Nanometrology

Atomic de broglie microscope (17)
Nanogram (11)
Nanometer (654)
Nanometer resolution (12)
Nanometer scale (65)
Nanoscale (737)
Nanoscopic (23)
Subnanometer (7)

Synopsis: Domenii: Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology generale: Nanometrology:

"A piece of paper is about 100,000 nanometres thick, #says Barto.""We need to move those mirrors about five nanometres at a time.#

#It's like adjusting the wing mirrors on a car. The actuators allow the mirrors to be tipped and tilted,

To assist with this, the European union (EU)- funded NANOPOLY research fellows have developed a new software tool to model the polymer molecules on a nanoscale.

This particular detector has a bandwidth of only six nanometres (nm. This means its bandwidth is five times narrower than that of a comparable photodetector.

but none have been nearly as successful in detecting nanoscale viral particles in complex media##says Ã#nlã#referring to typical biological samples that may have a mix of viruses bacteria and proteins.##

Professor Benoit Ladoux co-principal investigator at the Mechanobiology Institute at the National University of Singapore and colleagues created a technique to measure the cell-generated nanoscale forces behind wound healing.

The light causes the specially designed nanotubes to fluoresce at wavelengths of 1, 300-1, 400 nanometers;

In lab tests, the Cpg-antigen package, at 300 nanometers in size, was absorbed 90 percent of the time by immune cells.

since a semiconductor and a metal couldn t coexist at the nanoscale at high density Kono says.

Applications for HIV and cancer In a random access memory chip, similar logic circuits manipulate electrons on a nanometer scale, controlling billions of compartments in a square inch.

#Microbes could expand how doctors use ultrasound The addition of nanoscale organisms could potentially expand the range of medical conditions diagnosed with noninvasive ultrasound.

The technology opens the door to a variety of potential imaging applications where the nanometer size is advantageous,

To create the nanoscale organisms, Mikhail Shapiro at the California Institute of technology and colleagues turned to nature for inspiration.

The researchers wanted to find another way of making gas-filled structures that could be nanoscale.

allowing them to have nanometer size. In this study, they discovered that gas vesicles are excellent imaging agents for ultrasound.

But our material is highly porous. hat we see in the images are short 5-to 6-nanometer planes

and was supported by the Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology at Rice and the Air force Office of Scientific research Multidisciplinary University Research program i

Scientists like Hartgerink design custom nanoscale chains by carefully arranging the amino acids and their positive and negative charges.

For their experiment the researchers prepared an approximately 2×2 millimeter piece of diamond such that nitrogen-vacancy centers formed only a few nanometers below the surface.

whose position within the evanescent field (leaked-out light) of one of the resonator was controlled by a nanopositioner that operates at a minuscule 20-nanometer resolution. hromium is used

because it s a strongly absorbing material at a wavelength of 1550 nanometers and it gives a good dose of losspeng explains.

The lab discovered boiling down a solution of graphene quantum dots (GQDS) and graphene oxide sheets (exfoliated from common graphite) yielded self-assembling nanoscale platelets that could then be treated with nitrogen and boron.

Left to their own devices carbon nanotubes form clumps that are perfectly wrong for turning into the kind of strong conductive fibers needed for projects ranging from nanoscale electronics to macro-scale power grids.

To make the pixels she used aluminum nanorods that each measured about 100 nanometers long by 40 nanometers wide.

Caltech materials scientist Julia Greer and her colleagues have developed a method for constructing new structural materials by taking advantage of the unusual properties that solids can have at the nanometer scale where features are measured in billionths of meters.

if you use the concept of the nanoscale to create structures and then use those nanostructures like LEGO to construct larger materials you can obtain nearly any set of properties you want.

what they call three-dimensional nanolattices that are formed by a repeating nanoscale pattern. After the patterning step they coated the polymer scaffold with a ceramic called alumina

(i e. aluminum oxide) producing hollow-tube alumina structures with walls ranging in thickness from 5 to 60 nanometers and tubes from 450 to 1380 nanometers in diameter.

and prodding materials on the nanoscale they squished stretched and otherwise tried to deform the samples to see how they held up.

They found that the alumina structures with a wall thickness of 50 nanometers and a tube diameter of about 1 micron shattered when compressed.

However compressing lattices with a lower ratio of wall thickness to tube diameter#where the wall thickness was only 10 nanometers#produced a very different result. ou deform it

when you reduce these structures down to the point where individual walls are only 10 nanometers thick both the number of flaws

#An assembly line 3x thinner than a human hair Original Studyposted by Peter Ruegg-ETH Zurich on September 2 2014 Researchers have realized a long-held dream of building a nanoscale ssembly line.?

This shows that through nanoscale engineering of materials we can really make a difference in how we make fuels

The light causes the specially designed nanotubes to fluoresce at wavelengths of 1300-1400 nanometers;

Stretching the material known as carbyne a hard-to-make one-dimensional chain of carbon atoms by just 3 percent can begin to change its properties in ways that engineers might find useful for mechanically activated nanoscale electronics and optics.

and director at UC Berkeley of the National Science Foundation Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center. he ability to magnify such a small trace of an explosive to create a detectable signal is a major development in plasmonsensor technology

The nanoscale plasmon sensor used in the lab experiments is much smaller than other explosive detectors on the market.

The Research center for Exotic Nanocarbons in Japan and the Center for Nanoscale Science at Penn State supported the research u

A new one-step process to etch nanoscale spikes into silicon lets the maximum amount of sunlight reach a solar cell,

Black silicon is simply silicon with a highly textured surface of nanoscale spikes or pores that are smaller than the wavelength of light.

Fine-tuning the process resulted in a black silicon layer with pores as small as 590 nanometers (billionths of a meter) that let through more than 99 percent of light.

because they go dead. estover s wafers consist of electrodes made from silicon that have been treated chemically so they have nanoscale pores on their inner surfaces

. or the first time we predicted their properties using quantum mechanics. he nanocrystals are about 3 nanometers wide by 500 nanometers longor about 1/1000th the width of a grain of sandmaking them too small to study with light microscopes

when (Lockheed martin engineer) Vladimir Volman saw a presentation by Yu Zhu a postdoc in my lab at the timehe says. olman had calculated that one could pass a current through a graphene film less than 100 nanometers thick

The 100-nanometer layer of GNRSÂ##thousands of times thinner than a human hairâ##was hooked to platinum electrodes.

and professor of electrical and computer engineering. he most important thing is that we can do this with a very thin layer only 30 nanometers

Under development for about 15 years metamaterials owe their unusual potential to precision design on the scale of nanometers.

The new process described in the journal Nature Communications allows a measure of control over their size generally from 2 to 20 nanometers depending on the source of the coal.

Bituminous coal produced GQDS between 2 and 4 nanometers wide. Coke produced GQDS between 4 and 8 nanometers and anthracite made stacked structures from 18 to 40 nanometers with small round layers atop larger thinner layers.

Just to see what would happen the researchers treated graphite flakes with the same process

A small change in the size of a quantum dot as little as a fraction of a nanometer##changes its fluorescent wavelengths by a measurable factor

or mechanical structures that allow researchers to conduct their work on the micro/nanoscopic levelsays Jae Kwon associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of Missouri. il-based materials or low-surface tension liquids

In the study the gold nanoparticles varied from five to 20 nanometers in diameter; for each the DNA length that led to crystal formation was about 18 base pairs and six single-base ticky ends.?

However they have been catching up rapidly. he big challenge for this approach is assembling the materialssays Pint. onstructing high-performance functional devices out of nanoscale building blocks with any level of control has proven to be quite challenging

but it was coated by a layer of graphene a few nanometers thick. They tested the coated material

But the overlapping 200-to 300-nanometer-wide ribbons dispersed so well that they were nearly as effective as large-sheet graphene in containing gas molecules.

and materials science and of chemistry. t a few nanometers wide they'##re a totally noninvasive coating.

The channel had earlier been patterned with precisely spaced nanoscale ridges. Infrared laser light shining on the pattern generates electrical fields that interact with the electrons in the channel to boost their energy.

Researchers were able to increase the resolution of their intricate structure fabrication from approximately 200 nanometers to approximately 15 nanometers.

A nanometer is a billionth of a meter the width of a double-stranded DNA molecule.

Recently developed ultra high-resolution ink jet printing techniques have some potential with demonstrated resolution down to 100-200 nanometers

but there are significant challenges in achieving true nanoscale dimension. ur work demonstrates that processes of polymer self-assembly can provide a way around this limitationsays John Rogers professor of materials science and engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

The nanoscale building blocks display remarkable strength and resistance to failure despite being more than 85 percent air.

of which are measured on the scale of billionths of meters or nanometers. Julia R. Greer professor of materials science and mechanics at the California Institute of technology (Caltech) says the work was inspired by earlier work to fabricate extremely lightweight microtrusses. e designed architectures with building blocks that are less than five microns

long meaning that they are not resolvable by the human eye. onstructing these architectures out of materials with nanometer dimensions has enabled us to decouple the materials strength from their density

which are very stiff yet extremely lightweight. t the nanometer scale solids have been shown to exhibit mechanical properties that differ substantially from those displayed by the same materials at larger scales.

For example Greer s group has shown previously that at the nanoscale some metals are about 50 times stronger than usual

The lattice is constructed of hollow struts with walls no thicker than 75 nanometers. e are now able to design exactly the structure that we want to replicate

researchers use nanoplasmonicsevices that use short electromagnetic waves to modulate light on the nanometer scale, where conventional optics do not work.

you really need to precisely control light in nanoscale, and that where this work can be a very important component,

and the Penn State Center for Nanoscale Science funded this study. Source: Penn Stat i

They used liquid electrolytes#generally the conductor in traditional supercapacitors#to control the spacing between graphene sheets on the subnanometer scale.

In the new experiments, the Rice lab mixed graphene nanoribbons and tin oxide particles about 10 nanometers wide in a slurry with a cellulose gum binder and a bit of water, spread it on a current collector

he adds. ince the tin oxide particles are only a few nanometers in size and permitted to remain that way by being dispersed on GNR surfaces,

At the core of the device is a nanoscale structure#about a tenth of a millimeter wide

and by patterning it with these nanoscale antennas the conversion efficiency of the detector improves 10 times.#

Exposure to high radiation alone produces significant damage at the nanoscale, so scientists at Los alamos National Laboratory, New mexico, have been working on a mechanism that allows nanocrystalline materials to heal themselves after suffering radiation-induced damage.

It's these approximately 100-nanometers-wide slits that allow the device to differentiate between colors with plasmons waves of electrons that flow across metal surfaces) excited by light of a specific wavelength.

Operating at a scale of 1-100 nanometers (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter) the chemical reactions

these nanoscale motors twist the polymer chains in the gel, which as a result contracts by several centimeters.

Individually, these motors only operate overdistances in the region of a nanometer. However, when millions of them join up they can work in a completely coordinated way,

and superhydrophobic (water hating) surfaces, on the nanoscale. Together these surfaces dramatically increased the efficiency of moisture condensation and

Intel s latest chips have transistors with features as small as 14 nanometers, but it is unclear how the industry can keep scaling down silicon transistors much further or

transistors at that point must have features as small as five nanometers to keep up with the continuous miniaturization of computer chips.

The current best is 14 nanometers, and by 2020, in order to keep up with Moore s Law,

the industry will need to be down to five nanometers. This is the point IBM hopes nanotubes can step in.

Each nanotube is 1. 4 nanometers wide about 30 nanometers long, and spaced roughly eight nanometers apart from its neighbors.

Both ends of the six tubes are embedded into electrodes that supply current, leaving around 10 nanometers of their lengths exposed in the middle.

A third electrode runs perpendicularly underneath this portion of the tubes and switches the transistor on and off to represent digital 1s and 0s.

The IBM team has tested nanotube transistors with that design, but so far it hasn t found a way to position the nanotubes closely enough together,

The best configuration, a honeycomb lattice with a 50 nanometer coat of alumina, is less dense than waterthat is,

This pattern is only 17 nanometers higher than the rest of the plate something that is very difficult to see with a standard optical microscope.

To create the effect researchers used lasers to etch nanoscale structures into the metal surface that repel the water.

when researchers at IBM manipulated individual xenon atoms on a nickel plate to spell out the letters'IBM'across a space just a dozen nanometres wide2.

They showed they could read out an'S'for Stanford with features as small as 0. 3 nanometres.

But by using a layer of nickel less than 300 nanometres thick and by cooling the sample quickly after the reaction the researchers could produce up to ten single-atom layers of carbon in graphene's signature honeycomb pattern.

"Sniffle-omics All this havoc is caused by a tiny virus only about 30 nanometres in diameter, with a genome that is a mere 7,

Voluntary data-reporting schemes have been trialled in other countries with limited success. The ongoing voluntary programme of the US Environmental protection agency (EPA) has received so far submissions from 29 companies on more than 120 nanoscale materials;

#Diamond defects shrink MRI to the nanoscale Diamond-based quantum devices can now make nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on the molecular scale.

His team is one of two that have used NMR to detect hydrogen atoms in samples measuring just a few nanometres across1.

The second team2 was led by Daniel Rugar, manager of nanoscale studies at IBM s Almaden Research center in San jose, California.

Probing single molecules a few nanometres wide has been a major frustration in NMR. The detectors need to be a similar size to the sample

NMR and MRI measurements on the nanoscale have been done using powerful nanomagnets in a technique called magnetic resonance force microscopy

Both teams made diamonds with defects in their crystal structure#a single nitrogen atom next to a missing carbon atom, a few nanometres below the surface.

The researchers worked out that most of the signal came from a volume just 5 nanometres across inside the sample.

#Novel solar photovoltaic cells achieve record efficiency using nanoscale structures Here's how to make a powerful solar cell from indium and phosphorus:

and confining their diameter to 180 nanometers. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.

Exposed to the sun, a solar cell employing such nanowires can turn nearly 14 percent of the incoming light into electricity#a new record that opens up more possibilities for cheap and effective solar power.

the nanotwin segments are just 3. 8 nanometers wide on average. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter.

The researchers fabricated their samples from round nanoparticles of boron nitride in which the atoms of nitrogen and boron form an onionlike structure of nested layers.

but less hard than polycrystalline diamonds made of nanoscale grains. But Natalia Dubrovinskaia, a crystallographer at the University of Bayreuth in Germany, notes that measuring the properties of superhard materials is problematic

Researchers working with nanoscale fluorescent particles called quantum dots have predicted long groundbreaking achievements, such as ultra-efficient light-emitting diodes (LEDS) and solar cells,

turning the glow into a precise probe of a material s nanoscale structure. The researchers expect the technology to reach the market early this year,

An electron beam can in principle achieve a resolution of less than one nanometre, compared with hundreds of nanometres for a beam of light.

But maps made by scattered or reflected electrons are not typically sensitive to the way light behaves in the sample.

it promises the same nanometre scale resolution that those systems can achieve.""This has opened the door to understanding how light couples to matter in a more fundamental way,

Although the difference was a mere 0. 3 nanometres, about the width of three helium atoms,

They strung together thousands of gold nanoparticles, each 10 nanometres across, into long necklaces. These can form a tangled network that connects two electrodes some 30 micrometres apart.

#Researchers Enlarge Brain Samples Making Them Easier to Image New technique enables nanoscale-resolution microscopy of large biological specimens.

The latest generation of so-called uper-resolutionmicroscopes can see inside cells with resolution better than 250 nanometers.

the researchers say. nstead of acquiring a new microscope to take images with nanoscale resolution,

if you are using blue-green light with a wavelength of 500 nanometers, you can see anything smaller than 250 nanometers. nfortunately,

in biology that right where things get interesting, says Boyden, who is a member of MIT Media Lab and Mcgovern Institute for Brain Research.

and other cellular activities are organized all at the nanoscale. Scientists have come up with some eally clever tricksto overcome this limitation,

you have to look at a large piece of tissue with nanoscale precision, he says. To achieve this, the MIT team focused its attention on the sample rather than the microscope.

but usually limited to a resolution of hundreds of nanometers. With their enlarged samples, the researchers achieved resolution down to 70 nanometers. he expansion microscopy process should be compatible with many existing microscope designs and systems already in laboratories,

Chen adds. Large tissue samples Using this technique, the MIT team was able to image a section of brain tissue 500 by 200 by 100 microns with a standard confocal microscope.

MIT researchers led by Ed Boyden have invented a new way to visualize the nanoscale structure of the brain and other tissues.

but also to see where all the nanoscale components are. While Boyden team is focused on the brain,

which was a scant 25 nanometers deep. The holes had different diameters ranging from 45 to 75 nanometers

and corresponded to the desired absorption of light at various wavelengths. When light was shined onto the structure

New research suggests that a certain type of artificial diamond can be used as a nanoscale temperature probe with unmatched precision over time

but Jaque suspects theyl be most useful for observing the nanoscopic world, in particular the minute temperature fluctuations in living cells.

Now a nanoscale light detector could make such deep-space missives easier to read. So says Richard Mirin at the US National Institute of Standards

nanometer by nanometer to emit all colors across the visible spectrum. By tuning these dots to red and green,

To do so, they sandwiched a layer of quantum dots, a few nanometers thick, between two organic thin films.

From walls to nanoscale chips This fall Spielberg jumped to the other end of the 3-D printing spectrum, moving from walls to nanoscale fluidic chips.

He is now working in the lab of A. John Hart, the Mitsui Career development Associate professor of Mechanical engineering,

depositing or etching features onto nanoscale mechanical devices; spinning out nanofibers for use in water filters body armor and smart textiles;

The emitters like most nanoscale silicon devices were produced through photolithography a process in which patterns are transferred optically to layers of materials deposited on silicon wafers;

Tiny ferromagnetic particles approximately 10 nanometers in diameter in the ferrofluid could allow precision control

an ingenious process that makes large holes on one side that penetrate most of the way through the material providing little resistance to flow as well as nanoscale holes on the other surface in contact with the emulsion to be separated.

The thin layer with nanoscale pores allows for separation and the thick layer with large pores provides mechanical support.

The particles determine how energy moves at the nanoscale. The efficiency of devices such as photovoltaics and LEDS depends on how well excitons move within the material he adds.

This allows us to see new things Deotare says making it possible to demonstrate that the nanoscale structure of a material determines how quickly excitons get trapped as they move through it.

nanometer-thick cylinders made of carbon that naturally fluoresce when exposed to laser light. In the past, researchers have exploited this phenomenon to create sensors by coating the nanotubes with molecules,

To decouple those two effects, the researchers coated the surface featuring spaced-out microscale posts with nanoscale particles.

under the same conditions, the droplets did not wet the surfaces of samples with either the microscale posts or the nanoscale texture,

Metal fatigue, for example which can result from an accumulation of nanoscale cracks over time s probably the most common failure modefor structural metals in general

For this study, the researchers found that light with a wavelength of 980 nanometers worked best.

Using this system, the researchers measured changes in the height of red blood cells, with nanoscale sensitivity,

The research was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and Nanoscope Technologies, LLC n

making the fibers thinner each time and approaching nanometer scale. During this process, Anikeeva says, eatures that used to be inches across are now microns.

about 20 nanometers in size the same size range as the smallest features that can now be produced in microchips.

Now physicists at MIT have developed an experimental technique to simulate friction at the nanoscale. Using their technique,

Vuletic says that at the nanoscale, friction may exact a greater force for instance, creating wear and tear on tiny motors much faster than occurs at larger scales. here a big effort to understand friction and control it,

Learn about the technique MIT physicists developed to simulate friction at the nanoscale. Video: Melanie Gonick/MIT (with computer simulations from Alexei Bylinkskii) Friction and force fieldsthe team simulated friction at the nanoscale by first engineering two surfaces to be placed in contact:

an optical lattice, and an ion crystal. The optical lattice was generated using two laser beams traveling in opposite directions,

from the nanoscale to the macroscale. he applications and related impact of their novel method propels a huge variety of research fields investigating effects relevant from raft tectonics down to biological systems

individual niobium nanowires are just 140 nanometers in diameter 140 billionths of a meter across,

The study also suggests the broader potential for adapting nanoscale drug-delivery techniques developed for use in environmental remediation. hat we can apply some of the highly sophisticated,

which appeared this month in the Royal Society of Chemistry journal Nanoscale, the Rice team used sophisticated computer modeling to show it's possible to rip nanoribbons

The researchers have used the technique to determine that materials with a highly organized structure at the nanoscale are not more efficient at creating free electrons than poorly organized structures#a finding

Joel Yang and Shawn Tan at the A*STAR Institute of Materials Research and Engineering and co-workers used an electron beam to form arrays of approximately 100-nanometer-tall pillars.

In these arrays each pixel was an 800-nanometer-long square containing four aluminum nanodisks.

and nanoscale lateral dimensions represent two critical capabilities for advanced applications. The thickness can be controlled through a combination of printing parameters including the size of the nozzle the stage speed ink composition and voltage bias.

E-jet printing refers to a technique called electrohydrodynamic jet described as a micro/nanomanufacturing process that uses an electric field to induce fluid jet printing through micro/nanoscale nozzles.

Yingnan Zhao decided to use nanometre-sized colloidal palladium particles, as their dimensions can be controlled easily.

a new type of nanoscale surface that bacteria can't stick to holds promise for applications in the food processing, medical and even shipping industries.

The technology, developed collaboratively by researchers from Cornell University and Rensselaer Polytechnic institute, uses an electrochemical process called anodization to create nanoscale pores that change the electrical charge and surface energy of a metal surface,

These pores can be as small as 15 nanometers; a sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick.

When the anodization process was applied to aluminum, it created a nanoporous surface called alumina, which proved effective in preventing surrogates of two well-known pathogens, Escherichia coli o157:

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