tissue by rupturing its cells. But in this high-pressure freezing method, the water turns into a kind of glass, preserving the original structures and architecture of the tissue.
The next step is embed to the frozen tissue in resin. This requires removing the glass-water and replacing it first with acetone
which is still a liquid at the low temperatures of cryofixation, and then, over a period of days, with resin;
and gently push out the glassified water from the brain. The real brainafter the brain was embedded cryofixed
Pollock has competed in ultra-endurance races across deserts, mountains and the polar ice caps. He also won silver and bronze medals in rowing at the Commonwealth Games and launched a motivational speaking business. tepping with the stimulation
And on top of that was water, into which the scientists injected the molecules that spontaneously form the toxic aggregates. s aggregates grow on the membrane,
the aggregates appear as tiny bright spots in a sea of black: bright where the liquid crystal has been disturbed to let light pass. he liquid crystal is actually reporting what happening to the aggregates at the interface,
or for drug researchers to put the amyloid proteins in water, inject their drug, and study how the drug influences the growth of the aggregates over time
and Simulation (HI-SEAS) before pressing on toward Mars, which NASA hopes to reach sometime in the 2030s.
The first HI-SEAS experiment involved studies about cooking on Mars, and was followed by a four-month and an eight-month cohabitation mission.
#Drought prompts 25 per cent water cut in California They have been measuring the snowpack at Phillips in the Sierra nevada mountains in California on the first day of April every year since 1941.
and declare he was imposing a 25-percent cut in water use across the state. California is running out of water.
This January was its driest since records began over a century ago, according to Jay Famiglietti of NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory in California.
which provides a third of the state's water, began in 2011. It is a record-breaker
Underground water is being pumped dry, especially in the agricultural heartlands of the Central Valley, where farmers are allowed to pump as much as they want.
And the Colorado river which waters much of southern California, has been suffering from 14 years of low flow.
Its two great reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, are at their lowest levels since the Hoover dam was built on the river 80 years ago.
Climatologists predict that persistent"megadroughts"are going to be a feature of climate change in the American West.
And California, with the West's largest population and the country's biggest agricultural output from irrigated fields,
Large farms in the state have already been forced to cut water use. Water, they used to say out West, flows uphill to money.
But no longer, it seems t
#Human cruise control app steers people on their way For a few days last summer, a handful of students walked through a park behind the University of Hannover in Germany.
#Pumping CO2 into frack wells could prevent water contamination Sometimes two problems can cancel each other out.
and slashed energy prices, there is a risk that toxic compounds in the fracking fluid can get into shallow aquifers via fractures in the bedrock.
But Clarens says fracking fluids could theoretically leak into aquifers, because the wells must be dug through shallow layers where the aquifers lie in order to reach shales. here is great potential for this technology to help improve the integrity of well bores,
says Clarens. think that will go a long way toward improving public perception of fracking
#Live cells stuck together like Velcro could mend broken hearts It not just for shoes.
MRI usually works by measuring water content, but with modification it can be made to measure the movement of water molecules.
This allows them to pick up on movements in tissues when they are shaken up. Shake it up
The water content of our cells doesn tend to vary much, but the mechanical properties do.
One of these involved the rats being placed in a pool of water with a hidden escape platform.
#Octopus Genome Offers Insights Into One Of Ocean's Cleverest Oddballs Scientists have sequenced just the first genome of an octopus,
and zip through the water using jet propulsion! Plus, they're surprisingly smart. Scientists want to understand all this at the level of DNA.
And she expects to get some help by comparing the octopus to other strange ocean creatures such as the cuttlefish
and their electrons like a ship through water, producing a wake of oscillating electrons. This electron wave creates a trailing wave-shaped electric field structure on which the electrons surf and by
By way of comparison, the system can detect that one cube of sugar was dissolved in three million liters water,
roughly the amount of water contained in 1. 2 Olympic swimming pools. One cubic millimeter of this water would be enough to carry out the test.
In the Ribolution project, funded by Fraunhofer Zukunftsstiftung, the research group is currently using the SMDM for quality control in nucleic acid analytics,
and Applied sciences (SEAS) say they have made it easier to manipulate light at the nanoscale. They have developed the first on-chip metamaterial with a refractive index of zero,
When light passes through water, for example, its phase velocity is reduced as its wavelengths are squeezed together.
Once it exits the water, its phase velocity increases again as its wavelength elongates. How much the crests of a light wave slow down in a material is expressed by the index of refraction;
#Liquid Water Likely Flows On the Salty Hills of Mars It almost as if our moon turned blood red last night to herald NASA latest Red planet news. At 11:30 EDT,
new data that suggests liquid water exists on Mars even today. This could be the first time in mission history that we have definitive reason to believe there might be microbial life on our closest neighbor.
a direct detection of water in the form of hydration of salts, Dr. Mcewen said. here pretty much has to have been liquid water recently present to produce the hydrated salt.
By ecently, Dr. Mcewen said he meant ays, something of that order. In 1972, NASA Mariner 9 spacecraft discovered evidence of erosion features on Mars that implicated the presence of water at some point in the planet past.
And in 2005 the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) aboard the European space agency Mars Express spacecraft took a photo of a water ice crater 35 meters in diameter at the Martian north pole.
Finally, in March of this year, NASA and colleagues at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) uncovered evidence of a massive ancient ocean that once covered almost half of Mars northern hemisphere.
But until now, scientists had not yet found any signs of liquid water on the present-day surface of Mars
. If liquid water does in fact reside there, it probably wouldn be pure H2o, since temperatures and atmospheric pressures are too low.
These salts, known as perchlorates, lower the freezing temperature of water. But where is the water coming from?
Chang quotes Mcewen: here are two basic origins for the water: from above or from below, Dr. Mcewen said.
The perchlorates could be acting like a sponge, absorbing moisture out of the air, but measurements indicate very low humidity on Mars only enough for 10 microns,
The other possibility is frozen that water underground might be seeping to the surface during the summer.
Whether or not the water would be too salty to support life is still in question o
#MIT Invention Turns Salt water Into Drinking water Using Solar power From plants to people, every living thing on this planet needs water.
Just look at the furor around California's new water restrictions. If a state as wealthy as California is having to get creative
in order to start saving water, you can bet that governments and municipalities with less money and clout are having to turn to even more inventive methods to get clean water without breaking the bank.
The idea was to create a system that could remove salt from water and meet three criteria:
The batteries then power a system that removes salt from the water through electrodialysis. On the most basic level, that means that dissolved salt particles,
are drawn out of the water when a small electrical current is applied. In addition to getting rid of salt
(which makes water unusable for crops and for drinking), the team also applied UV LIGHT to disinfect some of the water as it passed through the system.
Using the sun instead of fossil fuels to power a desalination plant isn't a totally new idea.
Larger solar desalination plants are being investigated seriously in areas where water is becoming a scarce resource,
While proponents hope to eventually could provide water to large numbers of people, the technology is still expensive (though prices are dropping)
The MIT/Jain team and their competitors tested their projects at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in New Mexico,
removing salt from 2, 100 gallons of water each day. The next step is to test it in an even harsher environment,
the system could provide enough water to irrigate a small farm m
#Navy Makes Armor Clear As Clay It a transparent armor so good it might turn the phrase lass cannonon its head.
protecting the components inside a directed energy weapon from the ravages of sea or sand while still letting the laser shine through.
Hundreds of thousands of people need food, water, shelter, or some combination of the three, not to mention the numerous people who desperately need medical care.
because there's only water in every couple of villages, or you're mapping pharmacies because people need malaria meds. You feel like you've spent time in these places after spending hours digitizing aerial imagery.
The concept uses a sensor to detect an explosion in water or air--say, an IED on the side of the road--then estimates the time and location of the explosion.
Next, the signal from the sensor triggers a laser (or a blast of electricity or microwave energy) that heats up a section of air or water
#Super-Strong Material Inspired By Squid Teeth Is Self-Healing A team of researchers led by engineers from Penn State university has created the first material that heals itself in the presence of water, according to a study published yesterday in Scientific Reports.
could be used to repair devices in water-filled environments that are difficult to access, such as the human body,
or the bottom of the sea. The researchers had been studying squids'ring teeth, which are uniquely strong
and can change phase from liquid to solid in the presence of water. After testing ring teeth samples from several species of squid found all over the world
then put the two pieces back together with a drop of water. They found that the material healed best at 113 degrees Fahrenheit
Veikko Sariola et al, Scientific Reports, 2015 A team of researchers led by engineers from Penn State university has created the first material that heals itself in the presence of water, according to a study published yesterday in Scientific Reports.
could be used to repair devices in water-filled environments that are difficult to access, such as the human body,
or the bottom of the sea. The researchers had been studying squids'ring teeth, which are uniquely strong
and can change phase from liquid to solid in the presence of water. After testing ring teeth samples from several species of squid found all over the world,
then put the two pieces back together with a drop of water. They found that the material healed best at 113 degrees Fahrenheit, a little warmer than the temperature of the human body,
Material that heals itself in the presence of water could extend the usability of biomedical implants
or hard-to-access fiber optic cables on the ocean floor that need repairs. Of course, this material is nowhere near ready for that application,
whether the constant presence of water degrades the plastic ability to heal itself. The researchers next plan to study how their technology could help heal wounds n
And while these molecules aren harmful in water, they smell earthy and musty, respectively, which can make water taste just gross enough to be off-putting.
Water quality experts have to test water samples in a lab to determine whether these molecules are in drinking water, a process that is expensive and time-consuming.
In tests, the researchers found that their device could detect GSM and MIB concentrations as low as 10 nanograms per liter of water,
A device like this one would help water quality technicians detect contaminants quickly and on site
But the researchers think their device could be used to detect many other contaminants in water or air.
#Sierra nevada Snowpack Is At Its Lowest Level In 500 Years With record-setting temperatures and the first ever mandatory statewide water restriction,
As of April 1st, 2015, the snowpack in the Sierra nevada mountains--which provides 30 percent of the state spring and summer water--is at its lowest level in 500 years.
The snowpack that builds up in the Sierra nevadas in the winter later provides much-needed water for both humans and ecosystems during the drier summer months.
when scientists measured the volume of water in the snowpack, it was 95 percent lower than the historical average--coinciding with the hottest January-March period in California's recorded history.
it a further blow to the state to find its primary natural water storage system in critical condition.
Along with setting sweeping water restrictions, the state is helping its citizens by providing various tips
and tactics on how to cut their water use and stretch their resources. The drought in California is not just a state issue
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