Biotech

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Synopsis: Domenii: Biotech:

wrote the authors of Beyond Therapy, a 2003 report by the US President's Council on Bioethics.

says John Harris, Professor of Bioethics, and Director of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovations, University of Manchester, UK.

advance manufacturing and biotechnology. e started with ICT because it the easiest thing to start.

"It's an interesting way that Bluetooth can interact with the biotech industry.##Other personal health sensors that use Bluetooth include the Cardiopad,

however, reports have trickled in from bemused biologists that these receptors, as well as similar ones usually found on taste buds,

The same year Pluznick came across scent receptors in the kidney, biologists at the University of California, San diego identified sour receptors in the spine.

In doing so, her work took her from one weird and wonderful discovery in biology to another:

when they are coming together to form biofilms, a manoeuvre that greatly strengthens their defences against immune-system attacks.

Andraka's research incuding writing to 200 science professors led to him developing a dipstick diagnostic test which searches for a biomarker for pancreatic cancer.

and therefore does not inherently promote biodiversity. We therefore need to think about architecture very differently.

especially by using emerging biotechnologies, and might encourage diversity in the kinds of architectures we produce.

We explore realms as varied as synthetic biology, surreal digital theory, film and animation, interaction design,

Persephone aims to build a synthetic biological interior for the spaceship, working with teams from the fields of science, technology, architecture

In addition, a flexible approach to architectural design may also help us think about sustainability and biodiversity.

whether the biological marker of neuroinflammation (called translocator protein) that is visible with the new dye would be elevated in regions of the brain that regulate mood.

Targeted biological therapy can reduce toxicity and improve outcomes for many cancer patients, when compared to the adverse effects of standard chemotherapeutic drugs.

"Alkaloids are a family of natural products produced by plants that have biological properties important to medicine.

characterized 8 percent of the more than 550 PKC mutations identified in human cancers. This led to the unexpected discovery that the majority of mutations actually reduced

or abolished PKC activity, and none were activating. The mutations impeded signal binding, prevented correct structuring of the enzyme,

or impaired catalytic activity. When the scientists corrected a loss-of-function PKC mutation in the genome of a colon cancer cell line

tumor growth in a mouse model was reduced, demonstrating that normal PKC activity inhibits cancer. One possible explanation, said the researchers,

Published in the February 2015 edition of the Journal of Affective disorders, the findings could provide a biological basis for diagnosing

"Assessments of patients based upon the latest diagnostic criteria may boost the field's chances of finding new genetic markers for PTSD,

such as gene therapy or new drugs that regulate the chemicals associated with PTSD symptoms

#Tracking subtle brain mutations systematically DNA sequences were thought once to be identical from cell to cell,

but it's increasingly understood that mutations can arise during brain development that affect only certain groups of brain cells.

A technique developed at Boston Children's Hospital allows these subtle mutation patterns to be traced

and mapped spatially for the first time. This capability is a significant advance for genetics research and provides a new way to study both the normal brain and brain disorders such as epilepsy and autism.

Described in the January 7th issue ofneuron, the technique uses"deep""highly sensitive whole-genome sequencing of single neurons

and a new technology that identifies inserted bits of DNA caused by retrotransposons, one of several kinds of so-called somatic mutations that can arise as the brain develops.

The technique picks up somatic mutations that affect just a fraction of the brain's cells, in a"mosaic"pattern.

It also allows"lineage tracing, "showing when during brain development the mutations arise and how they spread through brain tissue as the mutated cells grow,

replicate and migrate, carrying the mutation with them.""There is a lot of genetic diversity from one neuron to the other,

and this work gets at how somatic mutations are distributed in the brain, "says Christopher Walsh, MD, Phd, chief of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's and co-senior author on the paper."

"Some mutations may occur on one side of the brain and not the other. Some may be clumped,'affecting just one gyrus fold of the brain,

disrupting just a little part of the cortex at a time.""The study examined brain tissue from a deceased 17-year-old who had been neurologically normal,

sampling in more than 30 brain locations. It builds on work published by the Walsh lab in 2012,

which developed methods to sequence the genomes of single neurons, and represents the first time single neurons have been sequenced in their entirety.

Somatic brain mutations, affecting just pockets of cells can be harmful, and have been suggested as a possible cause of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism,

because they suggest that every normal brain may in fact be a mosaic patchwork of focal somatic mutations,

whether somatic mutations may be the cause.""Finally, says Evrony, the findings provide a proof-of-principle for a systematic way of studying how brain cells disperse

which detects somatic retrotransposon mutations in single-cell sequencing data. Mirroring these findings, study published by Walsh's lab in 2014 used single-neuron sequencing to detect copy number variants--another type of mutation affecting the number of copies of chromosomes or chromosome fragments.

The study found that these mutations can occur in both normal and neurologically diseased brains s

#Brain imaging may help predict future behavior Noninvasive brain scans, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, have led to basic science discoveries about the human brain,

#Genome wide expression changes in vascular tissue identified due to infection/diet Source: Boston University Medical Centeralthough it has been shown that a diet high in fat

In this study the researchers used four experimental groups to compare genome-wide expression changes in vascular tissue.

In collaboration with the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) at Boston University the researchers performed genome-wide microarray profiling

and multifactorial than previously appreciated explained senior author Caroline Attardo Genco Phd professor of medicine and microbiology at BUSM.

but also following patient responses to therapy,"said Mitchell, the paper's corresponding author and professor of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology.

The prostate cancer study identified 20"hotspots"of greatest chromosomal instability as additions or deletions in less than 0. 5 percent of the total DNA present in human chromosomes.

It examines the entire genome rather than known specific gene point mutations. Robust mutation panels vastly improve monitoring

since cancer cells are constantly deleting chromosomal DNA and liquid biopsies with only one or two mutations will allow cancer cell escape variants to go undetected,

he said. Since the entire genome was surveyed, the researchers were able to identify a non-coding region of the genome as a"hotspot,

"which may be generating previously unrecognized chromosomal control elements in prostate cancer. The other 19"hotspots"were involved rich in genes in replication

and cell control processes that are highly relevant to cancer.""Since cell-free DNA has a relatively short half-life in the circulation,

The researchers speculate that byproducts from other bacteria infections in other diseases might change gene expression using similar mechanisms.

This interaction by SCFA and T-cells surprised co-investigators Fengchun Ye, assistant professor of biological sciences at the Case Western Reserve University School of dental medicine,

and Jonathan Karn, director of the Center for Aids Research and professor and chair of the Department of Molecular biology and Microbiology at Case Western Reserve's medical school.

#UCSD Study Shows Why Protein Mutations Lead to Familial Form of Parkinson Disease Researchers at the San diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) at the University of California, San diego, have shown for the first time why protein mutations

a set of mutations in asyn had been identified but what was unknown was the molecular mechanism by

which these mutations caused disease. s an unstructured protein, asyn is called sometimes hameleonbecause it has no stable configuration

Most of the mutations changed the shape of the protein in a way that increased binding of asyn to the membrane by this zone.

researchers could not say why these mutations caused Parkinson disease, said Tsigelny. he discovery of Zone 2 as the distinguishing feature of the membrane-penetrating configurations of asyn paves the road to possible prevention of such a binding.

& Biology identifies a drug candidate called DBIBB that increases the survival of mice suffering from radiation syndrome,

This promising compound will soon join the regulatory pipeline of a biotech company called Rxbio Inc,

the first such finding regarding this gene in a mammalian species. Myc is found in the genomes of all animals,

said senior author John Sedivy, the Hermon C. Bumpus Professor of Biology and professor of medical science at Brown."

Genome-wide patterns of gene expression showed that Myc heterozygotes had significant differences in pathways related to metabolism and the immune system.

Columbia University School of engineering and Applied science-Opening new doors for biomedical and neuroscience research, Elizabeth Hillman, associate professor of biomedical engineering at Columbia Engineering and of radiology at Columbia University Medical center

The emergence of fluorescent proteins and transgenic techniques over the past 20 years has transformed biomedical research,

SCAPE can also be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations during imaging because, unlike other systems,

including Randy Bruno (associate professor of neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience), Richard Mann (Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics), Wesley Grueber (associate professor

of physiology and cellular biophysics and of neuroscience, Department of Physiology & Cell Biophysics), and Kimara Targoff (assistant professor of pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics), all of whom are starting to use the SCAPE system in their research."

"says Thomas M. Jessell, co-director of the Zuckerman Institute and Claire Tow Professor of Motor neuron Disorders, the Department of Neuroscience and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at Columbia."

Hidde Ploegh, an MIT professor of biology and member of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, is also a senior author of the paper.

a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology who was involved not in the research. t very well-controlled

This shows the translational value of our device in managing nonmall-cell lung cancer with underlying mutations. r

#Biogen idec Columbia to Conduct Collaborative Genetics Research Biogen idec and Columbia University Medical center have formed a $30 million strategic alliance to conduct genetics discovery research on the underlying causes of disease

and analysis facility and shared postdoctoral program will be established at Columbia to support collaborative genetics studies.

The agreement will integrate genomics research conducted at Columbia with Biogen idec understanding of disease mechanisms and pathways,

and expertise in discovering new medicines. ur understanding of human genetics is rapidly expanding, and there is growing recognition that the elucidation of the genetic causes of disease will have a transformative effect on both patient care

Biogen idec. e are committed to working with leading institutions such as Columbia to advance basic genetic research and,

The collaboration will enable Biogen idec and Columbia to investigate the genomes of patients showing unusual treatment responses

or unique disease presentations and to explore the connections among genes, pathways, and disease processes.

The new facility will have broad genetic research capabilities and the capacity to launch and complete whole-genome sequencing projects rapidly.

It will allow for rapid population-scale DNA sequencing across a broad range of disease areas, focusing on diseases with significant unmet clinical need such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Tom Maniatis, Phd, the Isidore S. Edelman Professor of Biochemistry and chair of the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at Columbia University Medical center and director of Columbia university-wide

We expect that the alliance will dramatically advance our understanding of the genetics of these devastating diseases and ultimately lead to mechanism-based treatments, a key aspect of Columbia precision-medicine initiative. c

"This paper represents another step forward in a very important area of stem cell biology,"Renee Riejo Pera,

a leading developmental biologist with Montana State university, told Bioscience Technology. Pera was uninvolved in the research.""The paper uncovers fundamentals in producing the earliest stage germ cells.

told Bioscience Technology. think this is a major leap forward.""Built on Kyoto University research The work is built on research done by the Kyoto University lab of stem cell researcher Mitinori Saitou.

Also similar were protein markers. aive cells have differences in gene expression, but also in their epigenome,

Hanna told Bioscience Technology. or example, H3k27me3, a repressive chromatin mark, is depleted over developmental regulators in naive conditions.

Hanna concluded to Bioscience Technology. was not surprised in a way. I was confident that the failure with conventional ipscs would be resolved by toggling them back towards an alternative more naive state.

The device was developed by team led by Aydogan Ozcan, a professor of electrical engineering and bioengineering at the Henry Samueli School of engineering and Applied science and director of the California Nanosystems Institute."

The students will represent a broad cross-section of disciplines including MBAS researchers programmers and biologists.

The innovation is a flexible piezoelectric layer sandwiched between biocompatible plastic. Rogers says the whole system is about as stiff as the plastic used to make food wrappers.

professor of electrical and computer engineering and a professor of bioengineering. ethane is emitted by natural sources, such as wetlands,

and less than 1%get genetic testing. Familial DCM is enetically heterogeneous says Arbustini. That means several different genes may cause the disease.

and they undertook genetic studies to explore the molecular makeup behind the different mutations that cause the disease.

The greatest contribution has been our characterisation of patients with aminopathies a subtype of DCM caused by mutations in the gene encoding for the nuclear envelope protein.

biocompatible prosthetics using small-scale manufacturing techniques. Because the process integrates imaging, design and manufacture, it can build a safe,

biotechnology and information technologies to develop an artificial hand that patients were able to experience, to some degree,

29-year-old Phd student Chiara Nardon, was named top young innovator in the field of biochemistry in 2013,

or what does the blood biomarkers (blood samples) tell us The database allows neurologists to compare their patientscases with similar ones.

#Massive study closes in on cancers risk markers Cancer research has taken a huge leap forward with scientists now able to identify more than 80 genetic markers found to increase the risk of breast ovarian and prostate cancer.

for cancer in the prestigious scientific journal Nature Genetics. The research was led by scientists at the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, the University of Cambridge and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) in the UK,

Overall, the study found that common genetic variation links all these cancers. This can be described as a genetic'spelling mistake'

where an A g, C or T in the genetic code has been replaced with another letter. The spelling mistake is called Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP.

'We're on the verge of being able to use our knowledge of these genetic variations to develop a test that could complement breast cancer screening

'COGS is the largest genotyping project in the world targeting identification of genetic changes that influence the risk of common cancers.

'the biological catalysts that help it decompose. For Europe packaging industry, such a recyclable product is important

In the words of the CAMINEMS project coordinator, Dr Jean-louis Viovy of the Curie Institute in Paris, the key to the project was contained in the microfluidics techniques. icrofluidics is the equivalent for biology of microcircuits and microprocessors for the electronics industry

which allows specific biological elements to be switched in or out. The tool can thus be adapted according to whatever specific test the user wishes to conduct. ll the biology is contained in magnetic particles that we put in the system at the moment of operation.

This means we can decide, case by case or patient by patient, which biological question we shall ask,

says Dr Viovy. The effect of this is to provide a system with greatly enhanced cost-effectiveness

Over-forested and degraded land is threatening the country's wealth of biodiversity. Agricultural lands for olive orchards and other crops are being damaged.

the Cyclon project is developing biocompatible sugar-based drug-delivery systems that could lead to a breakthrough in the fight against various cancers.

The method it uses draws on the body's natural processes of biomineralisation the production of minerals.

these sensors could then clearly identify the disease'biomarkers'the telltale signs of diseased cells.

The presence of the crystals on the electrodes is detected as the signal of the bioassay which,

The team also decided that with this new concept it would not be necessary to use a'biopolymer',such as collagen,

"Patients who have undergone total prostatectomy may benefit from ultra-sensitive systems that can detect the prostate-specific cancer biomarkers at much lower concentrations

Writing in Nature Nanotechnology, Dr de la Rica and Professor Stevens also state that affordable methods for detecting disease biomarkers at ultra-low concentrations can potentially improve the standard of living in countries lacking costly

#An innovative production platform for micro-products Micro-products have become increasingly important in the medical, biotechnology, consumer and automotive sectors.

#Researchers help develop next-generation bioplastic materials Avantium is a spin-off from the petrochemicals giant Royal dutch shell

The contribution of Marie Curie supported researchers has been essential in enabling us to undertake the very important initial development of these next generation'green'bioplastic materials.

We believe that the PEF will become the new world standard for polyester bottles. with the possibilities it opens up for future work in vaccine discovery was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council

'but without resorting to permanent genetic modification of the entire plant. The foreign genes that are introduced transiently are inherited not by subsequent generations of the plant.

Previously, the timescale required before results were known for just a single protein meant researchers naturally played safe and tended to produce'biosimilars'

was recognised with the naming of Professor Lomonossoff as Innovator of the Year 2012 by the Biotechnology and Biological sciences Research Council (BBSRC), U s

Also known as polysaccharides, these complex sugars are by far the most abundant biomolecules on the planet. Produced biologically in plants, animals and microorganisms,

Bringing together biologists, chemists, microbiologists, biochemists, molecular geneticists and biotechnologists from universities, biotech firms and food and pharmaceutical multinationals from around Europe, Polymode has identified now its first eadingand ritingenzymes.

into a form which carries out specific biological activities. This is now being tested for its ability to protect plants from disease

and silver ionisation to eradicate biofilm and legionella from water systems. We started this project in 2009 together with our SME partners in The netherlands Greece

The BIFIPRO system releases copper and silver ions into the water to eliminate biofilm a breeding ground for harmful bacteria like legionella.

which is a determining factor in the removal of biofilm and legionella. Mr van der Linde explains that the copper

'In addition, it is biocompatible, which is essential for something that is going to be used in the mouth,

its biocompatibility means it can be used to improve rigidity and friction resistance. Furthermore, it has potential applications in the auto industry and in the area of safety,

The researcher studied the biology of microglial cells, which play a leading role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory reaction,

which could help explain how non-genetic material is inherited. Non-genetic material is material that is not part of the chromosomes, the chains in the cell nucleus

which contain the genes. Genes are the sequence of nucleic acids which provide the assembly instructions for a living organism,

helping scientists to better understand how gene expression is controlled. Indeed, the ultimate goal, explains project coordinator Dr Lars Jansen,

and the functioning of a living organism), was the only carrier of genetic information. Everything else was merely a product of these genes."

'the part of the chromosome (a long structure of DNA found in the cell nucleus, containing all the characteristics of a living organism) that controls its behaviour.

An important inheritance This is epigenetic inheritance i e. inheritance above the level of genes. This means that heritable changes in gene expression are caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence.

Epicentromere's success in this field came from uncovering the mechanism by which cells recruit new proteins.

This represents a major step in understanding the role of epigenetic systems t

#Aquaszero#New product to make drinking water safer Aquaszero New product to make drinking water safer Arsenic may be found as a water

with the first completion of the sequencing of the genome for one species of the bacterium, Streptomyces coelicolor.

unravelling the secrets of the genome revealed a new mystery. It was known that the bacterium produced four different antibiotics

but the genome sequence revealed the potential for around 20. The known antibiotics represented only 20%of the possible total.

'hitherto lying undetected within the genome.''We could see the genes were there, but there was no product,

whether this genetic information was just redundant, or whether it could be used to trigger the production of new antibiotic compounds.'

'Meanwhile, the genomes of other streptomycete species had been sequenced and all had shown the same pattern, with between 12 and 15'cryptic pathways'.'

An equally important part of the project concerned the genetic engineering of a species of streptomycete which could be used as a kind of'all-purpose'production facility,

but also for public health budgets and for the European biotechnology industry n

#0. 05mm: a new accuracy standard for industrial robots An EU-funded project brought together industry

#Eurobioref#How a radical redesign is strengthening economic viability in the bioeconomy Fotolia 2012the word bioeconomy has existed only since the late 1990s.

They include biomass producers advancedbiomass pre-treatment specialists catalyticand enzymatic reactions developers and finalchemical and biochemical producers and endusers.

#PHARMA-PLANTA#Harnessing plant biotechnology to revolutionise pharmaceutical production The hope is that the drug will prove effective in preventing HIV infection.

"Discovered by one of the four private commercial partners in the project, Austrian biotech company Polymun,

the success of PHARMA-PLANTA"is a springboard for European plant biotechnology and will enable many important medical products to be realised".

and real-time biological analysis. The use of these tools is as easy as getting dressed,

Their newest prototype has built-in biochemical sensors, which measure such properties as the saltiness, acidity and temperature of a person's sweat, giving insight into the subject's state of health.

The biochemical engineers are now looking at integrating their prototype into A t-shirt together with other sensors,

#Euro-Indo collaboration develops new photodetector Photodetectors that analyse scattered light in the ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum are used often in situations where the rapid detection of hazardous biological

The new device is suitable for the identification of airborne chemical and biological agents in real time.

Applications for this kind of materials mix can be found in diverse domains such as the pharmaceutical industry, the food and processing industry, energy production or systems biology.

Researchers analyzed the sustainability of the US dairy industry from 1944 to 2012 and found advances in genetics

##The power of microneedles for treating eye conditions is the ability to target delivery of the drug within the eye##says Mark Prausnitz professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular engineering at the Georgia Institute of technology.##

##since it was discovered in 1972â##has been that we can t culture the human viruses in a cell culture dish##says Stephanie Karst associate professor in the molecular genetics and microbiology department at University of Florida College of Medicine.##

Cancer researchers should now have a much clearer look at the complex physical and biochemical interplay involved in leaving a tumor moving through surrounding tissue and approaching a blood vessel.

and analyze them in sophisticated labs. Now a team of biologists has created a new tool that could provide a quick cheap way to perform sophisticated lab analyses

and diagnostics in the field and may also offer a way to speed science in the lab. The tool called a paper gene circuit takes biological reactions out of cells and puts them onto a piece of paper.

##This could really be a game-changer for a lot of applications including diagnostics##say James Collins who is a professor of biomedical engineering and medicine at Boston University and a core faculty member at Harvard s Wyss Institute.##

Over the past 15 years biologists have created hundreds of these gene circuits picking and choosing useful bits of biology

and putting them together in new ways. Pardee s circuits use a device called a##toehold switch##created by coauthor Alexander Green also a postdoctoral fellow at Boston and Pardee s colleague at the Wyss Institute

Because biological systems are particularly good at sensing changes in the environmentâ##our cells constantly monitor blood sugar

But would something that worked for a chemical reaction work for biology too?####That was our first question:

can we even get gene expression in paper?####says Pardee. Using a standard laser printer stocked with special wax-based inks he printed patterns of small dots onto uncoated filter paper.

and also for faster science in the lab.##In biology you spend a lot of time tool building.

but belongs to a different class of biochemical substances. Copsin is a protein whereas traditional antibiotics are often non-protein organic compounds.

It was the biochemical properties of the substance that led the scientist to do so. Copsin is an exceptionally stable protein says Essig.

which was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry y

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