#Making the new silicon An exotic material called gallium nitride (Gan) is poised to become the next semiconductor for power electronics,
In 2013, the Department of energy (DOE) dedicated approximately half of a $140 million research institute for power electronics to Gan research,
citing its potential to reduce worldwide energy consumption. Now MIT spinout Cambridge Electronics Inc. CEI) has announced a line of Gan transistors and power electronic circuits that promise to cut energy usage in data centers, electric cars,
and consumer devices by 10 to 20 percent worldwide by 2025. Power electronics is a ubiquitous technology used to convert electricity to higher or lower voltages and different currents such as in a laptop power adapter
or in electric substations that convert voltages and distribute electricity to consumers. Many of these power-electronics systems rely on silicon transistors that switch on
and off to regulate voltage but, due to speed and resistance constraints, waste energy as heat. CEI Gan transistors have at least one-tenth the resistance of such silicon-based transistors, according to the company.
This allows for much higher energy-efficiency, and orders-of-magnitude faster switching frequency meaning power-electronics systems with these components can be made much smaller.
CEI is using its transistors to enable power electronics that will make data centers less energy-intensive
electric cars cheaper and more powerful, and laptop power adapters one-third the size or even small enough to fit inside the computer itself. his is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to change electronics
and to really make an impact on how energy is used in the world, says CEI cofounder Tomás Palacios,
an MIT associate professor of electrical engineering and computer science who co-invented the technology. Other cofounders and co-inventors are Anantha Chandrakasan, the Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor in Electrical engineering, now chair of CEI technical advisory board;
alumnus Bin Lu SM 7, Phd 3, CEI vice president for device development; Ling Xia Phd2, CEI director of operations;
Mohamed Azize, CEI director of epitaxy; and Omair Saadat Phd 4, CEI director of product reliability.
Making Gan feasible While Gan transistors have several benefits over silicon, safety drawbacks and expensive manufacturing methods have kept largely them off the market.
But Palacios, Lu, Saadat, and other MIT researchers managed to overcome these issues through design innovations made in the late 2000s.
Power transistors are designed to flow high currents when on, and to block high voltages when off.
Should the circuit break or fail, the transistors must default to the ffposition to cut the current to avoid short circuits and other issues an important feature of silicon power transistors.
But Gan transistors are typically ormally onmeaning by default, theyl always allow a flow of current,
which has historically been difficult to correct. Using resources in MIT Microsystems Technology Laboratory, the researchers supported by Department of defense
and DOE grants developed Gan transistors that were ormally offby modifying the structure of the material.
To make traditional Gan transistors, scientists grow a thin layer of Gan on top of a substrate.
The MIT researchers layered different materials with disparate compositions in their Gan transistors. Finding the precise mix allowed a new kind of Gan transistors that go to the off position by default. e always talk about Gan as gallium and nitrogen
but you can modify the basic Gan material, add impurities and other elements, to change its properties,
Palacios says. But Gan and other nonsilicon semiconductors are manufactured also in special processes, which are expensive.
To drop costs, the MIT researchers at the Institute and, later, with the company developed new fabrication technologies,
This involved, among other things, switching out gold metals used in manufacturing Gan devices for metals that were compatible with silicon fabrication,
we are fabricating our advanced Gan transistors and circuits in conventional silicon foundries, at the cost of silicon.
Major applications CEI is currently using its advanced transistors to develop laptop power adaptors that are approximately 1. 5 cubic inches in volume the smallest ever made.
Among the other feasible applications for the transistors, Palacios says, is better power electronics for data centers run by Google, Amazon, Facebook,
and other companies, to power the cloud. Currently, these data centers eat up about 2 percent of electricity in the United states. But Gan-based power electronics
Palacios says, could save a very significant fraction of that. Another major future application, Palacios adds,
will be replacing the silicon-based power electronics in electric cars. These are in the chargers that charge the battery,
and the inverters that convert the battery power to drive the electric motors. The silicon transistors used today have constrained a power capability that limits how much power the car can handle.
This is one of the main reasons why there are few large electric vehicles. Gan-based power electronics, on the other hand, could boost power output for electric cars
while making them more energy-efficient and lighter and, therefore, cheaper and capable of driving longer distances. lectric vehicles are popular,
but still a niche product. Gan power electronics will be key to make them mainstream, Palacios says.
Innovative ideas In launching CEI, the MIT founders turned to the Institute entrepreneurial programs, which contributed to the startup progress.
IT's innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystem has been key to get things moving and to the point where we are now,
Palacios says. Palacios first earned a grant from the Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation to launch CEI.
he took his idea for Gan-based power electronics to Innovation Teams (i-Teams), which brings together MIT students from across disciplines to evaluate the commercial feasibility of new technologies.
That program, he says, showed him the huge market pull for Gan power electronics, and helped CEI settle on its first products. any times, it the other way around:
You come out with an amazing technology looking for an application. In this case, thanks to i-Teams, we found there were many applications looking for this technology,
a workshop hosted by the Department of Electrical engineering and Computer science, where entrepreneurial engineering students are guided through the startup process with group discussions and talks from seasoned entrepreneurs.
Among other things, Lu gained perspective on dividing equity, funding, building a team, and other early startup challenges. t a great class for a student who has an idea,
but doesn know exactly what going on in business, Lu says. t kind of an overview of what the process is going to be like,
so when you start your own company you are ready. t
#Sensor Sunday: Doggie Wearables Monitoring Shoppers and Catching TV While You Doze off In the past two years there been a boom in talk around the Internet of things and Wearables.
People are putting more sensors into cities, into their homes and onto themselves. Interest in the quantified self and home automation are on the rise.
Scientists are coming up with more efficient ways to monitor health and climate. A lot of talk has gone into the sensors in cameras that enable quicker focusing and better colours.
The proliferation of fingerprint sensors is expected to rise with companies like Samsung Apple and Mastercard adopting the technology.
Biometric sensors are getting smaller and the ease with which data can be analyzed and shared is improving.
Already, much of the world interacts with sensors on a daily, if not hourly, basis. Gartner released their predictions on where sensor technology is headed.
They predicted that y 2017,30 percent of smart wearables will be inconspicuous to the eyeand y 2016,
biometric sensors will be featured in 40 percent of smartphones shipped to end users With the way technology is developing and the increasing consumer demand,
these seem like reasonable numbers, but who knows what sorts of smart devices may be flying under the radar,
ready to take over. In this series that was launched a few months ago, wee looked at new sensor technology
and new ways that sensors are being used. More news comes in every week. Wel keep it coming into the new year,
but here the last roundup for 2014. Looking at Shoppers in a New Way Looking at Shoppers in a New Way This year,
a technology known as Bliptrack was used by Denmark Aalborg City Business Association to analyze the impact of large-scale events,
in this case Christmas Shopping. The technology uses mobile phones and tablets to collect data on where people are and how theye moving.
This kind of data can be used to ease the flow of urban traffic and optimize retail setups.
via Gizmag) Wearables for Your Dog Wearables for you Dog The Voyce collar (Photo credit: Voyce) Earlier this year, the news of researchers at Georgia Institute of technology working on a vest that would allow better communicate between dogs
but providing longitudinal data on the dog health. The data from the sensors can show
if the dog is under unusual stress or if a chronic health condition may be worsening.
via PC WORLD) Attach your 5v Devices to the Raspberry Pi Doug Gilliland announced that he be launching another Kickstarter campaign for his Raspberry Pi connection card that would enable the addition of external 5v devices (like Phidgets.
via Geeky Gadgets) Kipstr Will Catch the TV you Can Stay Awake For Kipstr Will Catch the TV you Can't Stay Awake For The Kipstr being worn to check if youe fallen asleep (Photo credit:
Mark Waugh) Two teenagers from Manchester have developed a 3d printed wristband with embedded sensors that can detect
The pair of keen high-school students have partnered with Virgin Media to develop the device and theye just announced that the Kipstr is ready for trials.
while theye watching TV. via 3d Print t
#Researchers use oxides to flip graphene conductivity Graphene a one-atom thick lattice of carbon atoms is touted often as a revolutionary material that will take the place of silicon at the heart of electronics.
The unmatched speed at which it can move electrons plus its essentially two-dimensional form factor make it an attractive alternative
A team of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania; University of California Berkeley; and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign has made inroads in solving one such hurdle.
By demonstrating a new way to change the amount of electrons that reside in a given region within a piece of graphene they have a proof-of-principle in making the fundamental building blocks of semiconductor devices using the 2-D material.
Moreover their method enables this value to be tuned through the application of an electric field meaning graphene circuit elements made in this way could one day be rewired dynamically without physically altering the device.
The study was a collaboration between the groups of Andrew Rappe at Penn Lane Martin at UC Berkeley
and Moonsub Shim at Illinois. It was published in the journal Nature Communications. Silicon is used for making circuit elements
and n-type semiconductors silicon that has either more positive or more negative charge carriers. The junctions between p-and n-type semiconductors are the building blocks of electronic devices.
Put together in sequence these p-n junctions form transistors which can in turn be combined into integrated circuits microchips and processors.
Chemically doping graphene to achieve p -and n-type version of the material is possible but it means sacrificing some of its unique electrical properties.
but manufacturing and placing the necessary electrodes negates the advantages graphene's form factor provides.
Applying an electric field pulse can change the sign of the surface charges. That's an unstable situation Rappe said in that the positively charged surface will want to accumulate negative charges and vice versa.
Now if the oxide surface says'I wish I had more negative charge'instead of the oxide gathering ions from the environment
what p-n junctions and complementary circuitry has done for the current state-of-the-art semiconductor electronics. What's even more exciting are the enabling of optoelectronics using graphene
and the possibility of waveguiding lensing and periodically manipulating electrons confined in an atomically thin material.
Their experiments also involved adding a single gate to the device which allowed for its overall carrier density to be tuned further by the application of different voltages.
You could come along with a tip that produces a certain electric field and just by putting it near the oxide you could change its polarity Martin said.
This ability would represent an advantage over chemically doped semiconductors. Once the atomic impurities are mixed into the material to change its carrier density they can't be removed.
Now a team of physicists at the University of California Riverside has found an ingenious way to induce magnetism in graphene while also preserving graphene's electronic properties.
They have accomplished this by bringing a graphene sheet very close to a magnetic insulator-an electrical insulator with magnetic properties.
This is the first time that graphene has been made magnetic this way said Jing Shi a professor of physics
These properties can lead to new electronic devices that are more robust and multifunctional. The finding has the potential to increase graphene's use in computers as in computer chips that use electronic spin to store data.
Study results appeared online earlier this month in Physical Review Letters. The magnetic insulator Shi and his team used was yttrium iron garnet grown by laser molecular beam epitaxy in his lab. The researchers placed a single-layer graphene sheet on an atomically smooth layer of yttrium iron garnet.
They found that yttrium iron garnet magnetized the graphene sheet. In other words graphene simply borrows the magnetic properties from yttrium iron garnet.
Magnetic substances like iron tend to interfere with graphene's electrical conduction. The researchers avoided those substances
and chose yttrium iron garnet because they knew it worked as an electric insulator which meant that it would not disrupt graphene's electrical transport properties.
By not doping the graphene sheet but simply placing it on the layer of yttrium iron garnet they ensured that graphene's excellent electrical transport properties remained unchanged.
In their experiments Shi and his team exposed the graphene to an external magnetic field. They found that graphene's Hall voltage-a voltage in the perpendicular direction to the current flow-depended linearly on the magnetization of yttrium iron garnet (a phenomenon known as the anomalous Hall effect seen in magnetic materials like iron and cobalt.
This confirmed that their graphene sheet had turned magnetic. Explore further: Researchers find magnetic state of atoms on graphene sheet impacted by substrate it's grown on More information:
Physical Review Letters journals. aps. org/prl/abstract/#ysrevlett. 114.01660 6
#The latest fashion: Graphene edges can be tailor-made Theoretical physicists at Rice university are living on the edge as they study the astounding properties of graphene.
In a new study, they figure out how researchers can fracture graphene nanoribbons to get the edges they need for applications.
which the nanoribbons are pulled apart. The way atoms line up along the edge of a ribbon of graphenehe atom-thick form of carbonontrols
but semiconductors allow a measure of control over those electrons. Since modern electronics are all about control,
semiconducting graphene (and semiconducting two-dimensional materials in general) are of great interest to scientists and industry working to shrink electronics for applications.
In the work, which appeared this month in the Royal Society of Chemistry journal Nanoscale,
the Rice team used sophisticated computer modeling to show it's possible to rip nanoribbons
and get graphene with either pristine zigzag edges or what are called reconstructed zigzags. Perfect graphene looks like chicken wire,
with each six-atom unit forming a hexagon. The edges of pristine zigzags look like this://Turning the hexagons 30 degrees makes the edges"armchairs"
Making graphene-based nano devices by mechanical fracture sounds attractive, but it wouldn't make sense until we know how to get the right types of edgesnd now we do said
Ziang Zhang, a Rice graduate student and the paper's lead author. Yakobson, Zhang and Rice postdoctoral researcher Alex Kutana used density functional theory, a computational method to analyze the energetic input of every atom in a model system,
#New technique helps probe performance of organic solar cell materials A research team led by North carolina State university has developed a new technique for determining the role that a material's structure has on the efficiency of organic solar cells
The researchers have used the technique to determine that materials with a highly organized structure at the nanoscale are not more efficient at creating free electrons than poorly organized structures#a finding
There have been a lot of studies looking at the efficiency of organic solar cells but the energy conversion process involves multiple steps
#and it's difficult to isolate the efficiency of each step says Dr. Brendan O'connor an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at NC State and senior author of a paper on the work.
The technique we discuss in our new paper allows us to untangle those variables and focus on one specific step#exciton dissociation efficiency.
Broadly speaking organic solar cells convert light into electric current in four steps. First the cell absorbs sunlight which excites electrons in the active layer of the cell.
Each excited electron leaves behind a hole in the active layer. The electron and hole is called collectively an exciton.
In the second step called diffusion the exciton hops around until it encounters an interface with another organic material in the active layer.
In previous organic solar cell research there was ambiguity about whether differences in efficiency were due to dissociation or charge collection#because there was no clear method for distinguishing between the two.
so that it runs parallel to the long axis of organic solar cell molecules it will be absorbed; but if the light runs perpendicular to the molecules it passes right through it.
The researchers created highly organized nanostructures within a portion of the active layer of an organic solar cell meaning that the molecules in that portion all ran the same way.
or just the disorganized section#even though they were on the same active layer of the same solar cell.
and it tells us that we don't need highly ordered nanostructures for efficient free electron generation.
and nanostructure features are needed to advance organic solar cell technology. Explore further: Hybrid materials could smash the solar efficiency ceiling More information:
Awartani O. Kudenov M. W. Kline R. J. and O'connor B. T. 2015) In-Plane Alignment in Organic solar cells to Probe the Morphological Dependence of Charge Recombination.
#Researchers generate tiny images that contain over 300 colors A scheme for greatly increasing the number of colors that can be produced by arrays of tiny aluminum nanodisks has been demonstrated by A*STAR scientists.
Conventional pigments produce colors by selectively absorbing light of different wavelengths#for example red ink appears red
A similar effect can be realized at a much smaller scale by using arrays of metallic nanostructures since light of certain wavelengths excites collective oscillations of free electrons known as plasmon resonances in such structures.
An advantage of using metal nanostructures rather than inks is that it is possible to enhance the resolution of color images by a hundred fold.
This enhanced resolution at the diffraction limit of light is critical for data storage digital imaging and security applications.
Joel Yang and Shawn Tan at the A*STAR Institute of Materials Research and Engineering and co-workers used an electron beam to form arrays of approximately 100-nanometer-tall pillars.
In these arrays each pixel was an 800-nanometer-long square containing four aluminum nanodisks.
The plasmon resonance wavelength varies sensitively with the dimensions of the nanostructures. Consequently by varying the diameter of the four aluminum nanodisks in a pixel (all four nanodisks having the same diameter) the scientists were able to produce about 15 distinct colors#a good start
but hardly enough to faithfully reproduce full-color images. By allowing two pairs of diametrically opposite nanodisks to have different diameters from each other then varying the two diameters enabled them to increase this number to over 100.
Finally they generated over 300 colors by varying both the nanodisk diameter (but keeping all four diameters within a pixel the same) and the spacing between adjacent nanodisks in a pixel (see image).
This method is analogous to half-toning used in ink-based printing and results in a broad color gamut comments Yang.
The researchers demonstrated the effectiveness of their extended palette using a Monet painting. They reproduced the image using both a limited and extended palette with a much better color reproduction from the extended palette.
Amazingly they shrank the image from 80 centimeters to a mere 300 micrometers#a 2600-fold reduction in size.
The use of a more cost-effective metal has the potential to move this technology closer to adoption Tan notes.
Researchers use aluminum nanostructures for photorealistic printing of plasmonic color palettes More information: Tan S. J. Zhang L. Zhu D. Goh X. M. Wang Y. M. et al.
Plasmonic color palettes for photorealistic printing with aluminum nanostructures. Nano Letters 14 4023#4029 (2014.
#One nanoparticle six types of medical imaging It's technology so advanced that the machine capable of using it doesn't yet exist.
Using two biocompatible parts, University at Buffalo researchers and their colleagues have designed a nanoparticle that can be detected by six medical imaging techniques:
computed tomography (CT) scanning; positron emission tomography (PET) scanning; photoacoustic imaging; fluorescence imaging; upconversion imaging; and Cerenkov luminescence imaging.
In the future, patients could receive a single injection of the nanoparticles to have all six types of imaging done.
This kind of"hypermodal"imagingf it came to fruitionould give doctors a much clearer picture of patients'organs
and tissues than a single method alone could provide. It could help medical professionals diagnose disease
and identify the boundaries of tumors.""This nanoparticle may open the door for new'hypermodal'imaging systems that allow a lot of new information to be obtained using just one contrast agent,
"says researcher Jonathan Lovell, Phd, UB assistant professor of biomedical engineering.""Once such systems are developed, a patient could theoretically go in for one scan with one machine instead of multiple scans with multiple machines."
"When Lovell and colleagues used the nanoparticles to examine the lymph nodes of mice, they found that CT
and PET scans provided the deepest tissue penetration, while the photoacoustic imaging showed blood vessel details that the first two techniques missed.
One nanoparticle, 6 types of medical imaging This transmission electron microscopy image shows the nanoparticles, which consist of a core that glows blue
when struck by near-infrared light, and an outer fabric of porphyrin-phospholipids (Pop) that wraps around the core.
Credit: Jonathan Lovell Differences like these mean doctors can get a much clearer picture of
what's happening inside the body by merging the results of multiple modalities. A machine capable of performing all six imaging techniques at once has not yet been invented, to Lovell's knowledge,
but he and his coauthors hope that discoveries like theirs will spur development of such technology.
The research, Hexamodal Imaging with Porphyrin-Phospholipid-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles, was published online Jan 14 in the journal Advanced Materials.
It was led by Lovell; Paras Prasad, Phd, executive director of UB's Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics (ILPB;
and Guanying Chen, Phd, a researcher at ILPB and Harbin Institute of technology in China. The team also included additionanl collaborators from these institutions,
as well as the University of Wisconsin and POSTECH in South korea. The researchers designed the nanoparticles from two components:
An"upconversion"core that glows blue when struck by near-infrared light, and an outer fabric of porphyrin-phospholipids (Pop) that wraps around the core.
Each part has unique characteristics that make it ideal for certain types of imaging. The core, initially designed for upconversion imaging,
is made from sodium, ytterbium, fluorine, yttrium and thulium. The ytterbium is dense in electrons property that facilitates detection by CT SCANS.
The Pop wrapper has biophotonic qualities that make it a great match for fluorescence and photoacoustic imagining.
The Pop layer also is adept at attracting copper, which is used in PET and Cerenkov luminescence imaging."
"Combining these two biocompatible components into a single nanoparticle could give tomorrow's doctors a powerful,
new tool for medical imaging,"says Prasad, also a SUNY Distinguished Professor of chemistry, physics, medicine and electrical engineering at UB."
whether the nanoparticle is safe to use for such purposes, but it does not contain toxic metals such as cadmium that are known to pose potential risks
and found in some other nanoparticles.""""Another advantage of this core/shell imaging contrast agent is that it could enable biomedical imaging at multiple scales, from single-molecule to cell imaging,
as well as from vascular and organ imaging to whole-body bioimaging, "Chen adds.""These broad, potential capabilities are due to a plurality of optical,
photoacoustic and radionuclide imaging abilities that the agent possesses.""Lovell says the next step in the research is to explore additional uses for the technology.
This would enable doctors to better see where tumors begin and end, Lovell says. Explore further:
Advanced Materials search and more info website Provided by University at Buffalo search and more info websit
#High-resolution patterns of quantum dots with e-jet printing A team of 17 materials science and engineering researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana#Champaign and Erciyes University in Turkey have authored High-resolution Patterns of Quantum dots
Are formed by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Light-emitting diodes. Their paper was published in Nano Letters an ACS journal.
and operating conditions that allow for high-resolution printing of layers of quantum dots with precise control over thickness and submicron lateral resolution and capabilities for use as active layers of QD light-emitting diodes.
and nanoscale lateral dimensions represent two critical capabilities for advanced applications. The thickness can be controlled through a combination of printing parameters including the size of the nozzle the stage speed ink composition and voltage bias.
Their work on high-resolution patterns of quantum dots is of interest as it shows that advanced techniques in e-jet printing offer powerful capabilities in patterning quantum dot materials from solution inks over large areas.
E-jet printing refers to a technique called electrohydrodynamic jet described as a micro/nanomanufacturing process that uses an electric field to induce fluid jet printing through micro/nanoscale nozzles.
Katherine Bourzac in Chemical & Engineering News wrote about this technique and the research interests of John Rogers co-author of the paper and a materials scientist at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
The resolution of conventional ink jet-printers printers is limited. For the past seven years she said Rogers has been developing the electrohydrodynamic jet printing method.
This kind of printer works by pulling ink droplets out of the nozzle rather than pushing them allowing for smaller droplets.
An electric field at the nozzle opening causes ions to form on the meniscus of the ink droplet.
The electric field pulls the ions forward deforming the droplet into a conical shape. Then a tiny droplet shears off and lands on the printing surface.
A computer program controls the printer by directing the movement of the substrate and varying the voltage at the nozzle to print a given pattern.
Dot line square and complex images as QD patterns are possible the researchers said with tunable dimensions and thickness.
They wrote that these arrays as well as those constructed with multiple different QD materials directly patterned/stacked by e-jet printing can be utilized as photoluminescent and electroluminescent layers.
What does their work mean for consumers? As for TV technology nearly every TV manufacturer at CES this year remarked Geoffrey Morrison in CNET said quantum dots helped deliver better more lifelike color.
Writing in IEEE Spectrum on Monday Prachi Patel similarly made note that Quantum dots (QDS) are light-emitting semiconductor nanocrystals that used in light-emitting diodes (LEDS) hold the promise of brighter faster displays.
In the IEEE story headlined High-resolution Printing of Quantum dots For Vibrant Inexpensive Displays Patel said these researchers repurposed a printing method which they devised for other applications.
Patel wrote: When used with'QD ink'it can create lines and spots that are just 0. 25 micrometers wide.
They made arrays and complex patterns of QDS in multiple colors and could even print QDS on top of others of a different color.
They sandwiched these patterns between electrodes to make bright QD LEDS. Patel also reported on the team's future efforts.
They are working on arrays of multiple nozzles. Inkjet printers usually have a few hundred nozzles said Patel.
The difficulty with the e-jet printing method is that the electric field at one nozzle affects the fields of neighboring nozzles.
They are trying to figure out how to isolate nozzles in order to eliminate that crosstalk. Explore further:
Princeton team explores 3d printed quantum dot LEDS More information: High-resolution Patterns of Quantum dots Formed by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Light-emitting diodes Nano Lett.
Article ASAP. DOI: 10.1021/nl503779eabstracthere we demonstrate materials and operating conditions that allow for high-resolution printing of layers of quantum dots (QDS) with precise control over thickness and submicron lateral resolution and capabilities for use as active layers of QD light-emitting diodes (LEDS).
The shapes and thicknesses of the QD patterns exhibit systematic dependence on the dimensions of the printing nozzle and the ink composition in ways that allow nearly arbitrary systematic control when exploited in a fully automated printing tool.
Homogeneous arrays of patterns of QDS serve as the basis for corresponding arrays of QD LEDS that exhibit excellent performance.
Sequential printing of different types of QDS in a multilayer stack or in an interdigitated geometry provides strategies for continuous tuning of the effective overall emission wavelengths of the resulting QD LEDS.
This strategy is useful to efficient additive use of QDS for wide ranging types of electronic and optoelectronic devices c
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