#Crystal structure and magnetism--new insight into the fundamentals of solid state physics: HZB team decodes relationship between magnetic interactions and the distortions in crystal structure within a geometrically'frustrated'spinel system Abstract:
A team at HZB has carried out the first detailed study of how magnetic and geometric ordering mutually influence one another in crystalline samples of spinel.
To achieve this, the group synthesized a series of mixed crystals with the chemical formula Ni1-xcuxcr2o4 in
which the element nickel was replaced successively by copper. They discovered through neutron scattering experiments at BER II not only how the crystal structure changes,
but also uncovered new magnetic phases. The results were published in Physical Review B. Spinels consist of densely packed,
highly symmetrical planes of oxygen atoms (somewhat like a densely packed box of marbles) where different metallic elements are lodged in the spaces between them.
A great many different types of compounds arise as a result that are employed in extractive industries
and as heat-resistant and magnetic materials. The embedded metal ions in the Ni1-xcuxcr2o4 spinel system cause a distortion of the crystal structure.
In addition, they also display magnetic moments due to the geometrical structure that cannot be oriented as they otherwise would be.
As a result, spectacular new temperature-dependent ordering arises. The HZB team has analysed now comprehensively the chromium-spinel system
and have explained the complex phase diagram at a fundamental level for the first time. Preparing a series of samples
In order to prepare high-purity specimens with exact proportions of nickel and copper, Michael Tovar first had to considerably improve the preparation technique.
The series begins with samples of pure nickel-chromium spinel (x=0; a green powder) and continues with increasing proportions of copper.
The exciting thing about this series of mixed crystals is that nickel or copper atoms sit at
what are referred to as tetragonal sites of the crystal structure. Due to their different configurations of electrons, these tetrahedra become elongated along the crystallographic c-axis for nickel,
The distortion of the crystal structure can thus be controlled, which in turn has an effect on the magnetic ordering.
Phase diagramm between 2 and 900 Kelvin Using neutron scattering experiments at the BER II research reactor,
Manfred Reehuis and Michael Tovar were successful in determining the structural and magnetic properties for each of the mixed crystal specimens over quite a wide temperature range,
This shows that the crystal structure is cubic (three right angles three equal edges) at high temperatures, since the kinetic energy of the atoms still suppresses the Jahn-Teller effect
and magnetic ordering cannot become established. As the temperature declines, the Jahn-Teller effect comes to the fore and causes a reduction of the crystal symmetry initially to tetragonal (three right angles, two equal edges),
which lies far below room temperature for pure nickel-spinel as well as for copper-spinel.""We were able for the first time to determine the magnetic characteristics exactly
and thereby prove there is a relationship between the conditions for magnetic ordering and the crystal structures.
Peninsula of orthorhombic state At a mixture ratio of 85%nickel and 15%copper, the spinel system displays a kind of narrow peninsula of orthorhombic state in the phase diagram where the observed Anm
especially when they are in a geometrical system like a crystal, rather than in isolation",says Michael Tovar v
and record the complex 3-D magnetization in wound magnetic layers. This technique could be important in the development of devices that are highly sensitive to magnetic fields,
such as in medical diagnostics for example. Their results are published now in Nature Communications. 3d structures in materials
and biological samples can be investigated today using X-ray tomography. This is done by recording images layer-by-layer
and assembling them on a computer into a three-dimensional mapping. But so far there has been no comparable technique for imaging 3d magnetic structures on nm length scales.
Now teams from HZB and the Institut fr Festkrperphysik/Technische Universitt Dresden in collaboration with research partners from institutions in California (1) have developed a technique with
the physicists were successful in reconstructing the magnetic features on the computer in three dimensions."
"These samples displayed structures not smaller than 75 nanometres. But with this method we should be able to see even smaller structures
and obtain a resolution of 20 nanometres, "explains Florian Kronast. However, so far only electron holography could be considered for mapping magnetic domains of three-dimensional objects at the nanometre scale.
This required very complicated sample preparation and the magnetisation could only be determined indirectly through the resulting distribution of the magnetic field."
"Our process enables you to map the magnetisation in directly in 3d. Knowledge of the magnetisation is prerequisite for improving the sensitivity of magnetic field detectors."
"Sensors for weak magnetic fieldsthe new method could be of interest to anyone involved with extremely small magnetic features within small volumes,
such as those developing more sensitive devices for medical imaging, for example. Procedures like magnetoencephalography depend on externally detecting very weak magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of individual nerve cells-using appropriately sensitive detector r
#Sensor technology can improve accuracy of prostate cancer diagnosis, research shows Abstract: New research has shown how a smart sensor chip,
able to pick up on subtle differences in glycoprotein molecules, can improve the accuracy and efficiency of prostate cancer diagnosis. Researchers at the University of Birmingham believe that the novel technology will help improve the process of early stage diagnosis. Glycoprotein molecules,
proteins that are covalently bound to one or more carbohydrate chains, perform a wide range of functions in cell surfaces, structural tissues and blood.
Because of their essential role in our immune response, they are useful clinical biomarkers for detecting prostate cancer and other diseases.
The team of chemical engineers and chemists created a sensor chip with synthetic receptors along a 2d surface to identify specific,
targeted glycoprotein molecules that are differentiated by their modified carbohydrate chains. In doing so, they developed a more accurate and efficient way of diagnosing prostate cancer than the current tests
which rely heavily on antibodies. These antibodies are expensive to produce, subject to degeneration when exposed to environmental changes (such as high temperatures
or UV LIGHT) and more importantly, have a high rate of false-positive readings. Professor Paula Mendes said,
"There are two key benefits here. Crucially for the patient, it gives a much more accurate reading
and reduces the number of false positive results. Furthermore our technology is simple to produce and store,
so could feasibly be kept on the shelf of a doctors'surgery anywhere in the world.
It can also be recycled for multiple uses without losing accuracy.""Most previous research on detecting glycoproteins centered on the protein of the molecule.
Problematically for diagnosis, the protein part of glycoproteins does not always change if the body is diseased.
The findings, published in the journal Chemical science, show how the rate of false readings that come with antibody based diagnosis can be reduced by the smart technology that focuses on the carbohydrate part of the molecule.
The complex sugar structure in glycoprotein can be subtly different between samples from healthy and diseased patients.
the team wanted to identify the presence of disease by detecting a particular glycoprotein which has specific sugars in a specific location in the molecule.
Professor Mendes added""Biomarkers such as glycoproteins are essential in diagnostics as they do not rely on symptoms perceived by the patient,
which can be ambiguous or may not appear immediately. However, the changes in the biomarkers can be incredibly small and specific
and so we need technology that can discriminate between these subtle differences-where antibodies are not able to."
"To engineering the sensor chip, the team developed a smart surface with nanocavities that fit the particular target glycoprotein.
To create the nanocavities, the sugar part of the prostate cancer glycoprotein is reacted with a custom-designed molecule that contains a boron group at one end (the boron linkage forms a reversible bond to the sugar).
The other end of this custom molecule is made to react with molecules that have been tethered to a gold surface.
When the glycoprotein is removed (by breaking the reversible boron bonds) it leaves behind a perfect cast.
Professor Mendes said, "It is essentially a lock, and the only key that will fit is the specific prostate cancer glycoprotein that we're looking for.
Other glycoproteins might be the right size but they won't be able to bind to the very specific arrangement of boron groups."
"Dr John Fossey added,"It's estimated that one in eight men will suffer from prostate cancer at some point in their life,
so there's a clear need for more accurate diagnosis. By focussing on the sugar, we appear to have hit the'sweet spot'for doing just that.
"The team also hope that further investment, and collaboration with commercial partners, will open the door to adapting the current technology for other diseases.
Dr Fossey continued,"We believe that this could be applicable to other diagnostic challenges. Lots of diseases produce specific glycoproteins, so there are a number of possible avenues to improve the accuracy of our diagnoses
#UK study reveals new method to develop more efficient drugs A new study led by University of Kentucky researchers suggests a new approach to develop highly-potent drugs
which could overcome current shortcomings of low drug efficacy and multi-drug resistance in the treatment of cancer as well as viral and bacterial infections.
Published in Nanomedicine, the study identified a new mechanism of targeting multi-subunit complexes that are critical to the function of viruses, bacteria or cancer,
thus reducing or possibly even eliminating their resistance to targeted drugs. The study was led by Peixuan Guo
director of UK's Nanobiotechnology Center and one of the top nanobiotechnology experts in the world.
Guo holds a joint appointment at the UK Markey Cancer Center and in the UK College of Pharmacy."
"Efficacy is the key in drug development, "Guo said.""Inhibiting multisubunit targets works similar to the series-circuit Christmas decorating light chains;
one broken bulb turns off the entire lighting system.""By targeting RNA or protein subunits that have multiple sites for inactivation,
but that are linked inextricably, this method allows for killing or disabling the RNA or protein without requiring the inhibition of multiple pathways that might be used by the organism to remain active and viable (and thus,
or die and thus, no longer able to cause disease.""One of the vexing problems in the development of drugs is drug resistance,
"said Tim Tracy, former Dean of the UK College of Pharmacy and current UK provost."
"Dr. Guo's study has identified a new mechanism of efficiently inhibiting biological processes that are critical to the function of the disease-causing organism,
"##Guo focuses much of his work on the use of ribonucleic acid (RNA) nanoparticles and a viral nanomotor to fight cancer, viral infections and genetic diseases.
He is well-known for his pioneering work of constructing RNA nanoparticles as drug carriers. Guo's research team also includes Dan Shu, Farzin Haque, Mario Vieweger, Fengmei Pi, Hui Zhang, Yi Shu, Chi Wang, Peng Zhang, Ashwani
Sharma, Taek Lee and more than 10 graduate students s
#Bonelike 3-D silicon synthesized for potential use with medical devices: Semiconducting silicon spicules engage tissue like a bee stinger Abstract:
Researchers have developed a new approach for better integrating medical devices with biological systems. The researchers, led by Bozhi Tian,
assistant professor in chemistry at the University of Chicago, have developed the first skeleton-like silicon spicules ever prepared via chemical processes."
"Using bone formation as a guide, the Tian group has developed a synthetic material from silicon that shows potential for improving interaction between soft tissue
and Northwestern University described their new method for the syntheses and fabrication of mesocopic three-dimensional semiconductors (intermediate between the nanometer and macroscopic scales)."
"This opens up a new opportunity for building electronics for enhanced sensing and stimulation at bio-interfaces,"said lead author Zhiqiang Luo, a postdoctoral scholar in Tian's laboratory.
The team achieved three advances in the development of semiconductor and biological materials. One advance was the demonstration, by strictly chemical means, of three-dimensional lithography.
Existing lithographic techniques create features over flat surfaces. The laboratory system mimics the natural reaction-diffusion process that leads to symmetry-breaking forms in nature:
to promote the growth of silicon nanowires and to induce gold-based patterns in the silicon.
"The idea of utilizing deposition-diffusion cycles can be applied to synthesizing more complex 3d semiconductors,
a Seymour Goodman Fellow in chemistry at UCHICAGO. 3d silicon etching The semiconductor industry uses wet chemical etching with an etch-resist to create planar patterns on silicon wafers.
This method also applies to the 3d lithography of many other semiconductor compounds.""This is a fundamentally new mechanism for etch mask
The testing showed that the synthetic silicon spicules displayed stronger interactions with collagen fibers--a skin-like stand-in for biological tissue--than did currently available silicon structures.
and the other silicon structures into the collagen fibers, then pulled them out. An Atomic Force Microscope measured the force required to accomplish each action."
"One of the major hurdles in the area of bioelectronics or implants is that the interface between the electronic device
#Nanometer catalyst cleans up bad cigarette smoke in smoking room: The air cleaning equipment developed by KIST can purify 100 percent of it within 1 hour in a 30 square meter smoking room,
KIST has developed a nanocatalyst filter coated with a manganese oxide-based nanocatalyst, which can be used in a smoking room to reduce
The research team has developed a nanocatalyst filter by evenly coating a manganese oxide-based (Mn/Tio2)) nanocatalyst powder onto a ceramic-based filter media.
The nanocatalyst filter uses a technology that decomposes elements of cigarette smoke using oxygen radical,
which is generated by decomposing ozone in the air on the surface of the manganese-oxide-based nanocatalyst filter.
the research team made an air cleaning equipment prototype using the nanocatalyst filter. The equipment was installed in an actual smoking room in the size of 30 square meters (with processing capacity of 4 CMM.
or so to commercialize this technology as the nanocatalyst and the filter coating technologies had been developed already.
Also, from the convergence perspective, the new nanometer catalyst filter can be integrated with other air cleaning products such as air purifiers and air conditioners."
and is reported to be effective to process pollutants in the air. Oxygen radicals that fail to react with pollutants are joined together after reaction
and are converted to innocuous oxygen (O2) before being discharged into the surrounding. 2. Oxygen radical Oxygen radical is an oxygen atom in the atomic state prior to being combined into a molecule. 3. Total volatile organic compounds (TVOC
TVOC is known as a carcinogen that can cause disability in the nervous system from skin contact or from inhalation through respiratory organs s
#Graphene-based film can be used for efficient cooling of electronics Abstract: Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology have developed a method for efficiently cooling electronics using graphene-based film.
The film has a thermal conductivity capacity that is four times that of copper. Moreover, the graphene film is attachable to electronic components made of silicon,
which favours the films performance compared to typical graphene characteristics shown in previous, similar experiments.
Electronic systems available today accumulate a great deal of heat, mostly due to the ever-increasing demand on functionality.
Getting rid of excess heat in efficient ways is imperative to prolonging electronic lifespan, and would also lead to a considerable reduction in energy usage.
According to an American study approximately half the energy required to run computer servers, is used for cooling purposes alone.
A couple of years ago, a research team led by Johan Liu, professor at Chalmers University of Technology, were the first to show that graphene can have a cooling effect on silicon-based electronics.
That was the starting point for researchers conducting research on the cooling of silicon-based electronics using graphene.
But the methods that have been in place so far have presented the researchers with problems, Johan Liu says.
It has become evident that those methods cannot be used to rid electronic devices off great amounts of heat
since the adhesion is held together only by weak Van der waals bonds.""We have solved now this problem by managing to create strong covalent bonds between the graphene film and the surface,
which is made an electronic component of silicon, he continues. The stronger bonds result from so-called functionalisation of the graphene,
i e. the addition of a property-altering molecule. Having tested several different additives, the Chalmers researchers concluded that an addition of (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) molecules has desired the most effect.
it creates so-called silane bonds between the graphene and the electronic component (see picture). Moreover, functionalisation using silane coupling doubles the thermal conductivity of the graphene.
The researchers have shown that the in-plane thermal conductivity of the graphene-based film, with 20 micrometer thickness, can reach a thermal conductivity value of 1600 W/mk,
which is four times that of copper. Increased thermal capacity could lead to several new applications for graphene,
says Johan Liu.""One example is the integration of graphene-based film into microelectronic devices and systems,
such as highly Efficient light Emitting Diodes (LEDS), lasers and radio frequency components for cooling purposes. Graphene-based film could also pave the way for faster, smaller, more energy efficient, sustainable high power electronics."
"The research was conducted in collaboration with Shanghai University in China, Ecole Centrale Paris and EM2C CNRS in France,
and SHT Smart High tech in Sweden.#####About Chalmers University of Technologychalmers University of Technology performs research and education in technology, science and architecture, with a sustainable future as overall vision.
Chalmers is well-known for providing an effective environment for innovation and has eight Areas of Advance Built environment, Energy, Information and Communication Technology, Life science, Materials science, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Production, and Transportation.
Situated in Gothenburg, Sweden, Chalmers has 13,000 students and 2, 500 employees. For more information, please click herecontacts:
Johan Liuprofessor of Bionano Systemschalmers University of Technologysweden+46 31 772 30 67+46 70 569 38 21, writeemail('chalmers. se','jliu';
'Christian Borg+46-(0) 31 772 3395writeemail('chalmers. se','christian. borg';'Copyright Alphagalileo Ltdissuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
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#A tunable, highly sensitive graphene-based molecule sensor: Researchers at EPFL and ICFO have developed a reconfigurable sensor made from graphene to detect nanomolecules such as proteins and drugs;
the device exploits the unique electronic and optical properties of graphene Abstract: Many areas of fundamental research are interested in graphene owing to its exceptional characteristics.
It is made of one layer of carbon atoms, which makes it light and sturdy, and it is an excellent thermal and electrical conductor.
Its unique features make it potentially suitable for applications in a number of areas. Scientists at EPFL's Bionanophotonic Systems Laboratory (BIOS) together with researchers from ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences in Barcelona, have harnessed now graphene's unique optical and electronic properties to develop a reconfigurable highly sensitive
molecule sensor. The results are described in an article appearing in the latest edition of the journal Science.
Focussing light to improve sensingthe researchers used graphene to improve on a well-known molecule-detection method:
infrared absorption spectroscopy. In the standard method, light is used to excite the molecules, which vibrate differently depending on their nature.
It can be compared to a guitar string, which makes different sounds depending on its length. By virtue of this vibration, the molecules reveal their presence and even their identity.
This"signature"can be"read"in the reflected light. This method is not effective, however, in detecting nanometrically-sized molecules.
The wavelength of the infrared photon directed at a molecule is around 6 microns (6, 000 nanometres),
while the target measures only a few nanometres. It is very challenging to detect the vibration of such a small molecule in reflected light.
This is where graphene comes in. If given the correct geometry graphene is capable of focussing light on a precise spot on its surface
and"hearing"the vibration of a nanometric molecule that is attached to it. In this study, researchers first pattern nanostructures on the graphene surface by bombarding it with electron beams and etching it with oxygen ions.
When the light arrives, the electrons in graphene nanostructures begin to oscillate. This phenomenon concentrates light into tiny spots,
which are comparable with the dimensions of the target molecules. It is then possible to detect nanometric compounds in proximity to the surface.
From ICFO, focussing on future industrial applications of this new sensor Prof. Valerio Pruneri commented that"the concept can be used in different application fields,
ranging from gas leakage, toxic and explosive gas sensing, and contaminants in water to DNA and proteins.
This is because graphene is an inert material for the elements to be detected and the reading mechanism uses light
Reconfiguring graphene in real time to see the molecule's structurein addition to identifying the presence of nanometric molecules,
this process can also reveal the nature of the bonds connecting the atoms that make up the molecule.
which is not possible with current sensors. Making graphene's electrons oscillate in different ways makes it possible to"read"all the vibrations of the molecule on its surface."
or modifying the biological sample. Second, it stresses graphene's incredible potential in the area of sensing.##
'34-935-542-246copyright ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciencesissuers of news releases, not 7th Wave, Inc. or Nanotechnology Now, are solely responsible for the accuracy of the content.
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