which would greatly benefit from the ability to tune material properties with processing similar to current semiconductor technologies."
as it can be implemented using established ion implantation infrastructure in the semiconductor industry, "Ward said. The method uses a low energy ion gun to add small numbers of helium ions into the material after it has been produced.
#University spinout signs deal to commercialize microchips that release therapeutics inside the body (Nanowerk News) An implantable,
microchip-based device may soon replace the injections and pills now needed to treat chronic diseases:
Earlier this month, MIT spinout Microchips Biotech partnered with a pharmaceutical giant to commercialize its wirelessly controlled, implantable,
microchip-based devices that store and release drugs inside the body over many years. Invented by Microchips Biotech cofounders Michael Cima, the David H. Koch Professor of Engineering,
and Robert Langer, the David H. Koch Institute Professor, the microchips consist of hundreds of pinhead-sized reservoirs,
each capped with a metal membrane, that store tiny doses of therapeutics or chemicals. An electric current delivered by the device removes the membrane,
and osteoporosis. Michael Cima (left) and Robert Langer Now Microchips Biotech will begin co-developing microchips with Teva Pharmaceutical, the worlds largest producer of generic drugs,
Apart from providing convenience, Microchips Biotech says these microchips could also improve medication-prescription adherence a surprisingly costly issue in the United states. A 2012 report published in the Annals of Internal medicine estimated that Americans who dont stick to prescriptions rack up $100 billion
Microchips Biotech will continue work on its flagship product, a birth-control microchip, backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
Cima, who now serves on the Microchips Biotech board of directors with Langer sees this hormone-releasing microchip as one of the first implantable artificial organs because it acts as a gland.
A lot of the therapies are trying to chemically trick the endocrine systems, Cima says. We are doing that with this artificial organ we created.
A version of Microchip Biotech's implantable, wirelessly controlled microchip. When an electrical current is delivered to one of the chip's tiny reservoirs,
a single dose of therapeutics is released into the body. Wild ideas Inspiration for the microchips came in the late 1990s,
when Langer watched a documentary on mass-producing microchips. I thought to myself Wouldnt this be a great way to make a drug-delivery system?
Langer says. He brought this idea to Cima, a chip-making expert who was taken aback by its novelty.
But being out-of-this-world is not something that needs to stop anybody at MIT,
and then-graduate student John Santini Phd 99 co-founded Microchips, and invented a prototype for their microchip that was described in a paper published that year in Nature.
This entrepreneurial collaboration was the first of many for Cima and Langer over the next decade.
For years, the technology underwent rigorous research and development at Microchips Biotech. But in 2011, Langer and Cima,
and researchers from Microchips, conducted the microchips first human trials to treat osteoporosis this time with wireless capabilities.
In that study, published in a 2012 issue of Science Translational Medicine, microchips were implanted into seven elderly women,
Results indicated that the chips delivered doses comparable to injections and did so more consistently with no adverse side effects.
That study, combined with ongoing efforts in contraceptive-delivery microchips, led Cima to believe the microchips could someday,
essentially, be considered the first artificial glands that could regulate potent hormones inside the body. This may sound like a wild idea but Cima doesnt think so.
The chip sends an endocrine or chemical signal instead of an electrical signal. MEMS innovations Microchips Biotech made several innovations in the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing process to ensure the microchips could be commercialized.
A major innovation was enabling final assembly of the microchips at room temperature with hermetic seals. Any intense heat during final assembly, with hermetic sealing, could destroy the drugs already loaded into the reservoirs
which meant common methods of welding and soldering were off-limits. To do so, Microchips Biotech modified a cold-welding tongue
and groove process. This meant depositing a soft, gold alloy in patterns on the top of the chip to create tongues,
and grooves on the base. By pressing the top and base pieces together, the tongues fit into the grooves,
The company has also found ways to integrate electronics into the microchips to shrink down the device.
the company could refine the microchips to be even smaller, yet carry the same volume of drugs.
For many decades, silicon has been the heart of modern electronics--but as a material, it has its limits.
As our devices get smaller and smaller, the basic unit of these devices, a transistor,
the size of the silicon transistor is reaching its physical limit. As silicon devices are based on
These physical limitations have driven the race for new materials that can be used as semiconductors in lieu of silicon.
Atomic force microscope image of a black arsenic-phosphorus field-effect transistor. Image courtesy of Chongwu Zhou and Bilu Liu) The demand for a silicon material aided the discovery of graphene, a single layer of graphite
Layered Anisotropic Infrared Semiconductors with Highly Tunable Compositions and Properties"."What the researchers are excited most about is the ability to adjust the electronic and optical properties of these materials to a range that cannot be achieved by any other 2d materials thus far.
and manufacture of superconductors or high-efficiency solar cells and light sensors, said leader of the research,
"The semiconductor industry is a multi-billion dollar operation-even a small change in the position of a few silicon atoms has the potential to have a major impact
which is the first of its kind, in a paper published May 6, 2015, in the journal Nano Energy("Single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator for scavenging friction energy from rolling tires").
"The nanogenerator relies on an electrode integrated into a segment of the tire. When this part of the tire surface comes into contact with the ground,
During initial trials, Wang and his colleagues used a toy car with LED LIGHTS to demonstrate the concept.
They attached an electrode to the wheels of the car, and as it rolled across the ground,
the LED LIGHTS flashed on and off. The movement of electrons caused by friction was able to generate enough energy to power the lights
more cidicor asic, depending on the curvature in the 3-D carbon architecture
#Atomic force microscope advance leads to new breast cancer research (Nanowerk News) Researchers who developed a high-speed form of atomic force microscopy have shown how to image the physical properties of live breast cancer cells,
Thanks to their low weight, high energy density and slower loss of charge when not in use, LIBS have become the preferred choice for consumer electronics.
or explosion risk from LIBS used in consumer electronic devices. These types of batteries, in all of their different lithium-anode combinations, continue to be an essential part of modern consumer electronics
despite their poor track record at high temperatures. The Korean team tried a totally new approach in making the batteries.
but due to ever increasing demands from electronic devices to be lighter and more powerful, investigation of novel electrolytes is necessary in order.
a multipurpose sensor Glass fibres can do more than transport data. A special type of glass fibre can also be used as a high-precision multipurpose sensor,
as researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) in Erlangen have demonstrated now("Flying particle sensors in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre").
"The MPL researchers sent a tiny glass bead which can literally sense different physical quantities such as electric field, temperature or vibrations through the inside of this hollow-core photonic crystal fibre.
and size of electrodes, represented by copper-coloured plates above and below the fibre, when they are only 200 micrometres wide.
In the beginning, the idea was to develop a radioactivity sensor for inside a nuclear power station says Tijmen Euser from the Max Planck Institute in Erlangen.
Similar tasks are undertaken often using glass fibres with embedded fibre-optic sensors. What is measured is how the light sent through the fibre is affected by an external factor.
Such a fibre-optic sensor can also be used to measure a physical quantity remotely. By wrapping the fibre around the reactor,
fibre-optic sensors could probe the entire surface of a reactor. It turns out, however, that radioactive radiation darkens the interior of conventional glass fibres
the researchers see PCFS as an interesting alternative to conventional fibre-optic sensors in order to ultimately measure radioactivity as well.
whether hollow-core photonic crystal fibres are suitable as sensors by initially using the fibres to measure electric fields, vibrations and temperatures.
the researchers passed the glass fibre close to very fine electrodes, the thinnest measuring a mere 200 micrometers (one micrometre corresponds to one thousandth of a millimetre.
The researchers actually succeeded in accurately reproducing the fine structure of the electrodes with their fibre-optic measuring instrument.
Fluorescent beads as a sensor for radioactivity In their experiment the researchers used an oven to heat part of the fibre to temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius.
Next, we want to realize the radioactivity sensor, says Bykov. To do this, the researchers want to use fluorescent beads
i e. on the scale of viruses. The maximum length of the sensor fibre is currently around 400 metres,
These could be used to increase the range of the fibre sensors to several tens of kilometres.
The sensors could also be useful along high voltage lines or in transformer substations. Electric fields
These findings will help in the creation of future flat and flexible electronic devices. In recent decades, physicists have been actively studying so-called two-dimensional materials.
which many scientists view as promising two-dimensional semiconductors. The scientists synthesized Nb3site6 crystals in a laboratory at Tulane University (New orleans.
#Using single molecules as sensors for ultrahigh-resolution 3d microscopy (Nanowerk News) Using a single molecule as a sensor,
The technique is relevant for diverse scientific fields including investigations into biomolecules and semiconductor materials.
a single electron jumps from the tip of the microscope to the sensor molecule or back.
Forschungszentrum Jlich) Single molecule as a sensor In order to improve resolution and sensitivity, the scientists in Jlich attached a single molecule as a quantum dot to the tip of the microscope.
but rather two electric fields that act on the mobile electron of the molecular sensor: the first is the field of a nanostructure being measured,
which is particularly suitable for measuring rough surfaces, for example those of semiconductor structures for electronic devices or folded biomolecules."
Other forms of quantum dots could be used as a sensor in place of the molecule, such as those that can be realized with semiconductor materials:
one example would be made quantum dots of nanocrystals like those already being used in fundamental research h
where they create clothing that kills bacteria, conducts electricity, wards off malaria, captures harmful gas and weaves transistors into shirts and dresses.
The Hinestroza group has turned cotton fibers into electronic components such as transistors and thermistors so instead of adding electronics to fabrics,
he converts the fabric into an electronic component. Marcia Silva da Pinto, postdoctoral researcher, works on growing metal organic frameworks onto cotton samples to create a filtration system capable of capturing toxic gas,
as Juan Hinestroza looks on. Creating transistors and other components using cotton fibers brings a new perspective to the seamless integration of electronics
and textiles, enabling the creation of unique wearable electronic devices, Hinestroza said. Taking advantage of cottons irregular topography, Hinestroza and his students added conformal coatings of gold nanoparticles,
as well as semiconductive and conductive polymers to tailor the behavior of natural cotton fibers. The layers were so thin that the flexibility of the cotton fibers is preserved always
"More in detail It was quality research that led to the publication of this study, highlighting the importance of training young researchers.
"To date, the majority of polariton experiments continue to use ultra-pure crystalline semiconductors, "says Professor Kéna-Cohen."
Toward future polariton lasers and optical transistors In a condensate, the polaritons all behave the same way, like photons in a laser.
Powerful transistors entirely powered by light are another possible application. The research team foresees that the next major challenge in developing such applications will be to obtain a lower particle-condensation threshold
#Novel method creates nanowires with new useful properties (Nanowerk News) Harvard scientists have developed a first-of-its-kind method of creating a class of nanowires that one day could have applications in areas ranging from consumer electronics to solar panels.
Professor of Chemistry, could have applications in areas ranging from consumer electronics to solar panels. This is really a fundamental Discovery day said.
They act almost like optical antennas, and funnel the light into them. Previous research has shown that different diameter wires absorb different wavelengths of light.
#An easy, scalable and direct method for synthesizing graphene in silicon microelectronics (Nanowerk News) In the last decade,
The one-atom-thick carbon sheets could revolutionize the way electronic devices are manufactured and lead to faster transistors, cheaper solar cells, new types of sensors and more efficient bioelectric sensory devices.
As a potential contact electrode and interconnection material, wafer-scale graphene could be an essential component in microelectronic circuits,
but most graphene fabrication methods are not compatible with silicon microelectronics, thus blocking graphene's leap from potential wonder material to actual profit-maker.
Now researchers from Korea University in Seoul, have developed an easy and microelectronics-compatible method to grow graphene
and have synthesized successfully wafer-scale (four inches in diameter), high-quality, multi-layer graphene on silicon substrates.
which ions are accelerated under an electrical field and smashed into a semiconductor. The impacting ions change the physical, chemical or electrical properties of the semiconductor.
In a paper published this week in the journal Applied Physics Letters("Wafer-scale synthesis of multi-layer graphene by high-temperature carbon ion implantation"),from AIP Publishing
which takes graphene a step closer to commercial applications in silicon microelectronics. Wafer-scale (4 inch in diameter) synthesis of multi-layer graphene using high-temperature carbon ion implantation on nickel/Sio2/silicon.
J. Kim/Korea University, Korea)" For integrating graphene into advanced silicon microelectronics, large-area graphene free of wrinkles, tears and residues must be deposited on silicon wafers at low temperatures,
"Our work shows that the carbon ion implantation technique has great potential for the direct synthesis of wafer-scale graphene for integrated circuit technologies."
Graphene's unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties have lead to the one-atom-thick form of carbon being heralded as the next generation material for faster, smaller, cheaper and less power-hungry electronics."
"In silicon microelectronics, graphene is a potential contact electrode and an interconnection material linking semiconductor devices to form the desired electrical circuits,
the method is suited not for silicon microelectronics, as chemical vapor deposition would require a high growth temperature above 1,
"Thus, we are motivated to develop a transfer-free method to directly synthesize high quality, multilayer graphene in silicon microelectronics."
a microelectronics-compatible technique normally used to introduce impurities into semiconductors. In the process, carbon ions were accelerated under an electrical field
When light strikes a photocatalyst like titanium dioxide (Tio2) nanoparticles the jolt of energy can kick one of its electrons up to an excited state
"What he found--that you don't need a magnetic material to create spin current from insulators--has important implications for the field of spintronics and the development of high-speed,
low-power electronics that use electron spin rather than charge to carry information. Typically when referring to electrical current,
New ways of generating spin currents may be important for low-power high-speed spin based computing (spintronics),
The paramagnetic SSE changes the way we think about thermally driven spintronics, allowing for the creation of new devices
which have been the centerpiece of all spin-based electronic devices up until this point. Image: Argonne National Laboratory) Wu's work upends prevailing ideas of how to generate a current of spins."
"Until now scientists and engineers have relied on shrinking electronics to make them faster, but now increasingly clever methods must be used to sustain the continued progression of electronics technology,
as we reach the limit of how small we can create a transistor. One such method is to separate the flow of electron spin from the flow of electron current,
upending the idea that information needs to be carried on wires and instead flowing it through insulators.
In a spintronic device you don't have to use a ferromagnet. You can use either a paramagnetic metal or a paramagnetic insulator to do it now
At its most basic level, your smart phone's battery is powering billions of transistors using electrons to flip on and off billions of times per second.
But if microchips could use photons instead of electrons to process and transmit data, computers could operate even faster.
they are too energy-hungry and unwieldy to integrate into computer chips. Duke university researchers are now one step closer to such a light source.
In a new study, a team from the Pratt School of engineering pushed semiconductor quantum dots to emit light at more than 90 billion gigahertz.
This so-called plasmonic device could one day be used in optical computing chips or for optical communication between traditional electronic microchips.
"There is great interest in replacing lasers with LEDS for short-distance optical communication, but these ideas have always been limited by the slow emission rate of fluorescent materials,
like we've done here with semiconductors, we can create new designer materials with almost any optical properties we desire,
foldable and lightweight energy storage device that provides the building blocks for next-generation batteries needed to power wearable electronics and implantable medical devices (ACS Central Science,"Self-Assembled Multifunctional Hybrids:
such as batteries and supercapacitors, has been figuring out how to increase the surface area of the device, to store more charge,
without making it larger. mong all modern electronic devices, portable electronics are some of the most exciting,
ISEM Phd student Monirul Islam said. ut the biggest challenge is to charge storage in a small volume as well as being able to deliver that charge quickly on demand.
wafer-thin supercapacitor material. he real challenge was how to assemble these three components into a single structure with the best use of the space available,
or stack like a paper in electronic devices to store a huge amount of charge, Monirul said. his material can store charge in a second
and will be more lightweight than traditional batteries used in present day electronics. The ISEM study has been supported financially by the Automotive Australia 2020 CRC as part of its research into electric vehicles.
with increased performance has great potential to be scaled up for use supercapacitor and battery technology. Our next step is to use this material to fabricate flexible wearable supercapacitors with high power density and energy density as well as large scale supercapacitors for electric vehicles. u
#Smart hydrogel coating creates'stick-slip'control of capillary action Coating the inside of glass microtubes with a polymer hydrogel material dramatically alters the way capillary forces draw water into the tiny structures,
including labs-on-a-chip. The transition temperature can be controlled by varying the chemical composition of the hydrogel."
especially when compared with electronic devices that can be as small as a few micrometers. In a seminal paper in the scientific journal Nature Photonics("All-plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale"),Juerg Leuthold, professor of photonics and communications
therefore, be integrated easily into electronic circuits. Moreover, the new modulator is considerably cheaper and faster than common models,
ingestible electronics, which can diagnose and monitor a variety of conditions in the GI TRACT; or extended-release drug-delivery systems that could last for weeks or months after a single administration.
"The use of a packed bed of beads for Chip allowed us to collect the chromatin fragments with a very high efficiency.
The entire MOWCHIP process takes about 90 minutes as opposed to many hours that conventional Chip assays took.
and it is compatible with the complementary metalxideemiconductor (CMOS) manufacturing process used to construct integrated circuits.
"or an optical transistor. In electronics, silicon-based transistors are critical building blocks that switch power
and amplify signals. An optical transistor could perform a similar role for light instead of electricity,
bringing far faster systems than now possible. The Optica paper, featured on the cover of the journal, was authored by Kinsey, graduate students Clayton Devault and Jongbum Kim;
The switching speed of transistors is limited by how fast it takes conventional semiconductors such as silicon to complete this cycle of light to be absorbed,
The increase in speed could translate into devices at least 10 times faster than conventional silicon-based electronics.
because that damages underlying material on the chip or device, "Kinsey said.""An interesting thing about these materials is that by changing factors like the processing temperature you can drastically change the properties of the films.
Crystals are important in materials from skeletons and shells to soils and semiconductor materials, but much is unknown about how they form.
from 20-megapixel arrays for cellphone cameras to photo detectors to atomically thin transistors that when multiplied by the billions could fuel computers.
either--the antenna and power-converting circuit can only extend the battery life of an iphone 6 by about 30,
or you can plug in your headphones and keep watching the in-flight Hollywood entertainment, pretending nothing bad is happening outside your immediate focus.
#Jaguar land rover Mind Sense research monitors brainwaves through the hands via sensors in the steering wheel Jaguar land rover has revealed the ixth Senseproject,
to ensure the driver is made aware of a potential hazard. he most common method for monitoring brainwaves is close to the source using sensors attached to a headband,
This detects brainwaves through the hands via sensors embedded in the steering wheel. Because the sensing is taking place further away from the driver head
and filter out the pure brainwave from any background oisejaguar Land rover is currently conducting user trials to collect more information on the different brainwaves identified through the steering wheel sensors
On top of brainwave monitoring, Jaguar land rover is also assessing how a vehicle could monitor the well-being of the driver using a medical-grade sensor embedded in the seat of a JAGUAR XJ.
The sensor, which was developed originally for use in hospitals, has been adapted for in-car use and detects vibrations from the driver heart beat and breathing. s we develop more autonomous driving technologies,
Liu and his team implanted a pair of small electrode arrays in two parts of the posterior parietal cortex,
Each 4-by-4 millimeter array contains 96 active electrodes that in turn, each record the activity of single neurons in the PPC.
First, we developed a culture method for selective NR differentiation by timed MP4 treatment. We then found that inhibiting GSK3
It a notion that might have come from the pages of a science-fiction novel an electronic device that can be injected directly into the brain,
but no one has addressed this issue the electronics/cellular interface at the level at which biology works.
ould it be possible to deliver the mesh electronics by syringe needle injection??Though not the first attempt at implanting electronics into the brain deep brain stimulation has been used to treat a variety of disorders for decades the nanofabricated scaffolds operate on a completely different scale. xisting techniques are crude relative to the way the brain is wired,
Lieber said. hether it a silicon probe or flexible polymers they cause inflammation in the tissue that requires periodically changing the position or the stimulation. ut with our injectable electronics, it as if it not there at all.
They are one million times more flexible than any state-of-the-art flexible electronics and have subcellular feature sizes.
Theye what I call euro-philicthey actually like to interact with neurons. The process for fabricating the scaffolds is similar to that used to etch microchips,
and begins with a dissolvable layer deposited on a substrate. To create the scaffold, researchers lay out a mesh of nanowires sandwiched in layers of organic polymer.
The input-output of the mesh can then be connected to standard measurement electronics so that the integrated devices can be addressed
and used to stimulate or record neural activity. hese type of things have never been done before, from both a fundamental neuroscience and medical perspective,
Going forward, researchers hope to better understand how the body reacts to the injectable electronics over longer periods.
For several weeks, each of the subjects put on an electrode-studded hat capable of analysing their brain signals.
By virtue of its video camera screen and wheels, the robot, located in a laboratory of Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL, Switzerland), was able to film as it moved
or possibly a remote control, new and exciting opportunities for future research and treatment of neurological disorders can be envisaged. unding This study was made possible by funding from Carl Bennet AB,
with miniaturised electronics that can use algorithms to recognise touches or swipes, ATAP says. The data can be sent wirelessly to smartphones or other devices,
the astronomers gave the MWA a set of 128 antenna tiles spread over 9sq km in the desert the power to see in 3d. his is like turning the telescope into a pair of eyes,
and then emansthem and converts them into Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVS) using advanced systems and sensors. Program director for the US NAVY Captain Jeff Dodge likened the upgrade from the MQ-8b based on a smaller airframe to the model aircraft to a brain transplant. e are taking the computer
Sensors on the ground at Point Mugu mimic a ship landing system so the chopper simply picks up a radio beam
and others sensors over a vast swathe of ocean without the problems of a manned system that include risk
He said the aircraft sensors were very powerful and the turret under the nose was the same as the Reaper
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