#New manufacturing approach slices lithium-ion battery cost in half An advanced manufacturing approach for lithium-ion batteries, developed by researchers at MIT and at a spinoff company called 24m,
promises to significantly slash the cost of the most widely used type of rechargeable batteries while also improving their performance
says Yet-Ming Chiang, the Kyocera Professor of Ceramics at MIT and a cofounder of 24m (and previously a cofounder of battery company A123).
The existing process for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, he says, has changed hardly in the two decades
and colleagues including W. Craig Carter, the POSCO Professor of Materials science and engineering. In this so-called low battery, the electrodes are suspensions of tiny particles carried by a liquid
and pumped through various compartments of the battery. The new battery design is a hybrid between flow batteries and conventional solid ones:
In this version, while the electrode material does not flow, it is composed of a similar semisolid, colloidal suspension of particles.
Chiang and Carter refer to this as a emisolid battery. impler manufacturing processthis approach greatly simplifies manufacturing,
and also makes batteries that are flexible and resistant to damage, says Chiang, who is senior author of a paper in the Journal of Power Sources analyzing the tradeoffs involved in choosing between solid
and flow-type batteries, depending on their particular applications and chemical components. This analysis demonstrates that
while a flow battery system is appropriate for battery chemistries with a low energy density (those that can only store a limited amount of energy for a given weight),
for high-energy density devices such as lithium-ion batteries, the extra complexity and components of a flow system would add unnecessary extra cost.
Almost immediately after publishing the earlier research on the flow battery, Chiang says, e realized that a better way to make use of this flowable electrode technology was to reinvent the lithium ion manufacturing process. nstead of the standard method of applying liquid coatings to a roll of backing material,
and then having to wait for that material to dry before it can move to the next manufacturing step,
the new process keeps the electrode material in a liquid state and requires no drying stage at all.
Using fewer thicker electrodes, the system reduces the conventional battery architecture number of distinct layers, as well as the amount of nonfunctional material in the structure, by 80 percent.
Having the electrode in the form of tiny suspended particles instead of consolidated slabs greatly reduces the path length for charged particles as they move through the material a property known as ortuosity.
A less tortuous path makes it possible to use thicker electrodes, which, in turn, simplifies production
and lowers cost. Bendable and foldablein addition to streamlining manufacturing enough to cut battery costs by half,
Chiang says, the new system produces a battery that is more flexible and resilient. While conventional lithium-ion batteries are composed of brittle electrodes that can crack under stress
the new formulation produces battery cells that can be bent, folded or even penetrated by bullets without failing.
This should improve both safety and durability, he says. The company has made so far about 10,000 batteries on its prototype assembly lines, most
of which are undergoing testing by three industrial partners, including an oil company in Thailand and Japanese heavy-equipment manufacturer IHI Corp. The process has received eight patents
and has 75 additional patents under review; 24m has raised $50 million in financing from venture capital firms and a U s. Department of energy grant.
The company is initially focusing on grid-scale installations, used to help smooth out power loads
and provide backup for renewable energy sources that produce intermittent output, such as wind and solar power. But Chiang says the technology is suited also well to applications where weight
and volume are limited, such as in electric vehicles. Another advantage of this approach, Chiang says, is that factories using the method can be scaled up by simply adding identical units.
With traditional lithium-ion production plants must be built at large scale from the beginning in order to keep down unit costs,
so they require much larger initial capital expenditures. By 2020, Chiang estimates that 24m will be able to produce batteries for less than $100 per kilowatt-hour of capacity.
Venkat Viswanathan, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Carnegie mellon University who was involved not in this work, says the analysis presented in the new paper ddresses a very important question of
when is it better to build a flow battery versus a static model. This paper will serve as a key tool for making design choices
and go-no go decisions. iswanathan adds that 24m new battery design ould do the same sort of disruption to lithium ion batteries manufacturing as
what mini-mills did integrated to the steel mills. n addition to Chiang, the Power Sources paper was authored co by graduate student Brandon Hopkins, mechanical engineering professor Alexander Slocum,
and Kyle Smith of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The work was supported by the U s. Department of energy Center for Energy storage Research,
based at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois n
#Alumnus throwable tactical camera gets commercial release Unseen areas are troublesome for police and first responders:
Rooms can harbor dangerous gunmen, while collapsed buildings can conceal survivors. Now Bounce Imaging, founded by an MIT alumnus, is giving officers and rescuers a safe glimpse into the unknown.
In July, the Boston-based startup will release its first line of tactical spheres, equipped with cameras and sensors,
that can be tossed into potentially hazardous areas to instantly transmit panoramic images of those areas back to a smartphone. t basically gives a quick assessment of a dangerous situation,
says Bounce Imaging CEO Francisco Aguilar MBA 2, who invented the device, called the Explorer.
Launched in 2012 with help from the MIT Venture Mentoring Service (VMS Bounce Imaging will deploy 100 Explorers to police departments nationwide, with aims of branching out to first responders and other clients in the near future.
The softball-sized Explorer is covered in a thick rubber shell. Inside is a camera with six lenses,
peeking out at different indented spots around the circumference, and LED LIGHTS. When activated, the camera snaps photos from all lenses, a few times every second.
Software uploads these disparate images to a mobile device and stitches them together rapidly into full panoramic images.
There are plans to add sensors for radiation, temperature and carbon monoxide in future models. For this first manufacturing run, the startup aims to gather feedback from police,
who operate in what Aguilar calls a eputation-heavy market. ou want to make sure you deliver well for your first customer,
so they recommend you to others, he says. Steered right through VMSOVER the years, media coverage has praised the Explorer,
including in Wired, the BBC, NBC, Popular Science, and Time hich named the device one of the best inventions of 2012.
Bounce Imaging also earned top prizes at the 2012 Masschallenge Competition and the 2013 MIT IDEAS Global Challenge.
Instrumental in Bounce Imaging early development however, was the VMS, which Aguilar turned to shortly after forming Bounce Imaging at the MIT Sloan School of management.
Classmate and U s army veteran David Young MBA 2 joined the project early to provide a perspective of an end-user. he VMS steered us right in many ways,
Aguilar says. hen you don know what youe doing, it good to have other people who are guiding you
a computer scientist who had founded co a few tech startups including Picturetel, directly out of graduate school, with the late MIT professor David Staelin before coming to VMS as a mentor in 2007.
Among other things, Bernstein says the VMS mentors helped Bounce Imaging navigate, for roughly two years,
recruiting a core team of engineers and establishing its first market instead of focusing on technical challenges. he particulars of the technology are usually not the primary areas of focus in VMS,
Aguilar conceived of the Explorer after the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as a student at both MIT Sloan and the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard university.
International search-and-rescue teams, he learned, could not easily find survivors trapped in the rubble,
and too expensive for wide use. started looking into low-cost, very simple technologies to pair with your smartphone,
so you wouldn need special training or equipment to look into these dangerous areas, Aguilar says.
Bounce Imaging started fielding numerous requests from police departments which became its target market. Months of rigorous testing with departments across New england led Bounce Imaging from a clunky prototype of the Explorer Medusa of cables
But they also learned key lessons about what police needed. Among the most important lessons, Aguilar says,
is that police are under so much pressure in potentially dangerous situations that they need something very easy to use. e had loaded the system up with all sorts of options and buttons and nifty things but really,
six-lensed camera that pulls raw images from its lenses simultaneously into one processor. This reduces complexity
The ball also serves as its own wireless hotspot, through Bounce Imaging network, that a mobile device uses to quickly grab those images ecause a burning building probably isn going to have Wi-fi,
but we still want to work with a first responder existing smartphone, Aguilar says. But the key innovation, Aguilar says,
is the image-stitching software, developed by engineers at the Costa rican Institute of technology. The software algorithms, Aguilar says,
vastly reduce computational load and work around noise and other image-quality problems. Because of this, it can stitch multiple images in a fraction of a second,
compared with about one minute through other methods. In fact after the Explorer release, Aguilar says Bounce Imaging may option its image-stitching technology for drones, video games, movies,
or smartphone technologies. ur main focus is making sure the Explorer works well in the market,
Aguilar says. nd then wee trying to see what exciting things we can do with the imaging processing,
which could vastly reduce computational requirements for a range of industries developing around immersive video. i
#Major step for implantable drug-delivery device An implantable, microchip-based device may soon replace the injections
and pills now needed to treat chronic diseases: Earlier this month, MIT spinout Microchips Biotech partnered with a pharmaceutical giant to commercialize its wirelessly controlled, implantable,
microchip-based devices that store and release drugs inside the body over many years. Invented by Microchips Biotech cofounders Michael Cima, the David H. Koch Professor of Engineering,
and Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor, the microchips consist of hundreds of pinhead-sized reservoirs,
each capped with a metal membrane, that store tiny doses of therapeutics or chemicals. An electric current delivered by the device removes the membrane,
releasing a single dose. The device can be programmed wirelessly to release individual doses for up to 16 years to treat
for example, diabetes, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and osteoporosis. Now Microchips Biotech will begin co-developing microchips with Teva Pharmaceutical, the world largest producer of generic drugs,
to treat specific diseases, with licensing potential for other products. Teva paid $35 million up front, with additional milestone payments as the device goes through clinical trials before it hits the shelves. bviously,
this is a huge validation of the technology, Cima says. major pharmaceutical company sees how this technology can further their efforts to help patients. part from providing convenience,
Microchips Biotech says these microchips could also improve medication-prescription adherence a surprisingly costly issue in the United states. A 2012 report published in the Annals of Internal medicine estimated that Americans who don stick to prescriptions rack up $100 billion to $289 billion
annually in unnecessary health care costs from additional hospital visits and other issues. Failure to follow prescriptions, the study also found, causes around 125,000 deaths annually and up to 10 percent of all hospitalizations.
While its first partnership is for treating chronic diseases, Microchips Biotech will continue work on its flagship product, a birth-control microchip, backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
that releases contraceptives and can be turned on and off wirelessly. Cima, who now serves on the Microchips Biotech board of directors with Langer,
sees this hormone-releasing microchip as one of the first implantable rtificial organsecause it acts as a gland. lot of the therapies are trying to chemically trick the endocrine systems Cima says. e are doing that with this artificial organ we created. ild ideasinspiration for the microchips came in the late 1990s,
when Langer watched a documentary on mass-producing microchips. thought to myself, ouldn this be a great way to make a drug-delivery system??
Langer says. He brought this idea to Cima, a chip-making expert who was taken aback by its novelty. ut being out-of-this-world is not something that needs to stop anybody at MIT,
Cima adds. n fact, that should be the criterion. o in 1999, Langer, Cima, and then-graduate student John Santini Phd 9 co-founded Microchips,
and invented a prototype for their microchip that was described in a paper published that year in Nature.
This entrepreneurial collaboration was the first of many for Cima and Langer over the next decade.
This dime-sized prototype contained only 34 reservoirs, each controlled by an individual wire connected to an external power source.
At the time, they considered a broad range of practical, and somewhat fantastical, applications beyond drug delivery, including disease diagnostics
and jewelry that could emit scents. e were trying to find the killer application. We thought,
have a hammer, what the right nail to hit??Cima says. For years, the technology underwent rigorous research and development at Microchips Biotech.
But in 2011, Langer and Cima, and researchers from Microchips, conducted the microchipsfirst human trials to treat osteoporosis this time with wireless capabilities.
In that study, published in a 2012 issue of Science Translational Medicine, microchips were implanted into seven elderly women,
delivering teriparatide to strengthen bones. Results indicated that the chips delivered doses comparable to injections and did so more consistently ith no adverse side effects.
After that, the Gates Foundation took interest. t wasn just a pie-in-the-sky idea anymore ee really treating patients
Cima says. hat really captures people imaginations. hat study, combined with ongoing efforts in contraceptive-delivery microchips,
led Cima to believe the microchips could someday, essentially, be considered the first artificial glands that could regulate potent hormones inside the body.
This may sound like a wild idea ut Cima doesn think so. Consider the thousands of people living today with pacemakers,
he says. acemakers are delivering an electrical signal, fixing the pace of a heart, or detecting if the heart is not beating correctly,
and trying to stimulate it, Cima says. The chip ends an endocrine or chemical signal
instead of an electrical signal. EMS innovationsmicrochips Biotech made several innovations in the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing process to ensure the microchips could be commercialized.
A major innovation was enabling final assembly of the microchips at room temperature with hermetic seals. Any intense heat during final assembly, with hermetic sealing, could destroy the drugs already loaded into the reservoirs
which meant common methods of welding and soldering were off-limits. To do so, Microchips Biotech modified a cold-welding ongue and grooveprocess.
This meant depositing a soft, gold alloy in patterns on the top of the chip to create tongues, and grooves on the base.
By pressing the top and base pieces together, the tongues fit into the grooves, and plastically deforms to weld the metal together. ach one of these reservoirs,
until you open it, must be sealed completely from any contaminant in the environment, Cima says. here was no precedent for that. he company has also found ways to integrate electronics into the microchips to shrink down the device.
Moving forward, Langer adds, the company could refine the microchips to be even smaller, yet carry the same volume of drugs. his means making the drugs take up more volume than the electrical and other components,
he says. hat the next major challenge. e
#Tiny wires could provide a big energy boost Wearable electronic devices for health and fitness monitoring are a rapidly growing area of consumer electronics;
one of their biggest limitations is the capacity of their tiny batteries to deliver enough power to transmit data.
Now, researchers at MIT and in Canada have found a promising new approach to delivering the short
but intense bursts of power needed by such small devices. The key is a new approach to making supercapacitors devices that can store
and release electrical power in such bursts, which are needed for brief transmissions of data from wearable devices such as heart-rate monitors, computers,
or smartphones, the researchers say. They may also be useful for other applications where high power is needed in small volumes
such as autonomous microrobots. The new approach uses yarns, made from nanowires of the element niobium,
as the electrodes in tiny supercapacitors (which are essentially pairs of electrically conducting fibers with an insulator between).
The concept is described in a paper in the journal ACS Applied materials and Interfaces by MIT professor of mechanical engineering Ian W. Hunter, doctoral student Seyed M. Mirvakili,
and three others at the University of British columbia. Nanotechnology researchers have been working to increase the performance of supercapacitors for the past decade.
Among nanomaterials, carbon-based nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and graphene have shown promising results, but they suffer from relatively low electrical conductivity,
Mirvakili says. In this new work, he and his colleagues have shown that desirable characteristics for such devices,
such as high power density, are not unique to carbon-based nanoparticles, and that niobium nanowire yarn is a promising an alternative. magine youe got some kind of wearable health-monitoring system,
Hunter says, nd it needs to broadcast data, for example using Wi-fi, over a long distance. At the moment, the coin-sized batteries used in many small electronic devices have limited very ability to deliver a lot of power at once,
which is what such data transmissions need. ong-distance Wi-fi requires a fair amount of power,
says Hunter, the George N. Hatsopoulos Professor in Thermodynamics in MIT Department of Mechanical engineering, ut it may not be needed for very long.
Small batteries are suited generally poorly for such power needs, he adds. e know it a problem experienced by a number of companies in the health-monitoring
or exercise-monitoring space. So an alternative is to go to a combination of a battery and a capacitor,
Hunter says: the battery for long-term, low-power functions, and the capacitor for short bursts of high power.
Such a combination should be able to either increase the range of the device, or perhaps more important in the marketplace to significantly reduce size requirements.
The new nanowire-based supercapacitor exceeds the performance of existing batteries, while occupying a very small volume. f youe got an Apple Watch and
I shave 30 percent off the mass, you may not even notice, Hunter says. ut if you reduce the volume by 30 percent,
that would be a big deal, he says: Consumers are very sensitive to the size of wearable devices.
The innovation is especially significant for small devices, Hunter says, because other energy storage technologies such as fuel cells, batteries,
and flywheels tend to be less efficient, or simply too complex to be reduced practical when to very small sizes. e are in a sweet spot,
he says, with a technology that can deliver big bursts of power from a very small device.
Ideally, Hunter says, it would be desirable to have a high volumetric power density (the amount of power stored in a given volume) and high volumetric energy density (the amount of energy in a given volume).
obody figured out how to do that, he says. However, with the new device, e have fairly high volumetric power density, medium energy density,
and a low cost, a combination that could be well suited for many applications. Niobium is a fairly abundant
and widely used material, Mirvakili says, so the whole system should be inexpensive and easy to produce. he fabrication cost is cheap,
he says. Other groups have made similar supercapacitors using carbon nanotubes or other materials, but the niobium yarns are stronger and 100 times more conductive.
Overall, niobium-based supercapacitors can store up to five times as much power in a given volume as carbon nanotube versions.
Niobium also has a very high melting point nearly 2 500 degrees Celsius so devices made from these nanowires could potentially be suitable for use in high-temperature applications.
In addition, the material is highly flexible and could be woven into fabrics, enabling wearable forms; individual niobium nanowires are just 140 nanometers in diameter 140 billionths of a meter across,
or about one-thousandth the width of a human hair. So far, the material has been produced only in lab-scale devices.
The next step, already under way, is to figure out how to design a practical, easily manufactured version,
the researchers say. he work is very significant in the development of smart fabrics and future wearable technologies, says Geoff Spinks, a professor of engineering at the University of Wollongong, in Australia,
who was associated not with this research. This paper he adds, onvincingly demonstrates the impressive performance of niobium-based fiber supercapacitors.
The team also included Phd student Mehr Negar Mirvakili and professors Peter Englezos and John Madden, all from the University of British columbia s
#Making clean, high-quality fuels from low-quality oil New findings released by MIT researchers could help energy companies implement a long-recognized process for converting heavy, high-sulfur crude oil into high-value,
cleaner fuels such as gasoline without using hydrogen a change that would reduce costs, energy use, and carbon dioxide emissions.
The process involves combining oil with water under such high pressures and temperatures that they mix together, molecule by molecule,
and chemically react. The researchers have produced the first detailed picture of the reactions that occur
and water to promote the desired reactions critical guidance for the design of commercial-scale reactors.
More than a third of the world energy needs are met using oil, and our reliance on that convenient, high-energy density resource will likely continue for decades to come, especially in the transportation sector.
But converting crude oil into lightweight, clean-burning, high-quality fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel is getting harder.
when refined, yields a higher fraction of lower-value products such as asphalt along with solid chunks of waste called coke.
because they interfere with pollution control systems in vehicles and contribute to acid rain and smog. Processes now used to upgrade
and desulfurize heavy crude oil are expensive and energy-intensive, and they require hydrogen, which companies typically produce from natural gas a high-cost process that consumes valuable gas resources
and releases high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2). o there a lot of interest in finding alternative processes for converting low-quality crude oil into valuable fuels with less residual coke and for removing the sulfur efficiently
and economically without using hydrogen, says Ahmed Ghoniem, the Ronald C. Crane('72) Professor of Mechanical engineering at MIT.
One approach calls for using water rather than natural gas as the source of the hydrogen molecules needed for key chemical reactions in the refining process.
Ghoniem and William Green, the Hoyt C. Hottel Professor of Chemical engineering at MIT, have been working to close gaps in the fundamental knowledge about the chemistry involved as SCW
Combining those new insights, the researchers are developing new computational tools to help guide energy companies that want to implement the new process. esting designs
Ghoniem says. ur goal is to provide computer models that companies can use to predict performance before they start building new equipment.
In both cases, they removed samples from their reactor vessel at regular intervals up to 30 minutes.
and SCW concentration, the researchers combined their experimental work with theoretical modeling and analysis. Based on those studies,
and how much energy is needed to start them. By knowing those nergy barriers, the researchers can determine the reaction rates under different operating conditions critical information for the overall model of the process.
Green says. nd our empirical data show that the new SCW method does make less coke than the conventional process,
Knowing what those conditions are inside a practical reactor is a parallel challenge. When oil is injected into flowing SCW,
and energy transfer between streams of fluids. But with supercritical fluids key parameters such as viscosity and density are in ranges not seen under normal (non-supercritical) conditions.
Nevertheless, the researchers were able to use powerful computers to accurately solve their CFD model,
The walls of the circular pipe are shown not. Initial interaction between the two streams causes the formation of two coherent swirls called vortices rotating structures in the fluids shown in the figure as gray tubes.
and the water is driven upward along the walls. In the first cross section, the interface layer between the oil
whereby carbon-carbon bonds are broken in the heaviest fractions, including asphalt. They are quantifying the different rates at
They are taking a closer look at inexpensive catalysts that can help encourage the breakdown of large hydrocarbons
This research was supported by Saudi Aramco, a founding member of the MIT Energy Initiative
#New study shows how nanoparticles can clean up environmental pollutants Many human-made pollutants in the environment resist degradation through natural processes,
and disrupt hormonal and other systems in mammals and other animals. Removing these toxic materials
which include pesticides and endocrine disruptors such as bisphenol A (BPA) with existing methods is often expensive and time-consuming.
In a new paper published this week in Nature Communications, researchers from MIT and the Federal University of Goiás in Brazil demonstrate a novel method for using nanoparticles
and ultraviolet (UV LIGHT to quickly isolate and extract a variety of contaminants from soil and water.
the two lead authors, are former postdocs in the laboratory of Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor at MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research.
Eliana Martins Lima, of the Federal University of Goiás, is the other co-author. Both Brandl and Bertrand are trained as pharmacists,
They initially sought to develop nanoparticles that could be used to deliver drugs to cancer cells. Brandl had synthesized previously polymers that could be cleaved apart by exposure to UV LIGHT.
But he and Bertrand came to question their suitability for drug delivery, since UV LIGHT can be damaging to tissue and cells,
Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV LIGHT. trap for ater-fearingpollutionthe researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol,
and approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a food additive, and polylactic acid, a biodegradable plastic used in compostable cups and glassware.
Nanoparticles made from these polymers have a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. Due to molecular-scale forces
in a solution hydrophobic pollutant molecules move toward the hydrophobic nanoparticles, and adsorb onto their surface,
where they effectively become rapped. This same phenomenon is at work when spaghetti sauce stains the surface of plastic containers,
In that case, both the plastic and the oil-based sauce are hydrophobic and interact together.
If left alone, these nanomaterials would remain suspended and dispersed evenly in water. But when exposed to UV LIGHT,
and now nrichedby the pollutants they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation,
hormone-disrupting chemicals used to soften plastics, from wastewater; BPA, another endocrine-disrupting synthetic compound widely used in plastic bottles and other resinous consumer goods, from thermal printing paper samples;
and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic compounds formed from incomplete combustion of fuels, from contaminated soil. The process is irreversible
and the polymers are biodegradable, minimizing the risks of leaving toxic secondary products to persist in,
say, a body of water. nce they switch to this macro situation where theye big clumps, Bertrand says,
according to the researchers, was confirming that small molecules do indeed adsorb passively onto the surface of nanoparticles. o the best of our knowledge,
it is the first time that the interactions of small molecules with preformed nanoparticles can be measured directly,
from environmental remediation to medical analysis. The polymers are synthesized at room temperature, and don need to be prepared specially to target specific compounds;
and molecules. he interactions we exploit to remove the pollutants are nonspecific, Brandl says. e can remove hormones, BPA,
and pesticides that are all present in the same sample, and we can do this in one step. nd the nanoparticleshigh surface-area-to-volume ratio means that only a small amount is needed to remove a relatively large quantity of pollutants.
The technique could thus offer potential for the cost-effective cleanup of contaminated water and soil on a wider scale. rom the applied perspective,
we showed in a system that the adsorption of small molecules on the surface of the nanoparticles can be used for extraction of any kind,
Bertrand says. t opens the door for many other applications down the line. his approach could possibly be developed further,
banned for use as a pesticide in the U s . since 1972 but still widely used in other parts of the world,
as another example of a persistent pollutant that could potentially be remediated using these nanomaterials. nd for analytical applications where you don need as much volume to purify or concentrate,
offering the example of a cheap testing kit for urine analysis of medical patients. The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,
high-precision tools developed for the pharmaceutical industry, and now look at the use of these technologies in broader terms,
says Frank Gu, an assistant professor of chemical engineering at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and an expert in nanoengineering for health care and medical applications. hen you think about field deployment,
that far down the road, but this paper offers a really exciting opportunity to crack a problem that is persistently present,
who was involved not in the research. f you take the normal conventional civil engineering or chemical engineering approach to treating it, it just won touch it.
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