#USDA Scientists, International Colleagues Sequence Upland cotton Genome U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) scientists and their partners have sequenced the genome of the world most widely cultivated and genetically complex species of cotton,
The results were published today in two Nature Biotechnology reports. Sequencing the genome of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) will help breeders develop varieties of cotton that are equipped better to combat the pests,
diseases and higher temperatures and droughts expected to accompany climate change. Cotton growers have experienced a plateau in yields since the early 1990s
The two teams sequenced the genome of the genetic standard of Upland cotton, Texas Marker-1,
with applications for everything from fuel cells to biological implants. t a huge step for nanofabrication, said Jan Schroers, professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Yale,
Or they might alter materials for greater biocompatibility temperature stability, or water resistance. his is like going from building boats only out of wood,
Their faculty advisers are Fathi Ghorbel, professor of mechanical engineering and bioengineering, and Marcia Oalley, professor of mechanical engineering and computer science.
and neck cancer patients are men leading him to investigate a genetic marker with a known correlation to prostate cancer,
if you have the TMPRSS2 gene marker, the prostate cancer is much more aggressive. Theye also shown that this is androgen (male hormone) sensitive.
and labelled for the TMPRSS2 genetic marker. According to clinical data, head and neck cancer is the most painful form of cancer,
are the lead authors in a study published in the April 20 edition of the journal Nature Biotechnology.
from the School of Biosciences. or the first time we have found a link airways inflammation,
a bundle of protein threads that pull the chromosomes towards the opposite poles of the cell and distributes them equally between the new cells.
Through genetic manipulation, Worzfeld Group switches off individual semaphorins in mice. As a result, the epithelial cells no longer arrange themselves correctly
Prof Sader says this technique revolutionises molecule detection for biologists or indeed anyone who wants to measure extremely small objects.
and inertial imaging could prove very useful for biological scientists. ou can imagine situations where you don know exactly what you are looking for,
one of the main organisms used to study cell biology. In further experiments with the flies
The study findings are to be published in the journal Nature Cell biology online April 27. ur study results showed that ATP synthase has a new function during stem cell development
says senior study investigator and cell biologist Ruth Lehmann, Phd, the Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Professor of Cell biology at NYU Langone and a Howard hughes medical institute investigator.
Moreover, Lehmann says that because ATP synthase energy production is common among all cells that have a nucleus,
Indeed, Lehmann, who also serves as director of NYU Langone Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and chair of its Department of Cell biology,
Engineering professor Jeffrey La Belle use of biomarkers in saliva could replace current tests that require individuals with TYPE II DIABETES to draw blood samples each day.
ASU Engineering professor Jeffrey La Belle use of biomarkers in saliva could replace current tests that require individuals with TYPE II DIABETES to draw blood samples each day.
Arizona State university engineering professor Jeffrey La Belle use of biomarkers measurable indicators of wellness or disease in body fluids to diagnose
The device collects trace fluid samples from a biological surface for electrochemical analysis to detect glucose,
La Belle is an assistant professor in the School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, one of ASU Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering.
who graduated from ASU in 2009 with a degree in biomedical engineering. Bishop is now cofounder and chief innovation officer of Qualaris Healthcare Solutions, a Pittsburgh-based medical-product development company.
and expand the use of tear fluid as a means of detecting various ocular (eye) disorders by measuring certain biomarkers it contains.
Many interesting and important structures in biological cells and computer chips have features smaller than that.
In the new method, the object you want to see for instance a biological cell is placed on the substrate of the scattering material
because they had excellent biological properties, however, the hydrogels currently available for tissue regeneration of the musculoskeletal system couldn meet the mechanical and biological requirements for successful outcomes. ur international biofabrication research team has found a way to reinforce these soft hydrogels via a 3d printed scaffold structure
so that their stiffness and elasticity are close to that of cartilage tissues. Professor Hutmacher said the team had introduced organised high-porosity microfiber networks that are printed using a new technique called elt electrospinning writing e found that the stiffness of the gel/scaffold composites increased synergistically up to 54 times,
can we design a particle that can sense its environment with no neural system or biological parts.
It an important step toward the realization of biomimetic microsystems with the ability to sense
Dr Foster findings are published in The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental biology here. r Foster was able to show that around 12 taste receptors,
as the human genome only has 25 of these bitter taste receptors, and we wanted to find out why half of them were located in the heart. hen we activated one of the taste receptors with a specific chemical that we all taste as bitter,
This study was made possible by the use of a cutting-edge experimental technology termed optogenetics that enables the control of neuronal activity using light.
Nef and Vpu, were deactivated by gene mutation. The experiments were conducted with serum samples from the AIDS and Infectious diseases Network (SIDA-MI) cohort of the Fonds de recherche en santé du Québec (FRSQ.
which imitates a protein called CD4. CD4 proteins are located at the surface of T lymphocytes and allow immune system cells to be infected by HIV. he virus has to get rid of the CD4 proteins to protect itself.
Adding the small molecule forces the viral envelop to open, like a flower. The antibodies that are naturally present after the infection can then target the infected cells
so they are killed by the immune system, explains Jonathan Richard, postdoctoral researcher at the CRCHUM and lead author of the study.
said Daniel Fletcher, an associate chair and professor of bioengineering, whose UC Berkeley lab pioneered the Cellscope. he video Cellscope provides accurate,
Researchers believe this new information on basic ovarian biology will help them better understand the cause of ovarian disorders,
we can search for possible genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the process leading to ovarian cell disorders.
says senior author Björn Lillemeier, an assistant professor in the Nomis Foundation Laboratories for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis and the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center at the Salk Institute.
Researchers at the Johns hopkins university School of medicine, Johns hopkins university Department of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering, and Federal University of Rio de janeiro in Brazil have designed a DNA-loaded nanoparticle that can pass through the mucus barrier covering conducting airways of lung tissue proving the concept,
and can benefit only a subpopulation of patients with specific types of mutations. Yet this study, Suk notes, has demonstrated that delivering normal copies of CF-related genes
This could eventually become an effective therapy for the lungs of patients, regardless of the mutation type.
DNA-loaded nanoparticles possess positive charge that caused them to adhere to negatively charged biological environments, in this case the mucus covering the lung airways.
you can get gene expression i e.,, production of therapeutic proteins for several months, Suk says, adding that the nanoparticles did not appear to show any adverse effects,
a professor of physics at NYU and chair of the Chemical and Bioengineering Department at NYU Polytechnic School of engineering. ur research shows that this be done
. who is a pioneer in the converging fields of synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, and genetics. Church is the Robert Winthrop Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical school and Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT.
Critical to this process of metabolically engineering microbes is the use of biosensors. Made of a biological component such as a fluorescent protein
and a etectorthat responds to the presence of a specific chemical, biosensors act as the switches
But so far, scientists have had only access to a limited variety of biosensors that have little relevance to the biomanufacturing of valuable chemicals.
which we would rely on biomanufacturing for the clean production of chemical and pharmaceutical commodities, said Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald E. Ingber,
M d.,Ph d.,who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical school and Boston Children Hospital,
and Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences o
#Bend me, shape me, any way you want me: Scientists curve nanoparticle sheets into complex forms Scientists have been making nanoparticles for more than two decades in two-dimensional sheets, three-dimensional crystals and random clusters.
and may even have implications for understanding biological systems. Working at the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) and the Advanced Photon Source (APS), two DOE Office of Science User Facilities located at Argonne,
Now, researchers at MIT Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research are closing that information gap by developing a tiny biochemical sensor that can be implanted in cancerous tissue during the initial biopsy.
The sensor then wirelessly sends data about telltale biomarkers to an external eaderdevice, allowing doctors to better monitor a patient progress
Once implanted, the sensor wirelessly sends data about biomarkers to an external eaderdevice, allowing doctors to better monitor a patient progress
on-demand data concerning two biomarkers linked to a tumor response to treatment: ph and dissolved oxygen.
The sensor housing, made of a biocompatible plastic, is small enough to fit into the tip of a biopsy needle.
revealing changes in the targeted biomarkers. ith these devices, it like taking blood pressure. It a simple measurement.
#Researchers discover cancer markers may be visible early during human development Researchers at the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute have uncovered a link between the genomes of cells originating in the neural crest
and basic science at Virginia Tech Carilion Medical school, analyzed an often ignored part of the human genome repetitive DNA sequences referred to as microsatellites.
More than 1 million microsatellites exist in the human genome including in neural crest tissues, a thin layer of cells within an embryo that contains genetic instructions to build hundreds of cell types, from neurons to adrenal cells.
Long considered unk DNAOR ark matterwithin the genome because their function was unclear microsatellites are known for their role in certain diseases such as Fragile X and Huntington disease.
the researchers unveil how one of a battery of chemical warfare agents used by the immune system to fight off infection can itself create DNA mutations that lead to cancer.
a research associate in the Department of Biological engineering at MIT, and the paper lead author.
and James Fox all professors of biological engineering at MIT had identified the presence of a lesion,
says John Essigmann, the William R. 1956) and Betsy P. Leitch Professor in Residence Professor of Chemistry, Toxicology and Biological engineering at MIT,
DNA sequencing of a developing gastrointestinal tumor revealed two types of mutation: cytosine (C) bases changing to thymine (T) bases,
the researchers first placed the 5clc lesion at a specific site within the genome of a bacterial virus. They then replicated the virus within the cell.
the 5clc instead paired with an adenine base around 5 percent of the time a medically relevant mutation frequency, according to Essigmann.
the researchers replicated the genome containing the lesion with a variety of different types of polymerase,
and causes the same kind of mutations seen within cells, Fedeles says. hat gave us confidence that this phenomenon would in fact happen in human cells containing high levels of 5clc.
the C-to-T mutation characteristic of 5clc is extremely common, and is present in more than 50 percent of mutagenic ignatures,
or patterns of DNA mutations, associated with cancerous tumors. e believe that in the context of inflammation-induced damage of DNA,
many of these C-to-T mutations may be caused by 5clc, possibly in correlation with other types of mutations as part of these mutational signatures,
says the paper provides a novel mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and cancer development. ith a combination of biochemical,
genetic, and structural biology approaches, the researchers have found that 5-chlorocytosine is intrinsically miscoding during DNA replication
and it could give rise to significant frequencies of C-to-T mutation, a type of mutation that is frequently observed in human cancers,
Wang says. Studies of tissue samples of patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease have found significant levels of 5clc,
the researchers predict that accumulation of the lesions would increase the mutation rate of a cell up to 30-fold,
This research has just been published in the scientific journal Development at http://dev. biologists. org/Currently,
and biological species and photonic devices that manipulate light. Furthermore, this method of producing nanoribbons is complicated not overly it is scalable
because previous research has shown that it is identified the only protein containing a frequent genetic mutation linked to severe flu infections.
It a future in which diseases like muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis and many others are treated permanently through the science of genome engineering.
Hubbard research, published in the journal Nature Methods, demonstrates a new technology advancing the field of genome engineering.
replacing the damaged genetic code with healthy DNA. here is a trend in the scientific community to develop therapeutics in a more rational fashion,
our disease is caused by a mutation in gene X, and wee going to correct this mutation to treat it.?
In theory, genome engineering will eventually allow us to permanently cure genetic diseases by editing the specific faulty genes. evolutionizing health caregenome engineering involves the targeted, specific modification of an organism genetic information.
Much like how a computer programmer edits computer code, scientists could one day replace a person broken
we can produce gene editing tools that are 100 times more specific for their target sequence. uture applicationsmuch of the current research in genome engineering is focused on treating monogenic diseasesiseases that involve a single geneecause theye much easier for researchers
He hopes his current work will play a role in helping genome engineering reach its full potential
and those beneath normal skin. ombining the new dynamical biomarkers we created a test which,
#Researchers genetically engineer yeast to produce opioids After a decade work a team led by Stanford bioengineer Christina Smolke succeeded in finding more than 20 genes from five different organisms and engineering them into the genome of baker yeast.
an associate professor of bioengineering at Stanford. Now, though the output is small it would take 4,
about one third of the world supply has shifted to bioreactors. The artemisinin experiments proved that yeast biosynthesis was involved possible,
but adding only six genes. The Stanford team had to engineer 23 genes into yeast to create their cellular assembly line for hydrocodone. his is complicated the most chemical synthesis ever engineered in yeast,
a Phd student in chemistry and a member of Smolke team. heye the action heroes of biology. o get the yeast assembly line going,
but even after the Stanford bioengineers added this enzyme into their microbial factory, the yeast didn create enough of the opioid compound.
with proper controls against abuse, allow bioreactors to be located where they are needed, she said. In addition to bioengineering yeast to convert sugar into hydrocodone,
Bone biology does not require fibrin to heal a fracture. Fibrin is involved in blood clotting; it forms a meshlike net that traps platelets to form a clot.
Genetic manipulations to deplete fibrinogen in these mice restored normal fracture repair. ibrin puts a cog in the machine
this range is observed comparable to that for other important biological hormones such as insulin. Furthermore, the investigators developed a protocol,
#Telltale biomarker detects early breast cancer in NIH-funded study Researchers have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect the earliest signs of breast cancer recurrence and fast-growing tumors.
Cleveland and was funded by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), part of the National institutes of health.
CWRU M. Frank Rudy and Margaret Domiter Rudy Professor of biomedical engineering and an expert in molecular imaging for cancer and other diseases. e showed with this technique that we can detect very tiny tumors of just
Dr. Lu team used a biochemical approach combined with MRI to detect molecular changes that signal micrometastases.
the biomarker is enhanced, generating enough signal for MRI detection of small, high-risk cancer and micrometastases.
and rossover where a new genome is formed by merging genes from two individuals. In order for the mother to determine which children were the fittest,
while mutation and crossover were introduced in the less successful children. The researchers found that design variations emerged
and gait patterns for the children over time, including some designs that a human designer would not have been able to build. ne of the big questions in biology is how intelligence came about wee using robotics to explore this mystery,
These adaptations allow biological organisms to survive in a wide variety of different environments allowing animals to make the move from living in the water to living on land, for instance.
said Iida. ut what we do have are a lot of enabling technologies that will help us import some aspects of biology to the engineering world. ource:
biocompatible polymer film made out of polyvinylidene fluoride, or PVDF. To improve the material energy harvesting ability, they added DNA,
and is biocompatible and biodegradable. Their device was powered with gentle tapping, and it lit up 22 to 55 light-emitting diodes
#Major Innovation in Molecular Imaging Delivers Spatial and Spectral Info Simultaneously Using physical chemistry methods to look at biology at the nanoscale,
and each subcellular structure was a distinct color. o using this method we can look at interactions between four biological components inside a cell in three-dimension and at very high resolution of about 10 nanometers,
Xu said. he applications are mostly in fundamental research and cell biology at this point, but hopefully it will lead to medical applications.
and completed cutting-edge work in understanding the genetics of autism. Building on its strengths in biology
computer science, psychology, statistics and engineering, CMU launched Brainhub, an initiative that focuses on how the structure and activity of the brain give rise to complex behaviors m
and quickly recreate microenvironments found across biology. To illustrate the potential of their technique, the Illinois team mixed breast cancer cells and cells called macrophages that signal cancer cells to spread
Kilian said his team synthetic microenvironment lies somewhere in the middle of two extremes in the field of modeling biology:
then you can ask fundamental biological questions. Kilian said these questions range from the basic how macrophages signal to the breast cells to the more long-term:
researchers can ask more sophisticated biological questions than they could, Kilian said. And they can do it quickly.
#Closing the loop with optogenetics Optogenetics provides a powerful tool for studying the brain by allowing researchers to activate neurons using simple light-based signals.
meaning they lack the kind of feedback control that most biological and engineering systems use to maintain a steady operating state.
Optogenetics technology places genes that express light-sensitive proteins into mammalian cells that normally lack such proteins.
which closes the loop in optogenetic systems. The technique uses a computer to acquire and process the neuronal response to the optical stimulus in real-time
said Steve Potter, an associate professor in the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University. eural modulation therapies of the future,
electrical stimulation or even light-plus-optogenetics through fiber optics, will all be closed loop. That means they will be responsive to the moment-to-moment needs of the nervous system.
demonstrating the value of bringing biological scientists together with engineers. Newman, an engineer by training, says concepts common in engineering can be useful in the life sciences. losed-loop control is a concept that is woven through all engineered systems,
but it often hard to find in the biological sciences, he said. ny time you can introduce feedback control into an experiment,
However, now scientists from the RIKEN Molecular genetics Laboratory have revealed the mechanism underlying the memory of innate immunity.
more precisely than ever before using a process that turns human cells into a biological equivalent of LEGO bricks.
keeping the whole biological machine running smoothly. But in diseases such as breast cancer, the breakdown of this order has been associated with the rapid growth
but also to experiment with specifically adding in a single cell with a known cancer mutation to different parts of the organoid to observe its effects.
and non-invasively saliva biomarkers holds considerable promise for many biomedical and fitness applications, said Wang.
and contains many different biomarkers, researchers needed to make sure that the sensors only reacted with the uric acid.
which ensures that only the smallest biochemicals get inside the sensor. The second step is a layer of uricase trapped in polymers,
and electronics to make sure that they are indeed completely biocompatible. The next iteration of the mouth guard is about a year out,
Shannon Hilton and Paul Jones The microfluidic technology, developed in the lab of professor Mark Hayes in the Department of chemistry and Biochemistry at Arizona State university, uses microscale electric field gradients, acting on extremely small samples,
Some of the most notorious antibiotic-resistant strains and species belong to the genus Staphylococcus. They are classified typically as pathogenic or non-pathogenic based on production of the enzyme coagulase.
and form biofilms. This is where the project began, as a collaboration with orthopedic surgeon Dr. Alex Mclaren and his team member and bioengineer Dr. Ryan Mclemore of Banner Good samaritan Medical center, Phoenix,
along with Dr. Mark Spangehl of the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Arizona. By most metrics the antibiotic-resistant and susceptible strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis are phenotypically identical,
Scientists in the Hayes group at ASU Department of chemistry and Biochemistry soon to become the School of Molecular Sciences are enabling a handheld,
an assistant professor in the School of Chemical & Biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology. he information we can provide could one day help nutritional epidemiologists
a bacterium that is frequently used in genetic engineering. E coli has a transcriptional system that responds to the level of zinc in its environment,
Genetic machinery for the production of those pigments was taken from other biological sources and introduced into the E coli.
UED creates unprecedented opportunities for ultrafast science in a broad range of disciplines, from materials science to chemistry to the biosciences.
a transcription factor a protein able to influence gene expression known as Er81. Fast-spiking interneurons are part of a general class of neurons
Mooney who is also the Robert P. Pinkas Family Professor of Bioengineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering
The team included Georg Duda, Ph d.,who a Wyss Associate Faculty member and the director of the Julius Wolff Institute and Professor of Biomechanics and Musculoskeletal Regeneration at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin,
and Wyss Institute Founding Director Donald Ingber, M d.,Ph d.,who is also the Judah Folkman Professor of Vascular Biology at Harvard Medical school and Boston Children Hospital and Professor of Bioengineering
According to Kevin Edgar, a professor of sustainable biomaterials and Meng doctoral adviser, the new method an get drugs to market,
and genetic materials and serve as a vehicle for communication between cells. In the nervous system, exosomes guide the direction of nerve growth,
assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Tufts School of engineering. Xu work focuses on material science engineering, specifically nanoscience and its biomedical application:
the development of new synthetic materials for the delivery of therapeutic proteins and genetic material. In 2015, he received a Faculty Early Career development (CAREER) award from the National Science Foundation (NSF),
who earned his doctorate in biomedical engineering at Rutgers and now works in biopharmaceutical research and development at Glaxosmithkline.
said Martin Yarmush, the Paul and Mary Monroe Chair and Distinguished Professor of biomedical engineering at Rutgers and Ghodbane adviser.
#Researchers find biomarker for autism that may aid diagnostics By identifying a key signaling defect within a specific membrane structure in all cells, University of California,
they have found both a possible reliable biomarker for diagnosing certain forms of autism and a potential therapeutic target.
said Gargus, director of the Center for Autism Research & Translation and professor of pediatrics and physiology & biophysics. qually exciting,
There are also no current, reliable diagnostic biomarkers for ASD. Genetic research has identified hundreds of genes that are involved,
which impedes diagnosis and, ultimately, drug development. There simply may be too many targets, each with too small an effect.
and sophisticated EEG, sleep and biochemical studies are performed. This includes the sequencing of their entire genome.
Also, skin cell samples are cultured and made available to lab-based researchers for functional assays. In the area of drug discovery, scientists at the Center for Autism Research & Translation continue to probe the IP3R channel,
#A fast cell sorter shrinks to cell phone size Commercially available cell sorters can rapidly and accurately aid medical diagnosis and biological research,
present a biohazard and may damage cells. Now a team of researchers has developed a cell sorter based on acoustic waves that can compete with existing fluorescence-activated cell sorters
they have very low biocompatibility. The cell-sorting process can reduce cell viability and functions by 30 to 99 percent for many fragile or sensitive cells such as neurons, stem cells, liver cells and sperm cells.
but also other cellular features such as gene expression, post translational modification, and cell function, said Huang. he acoustic power intensity
and biological research. Because the device is built on a lab-on-a chip system, it is both compact and inexpensive about the size and cost of a cell phone in its current configuration.
Lung and Blood Institute of the National institutes of health, published their work in a recent issue of Lab on a Chip. ell sorting is used widely in many areas of biology to characterize
and biohazard concerns remain factors that have prevented this technology from being even more widespread. Microfluidic cell sorting is revolutionary for the fields of cell biology and immunology
as well as other fields in biology, in concomitantly overcoming all of these obstacles. It is quite easy to envision applications for this technology in diverse environments from a family doctor office to field studies in limnology.
In future work, the researchers plan to integrate their acoustic cell-sorting unit with an optical cell-detecting unit with the goal of increasing throughput to 10,000 events per second o
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