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Morphine, codeine and opioids are examples of alkaloids. A key part of the drug development process is creating libraries of derivatives from such natural products:

#acked yeast may replace painkilling poppies For centuries poppy plants have been grown to provide opium the compound from which morphine

Morphine is one of three principal painkillers derived from opium. As a class they are called opiates.

which seeks to prevent opiates like morphine for instance from being refined into illegal heroin. The biggest market for legal opiates and their opioid derivatives is the United states where pharmaceutical factories use chemical processes to create the refined products that are used as painkilling pills.

#Gene Breakthrough Sparks Fear of Homemade Morphine Scientists on Monday said they had unlocked a pathway for producing opiates from genetically engineered yeast

Other experts agreed, saying anyone with basic skills could use such a yeast to churn out morphine,

"meaning it is the springboard for making morphine, codeine and oxycodone, as well as antispasmodic drugs like papaverine.

and morphine in yeast is known already. What had been missing in the knowledge chain was getting from tyrosine to reticuline.

and basic skills in fermentation would be able to grow morphine-producing yeast using a home-brew kit for beer-making,

"If the modified yeast strain produced 10 grams of morphine, users would need to drink only one to two milliliters of the liquid to obtain a standard prescribed dose."

Hydrocodone and its chemical relatives such as morphine and oxycodone are opioids, members of a family of painkilling drugs sourced from the opium poppy.

endorphins, and through prescribed opiates such as morphine. The researchers believe that if we can find out how the body increases the number of opiate receptors,

But when it came to derivatives of the natural painkiller morphine, the new xylochemical synthesis turned out to be significantly more efficient than any previously known route based on petrochemistry."

Hydrocodone and its chemical relatives such as morphine and oxycodone are opioids, members of a family of painkilling drugs sourced from the opium poppy.

Advances in bioengineering had allowed scientists to understand the complex processes within the poppy plant that convert sugar to morphine,

One was that scientists hadn't figured out all of the steps involved in making morphine from glucose within the poppy plant--in particular

praised the researchers for stopping short of producing heroin and morphine, in their experiments. While noting that the work will need still refinement before it becomes a public health threat,

he marveled at how quickly developments had been unfolding in bioengineering--for morphine synthesis and other applications that would require policymakers to sit down with scientists

#Key Morphine Regulator That May Reduce Risk of Pain killer Addiction Identified Once used in the 18th century as currency to reverse the trade imbalance between China and Britain,

morphine and its painkilling qualities have been misused misunderstood (and) almost continually ever since. The drug works its euphoric effect by acting on a specific protein that has been part of vertebrate anatomy for nearly a half-billion years.

has shown that a specific molecule controls morphine receptor signaling in a small group of brain cells.

which controls the morphine receptor (mu opioid receptor). Using genetically modified animal models lacking a particular RGS PROTEIN called RGS7, a protein abundant in the brain,

delayed tolerance and heightened withdrawal in response to self-administered morphine doses. In other words, without the protein,

the animals were predisposed to morphine addiction. Martemyanov believes there is a strong diagnostic future for their discovery. f our findings hold true for human patients,

This might also shed light on why some people have such a difficult time with addiction to drugs such as morphine,

while RGS7 acts as a brake on the signal, Martemyanov said. he animals could press a lever to receive an infusion of morphine.

RGS7 appears to exert its effects by regulating morphine-induced changes in excitability of neurons and plasticity of synapseshe ability of the synapse, the junction between two nerve cells,

to change its function. his study reveals a unique modulatory role of RGS7 in a brain region-specific action to morphine use

including oxycontin, codeine and morphine. Making the yeast took a herculean effort. The team took more than 20 genes from rats

Still, the genetically modified yeast strains have triggered a heated debate about how to regulate these organisms and the possibility of"home-brewing morphine.""

which is made easily from morphine or thebaine. Home-brewing, Oye says, could put more drugs on the street."

home-brewed morphine is likely years away. It's not possible with the strains of yeast that Smolke has.

including oxycontin, codeine and morphine. Making the yeast took a herculean effort. The team took more than 20 genes from rats

The yeast could also make morphine more available in poor countries, where there's a terrible shortage of pain medicine,

Still, the genetically modified yeast strains have triggered a heated debate about how to regulate these organisms and the possibility of"home-brewing morphine.""

which is made easily from morphine or thebaine. Home-brewing, Oye says, could put more drugs on the street."

home-brewed morphine is likely years away. It's not possible with the strains of yeast that Smolke has.

like morphine or codeine, are important for medical purposes. The drugs have been around for millennia

They discovered that a certain type of enzyme can turn glucose sugars into morphine and were able to successfully express it in a simple form of genetically engineered yeast.

while pain treatment options are limited to opioid-family pharmaceuticals such as morphine. It was while conducting clinical research at the University of California San francisco

Hydrocodone and its chemical relatives such as morphine and oxycodone are opioids members of a family of painkilling drugs sourced from the opium poppy.

and needed morphine to make it through the day, "he recalled. But within days of undergoing the operation last October, the pain vanished.

#'Home-brewed morphine'made possible Scientists have figured out how to brew morphine using the same kit used to make beer at home.

They have modified genetically yeast to perform the complicated chemistry needed to convert sugar to morphine.

But by borrowing DNA from plants, scientists have been genetically engineering yeasts that can perform each of the steps needed to convert sugar into morphine.

and the scientists say it should now be possible to put all the steps together and"brew"morphine.

"Morphine plays a vital role in pain relief in many hospitals, but it requires a poppy harvest to manufacture.

Brewed morphine could, eventually, be easier to produce. It could also allow scientists to tweak each of the steps to develop new types of painkiller.

and basic skills in fermentation would be able to grow morphine producing yeast using a a home-brew kit for beer-making,

#Researchers discover how opium poppies synthesize morphine From left: Peter Facchini, professor in biological sciences, Jill Hagel, research associate,

Many people who live in developing countries do not have access to the pain relief that comes from morphine or other analgesics.

and research associate Jill Hagel, have characterized a novel gene that encodes the gateway enzyme in the formation of morphine

which encodes the gateway enzyme in the formation of morphine, "says Farrow.""It's really interesting to see these fused genes in a metabolic pathway.

and detail the missing step to morphine biosynthesis. Next steps Facchini says the isolation of this gene,

among many other things, is a key step toward the reassembly of the pathway to morphine in microorganisms such as yeast."

"These efforts could lead to the development of alternative production systems for painkillers such as morphine,

#Scientists crack morphine gene in poppies amid homebrew drugs fears Scientists have identified a key gene used by poppies to make morphine.

The latest finding follows recent success in engineering brewer's yeast to synthesise opiates such as morphine and codeine from a common sugar, boosting the prospect of'home-brew'drug supply.

But whether making morphine in bubbling vats of yeast will be commercially viable-either for drug companies

as well as improved plant strains with higher yields of morphine. The University of York team worked on the project with scientists from Glaxosmithkline.

Morphine and codeine are used directly as painkillers while a third compound, thebaine, is a starting-point for semisynthetic opiates,

The gene plays a vital role in the back-to-back steps in the plants'morphine-producing pathway by converting a compound known as (S)- reticuline into a variation called (R)- reticuline u

they made mice walk in circles by injecting a drug that mimics morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a region that controls motivation and addiction.

In one such experiment, mice were made to walk in circles after a drug that mimics morphine was injected into the region of the mouse's brain that controls motivation and addiction.

which include the painkiller drugs morphine and codeine, has been discovered. The gene, called STORR, is only found in poppy species that produce morphinans.

The resulting gene fusion plays a key role in production of morphine. The researchers hope this will enable the breeding of bespoke poppy varieties

Discovery of the STORR gene completes the set of genes needed for genetic engineering of morphine production in microbes such as yeast.

The scientists identified poppy plants that were not able to produce morphine or codeine but instead accumulated another compound called (S)- reticuline.

These mutations cause a roadblock in the pathway to morphine production in poppy plants. The scientists were able to show that the non-mutated wild type gene can overcome the roadblock

The naturally occurring opiates of the morphinan class of alkaloids include morphine, codeine and thebaine.

Morphine and codeine can be used directly as analgesic painkillers. Thebaine is used widely as the starting point for synthesis of a number of semisynthetic opiates including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone.

In other experiments, they made mice walk in circles by injecting a drug that mimics morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA