and tacrolimus stimulating cells in wound areas to give off molecules that attract the stem cells.
Researchers have developed a detailed map of how the protein VP24 binds to a host protein that takes signaling molecules in
##We ve known for a long time that infection with Ebola obstructs an important arm in our immune system that is activated by molecules called interferons##says senior author Gaya Amarasinghe assistant professor of pathology
& Microbe Amarasinghe and Daisy Leung assistant professor of pathology and immunology show that VP24 tightly binds to a nuclear transporter a protein that takes molecules into
and out of the cell nucleus. Among the molecules these transporters take into the nucleus is STAT1 an important component of the interferon signaling pathway.##
The scientists already have initiated efforts to look for small molecules that block VP35 and now are applying those same approaches to VP24.
the researchers took a unique approach to detecting molecules. anoelectronic sensors typically depend on detecting charge transfer between the sensor and a molecule in air or in solution,
However, these previous techniques typically led to strong bonds between the molecules being detected and the sensor itself.
which we look at the interaction between the dipoles associated with these molecules and the nanosensor at high frequencies,
The sensor can detect molecules in sample sizes at a ratio of several parts per billion.
To find out if stripping the lipids from cells also removes other potential molecules of interestuch as proteins, DNA,
and can be detected with single-molecule resolution in the cells of the transparent organisms. BIOPSY CANCER The Cell paper focuses on the use of PACT and PARS as research tools for studying disease and development in research organisms.
The new method spins the drug into silklike fibers that quickly dissolve when in contact with moisture, releasing higher doses of the drug than possible with other topical materials such as gels or creams
and radiation despite the drug effectiveness to prevent DCIS recurrence and to lower the risk of future breast cancer. elivering the drug though a gel,
and radiation are given oral tamoxifen for five years to reduce the risk of the DCIS recurring at the same place
which specially-encapsulated miniscule particles are administered with sequences of BACTERIAL DNA that direct the immune system to suppress allergic immune responses,
while lung inflammation was lower than particles that did not contain Cpg. his is exactly
which provides information on how molecules vibrate. Scientists say the novel idea, published in the journal Analyst, could set a new gold standard for malaria testing.
#These mutant worms can t get drunk Neuroscientists have used human molecules to create mutant worms that don get drunk on alcohol. his is the first example of altering a human alcohol target to prevent intoxication in an animal,
An alcohol target is any neuronal molecule that binds alcohol, of which there are many. One important aspect of this modified alcohol target, a neuronal channel called the BK channel,
either individually or together. y combining the two molecules into one we got much greater potency against several diseases and completely unique effects in terms of blocking tumor growth and metastasis. LUNG AND BREAST TUMORS Both
because it produces a molecule called 11-cis retinal which has the special capacity to capture light and initiate vision.
Patients with RPE65 or LRAT mutations cannot produce this crucial molecule thus the retinal cells cannot create vision,
Signaling pathways involve molecules in a cell that control cell functionsuch as cell divisiony cooperation.
For example, the first molecule in the process receives a signal to begin. It then tells another molecule to work, and so on.
Treatment of breast cancer differs by patient due to differences in tumors. Some tumors contain protein receptors that are activated by the hormones estrogen or progesterone.
or tissue, latch onto a particular molecule, then glow green, blue, yellow, or other colors in response to particular wavelengths of light.
of which was followed esfenvalerate by lambda-cyhalothrin permethrin cypermethrin and tau-fluvalinate. Eighty percent of the carbamates were methomyl and carbaryl.
The problem LÃNARD says is that terahertz radiation typically requires an antenna to achieve coupling into a single nanotube due to the relatively large size of terahertz waves.
and semiconducting nanotubes soaks up all of the incoming terahertz radiation. rying to do that with a different kind of material would be nearly impossible
who has developed virus-like particles that act like Ebola, but pose no danger in the laboratory.
you can see what molecules or potential antiviral drugs could interfere with this process, Tamm says. ou have these contacts that need to be made to make the clenching of the fist happenf you could find a molecule that throws a wrench into the gears of that mechanism,
you could actually block that from happening. d
#LED scanner safely peeks inside your brain New brain-scanning technology that shines dozens of tiny LED LIGHTS on the head works as well as more traditional methods without radiation exposure and bulky magnets.
Researchers say the new optical approach is ideal for children and for patients with electronic implants, such as pacemakers, cochlear implants,
which involves radiation exposure. Because DOT technology does not use radiation, multiple scans performed over time could be used to monitor the progress of patients treated for brain injuries, developmental disorders such as autism,
neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson, and other diseases. Unlike fmri and PET, DOT technology is designed to be portable,
000 small molecules to identify compounds that might block PIP5K1C. There were a number of hits,
The chemical structure of the molecule can be manipulated to potentially turn it into an even better inhibitor of PIP5K1C.
The blood-brain barrier limits the passage of molecules from the bloodstream into the brain. Without it
but it moves cells instead of electrons. Scaling up the device could mean sorting and storing hundreds of thousands of individual living cells in a matter of minutes.
The result is an integrated circuit that controls small magnetic objects much like the way electrons are controlled on computer chips.
By tagging cells with magnetic particles and directing them to different compartments, the cells can be separated,
Applications for HIV and cancer In a random access memory chip, similar logic circuits manipulate electrons on a nanometer scale, controlling billions of compartments in a square inch.
But cells are much larger than electrons, which would limit the new devices to hundreds of thousands of storage spaces per square inch.
Watson and colleagues solved the problem by adding chemical cross-linkers to the gel molecules. t a secondary mechanism that,
#Treatment cuts H1n1 flu deaths in mice A new study reveals that a drug that inhibits a molecule called prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increases survival rates in mice infected with a lethal dose
By inhibiting a molecule called cyclooxygenase (COX ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) lower the production of five major prostanoidsmmune molecules that contribute to pain
and fever. ut since these drugs inhibit all prostanoids, each may contribute differently towards the immunity against influenza virus,
. or insects one of the major hypotheses is that angiosperm radiation correlated with the diversification of insects.
by measuring changes in energy levels of electrons in molecules after the laser has excited them.
Molybdenum disulfide isn t quite as flat as graphene the atom-thick form of pure carbon
because it contains both molybdenum and sulfur atoms. When viewed from above it looks like graphene with rows of ordered hexagons.
But seen from the side three distinct layers are revealed with sulfur atoms in their own planes above and below the molybdenum.
In biology there are a variety of different signals a host of different proteins or microrna molecules.
when certain switches turn on. oltage-gated channels are proteins that allow specific ions such as potassium or calcium to flow in and out of cells.
Sack and his laboratory worked closely with Bruce Cohen a scientist in the Lawrence Berkeley Lab s Molecular Foundry who has been studying how fluorescent molecules
#Super high-res MRI detects single atom For the first time researchers have detected a single hydrogen atom using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI.
Researchers are working on significantly increasing the resolution of the technique with the goal of eventually imaging at the level of single molecules a more than one million times finer resolution.
while one of them is replaced by a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen-vacancy center is both fluorescent and magnetic making it suitable for extremely precise magnetic field measurements.
In a next step the researchers envision imaging a small molecule with their nano-MRI device.
Even if it would become possible to map a large number of atoms however it is neither the aim nor practical to investigate an entire human body at atomic level with this technology.
This requires growing crystals consisting of billions of identical molecules. Crystallizing proteins is challenging and sometimes impossible researchers say.
If the ETH physicists achieve their goal a single molecule would in principle suffice for determining the structure.
Another advantage of nano-MRI is that the molecules can be labeled by isotopes providing a means for site-specific image contrast.
#Tiniest particles melt and then turn into Jell-o New york University rightoriginal Studyposted by James Devitt-NYU on October 20 2014the fact that microscopic particles known as polymers
and the particles will re-solidify. The new solid is a substance like Jell-o with the polymers adhering to the colloids
which posits that success is found in the middle rather than at extremes doesn t necessarily apply to the smallest of particles.
The study focuses on polymers and colloids#particles as small as one-billionth and one-millionth of a meter in size respectively.
By better understanding polymer and colloidal formation scientists have the potential to harness these particles
and larger colloidal crystals at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 85 degrees C. At room temperature the polymers act as a gas bumping against the larger particles
and applying a pressure that forces them together once the distance between the particles is too small to admit a polymer.
This result the researchers observe reflects enthalpic attraction#the adhesive energy generated by the higher temperatures and stimulating bonding between the particles.
By enhancing how particles are manipulated at the microscopic level these machines could begin creating objects that are more detailed and realistic than is currently possible.
and efficiency and it occurs on an ongoing frustrating basis. To help laser systems overcome loss operators often pump the system with an overabundance of photons
The design builds on existing technology and creates a magnetic field within a closed space to hold plasma in place long enough for fusion to occur allowing the hot plasma to react and burn.
which you generate fusion is the medium in which you re also driving all the current required to confine itsutherland says.
while a coal plant of the same output would cost $2. 8 billion according to their analysis. f we do invest in this type of fusion we could be rewarded
#and ultimately wearable. his material#just a single layer of atoms#could be made as a wearable device perhaps integrated into clothing to convert energy from your body movement to electricity
The Intel Labs University Research Office and the DARPA Inpho (Information in a Photon) Program supported the work n
and extraordinarily useful. he team s discovery comes after nearly a century of failed attempts by other labs to compress separate carbon-containing molecules like liquid benzene into an ordered diamondlike nanomaterial. e used the large
and to link up in a highly ordered chain of single-file carbon tetrahedrons forming these diamond-core nanothreads. adding s team is the first to coax molecules containing carbon atoms to form the strong tetrahedron shape then link each tetrahedron end to end to form a long thin nanothread.
He describes the thread s width as phenomenally small only a few atoms across hundreds of thousands of times smaller than an optical fiber enormously thinner that an average human hair. heory by our coauthor Vin Crespi
The molecule they compressed is benzene a flat ring containing six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms.
During the compression process the scientists report the flat benzene molecules stack together bend and break apart.
Then as the researchers slowly release the pressure the atoms reconnect in an entirely different yet very orderly way.
The result is a structure that has carbon in the tetrahedral configuration of diamond with hydrogens hanging out to the side and each tetrahedron bonded with another to form a long thin nanothread. t really is surprising that this kind of organization happensbadding says. hat the atoms
of the benzene molecules link themselves together at room temperature to make a thread is shocking to chemists
when the benzene molecule breaks under very high pressure its atoms want to grab onto something else
alignment of the benzene molecules to guide the formation of this new diamond nanothread material is really interesting
of making many other kinds of molecules based on carbon and hydrogenbadding says. ou can attach all kinds of other atoms around a core of carbon and hydrogen.
The dream is to be able to add other atoms that would be incorporated into the resulting nanothread.
In the experiment Lee Rozema a researcher in Steinberg s lab and lead author on the paper prepared qubits in the form of photons
which carried information in the form of their spin and in their path. The experiment showed that the information contained in three qubits could be compressed into only two qubits
#Rare molecule found in space hints at life s origins The discovery of an unusual carbon-based molecule near the galactic center of the Milky way suggests that the complex molecules needed for life may have their origins in interstellar space.
Organic molecules usually found in these star-forming regions consist of a single ackboneof carbon atoms arranged in a straight chain.
The carbon structure of this molecule known as isopropyl cyanide is branched making it the first interstellar detection of such a molecule says Rob Garrod a senior research associate at the Center for Radiophysics and Space Research at Cornell University.
This detection opens a new frontier in the complexity of molecules that can be formed in interstellar space
The branched carbon structure of isopropyl cyanide is a common feature in molecules that are needed for life such as amino acids
The discovery reported in the journal Science lends weight to the idea that biologically crucial molecules like amino acids that are commonly found in meteorites are produced early in the process of star formation even before planets such as Earth are formed.
B2 a region close to the Milky way s galactic center and an area rich in complex interstellar organic molecules.
Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (known as the ALMA Observatory) the group conducted a full spectral survey looking for fingerprints of new interstellar molecules with sensitivity and resolution 10 times greater
The array of radio telescopes works together to form a gigantic yepeering into the cosmos. nderstanding the production of organic material at the early stages of star formation is critical to piecing together the gradual progression from simple molecules
(and 120 for normal-propyl cyanide its straight-chain sister molecule) were identified in the ALMA spectrum of the Sagittarius B2 region.
The two molecules isopropyl cyanide and normal-propyl cyanide are also the largest molecules yet detected in any star-forming region
A theoretical physicist and expert in computer physics Herrmann developed a method to examine phenomena from a range of diverse fields.
The sun consists of hot plasma made of electrons and ions. Magnetic field lines extend from the solar surface all the way into the corona.
The radiation extends across the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves and visible light to X-rays and gamma rays.
which the energy state of electrons is described with electronic materials. In particular the researchers examined surfaces of constant energy as these determine the conductivity of the material and its application potential.
A polymer is a type of large molecule that forms plastics and other familiar materials. he field is rather immature it s in the infancy stagesays Luping Yu a professor in chemistry at the University of Chicago.
and receive electrons to generate electrical current when exposed to light. The new polymer developed by Yu s group called PID2 improves the efficiency of electrical power generation by 15 percent
when added to a standard polymer-fullerene mixture. ullerene a small carbon molecule is one of the standard materials used in polymer solar cellslu says. asically in polymer solar cells we have a polymer as electron donor
and fullerene as electron acceptor to allow charge separation. n their work the researchers added another polymer into the device resulting in solar cells with two polymers and one fullerene.
In order for a current to be generated by the solar cell electrons must be transferred from polymer to fullerene within the device.
But the difference between electron energy levels for the standard polymer-fullerene is large enough that electron transfer between them is difficult.
which improve the mobility of electrons throughout the material. The fibers serve as a pathway to allow electrons to travel to the electrodes on the sides of the solar cell. t s like you re generating a street
and somebody that s traveling along the street can find a way to go from this end to anotheryu explains.
and the Institute for Molecular Engineering performed X-ray scattering studies using the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne
They then employ cage-like crown ethers to capture the potassium ions that would otherwise dampen the nanotubes ability to repel one another.
but gave the process a spin with a different preparation so now we re the first to make neat fibers of pure carbon nanotube electrolytes.
She used electron-beam deposition to create arrays regular arrangements of nanorods in each pixel.
By increasing the strength of the pili nanowires she improved their ability to clean up uranium and other toxic wastes.
and increases their ability to neutralize even more uranium. The improvement also allows the bacteria to survive longer even when exposed to higher concentrations of the radioactive material.
Geobacter immobilizing uranium can be described as nature s version of electroplating. The beefed-up microbes engulf the uranium
and turn it into a mineral which prevents the toxic material from leaching into groundwater.
Reguera s team had linked previously the conductive pili to the ability of the microbe to mineralize the soluble uranium.
As the biofilm concentrates many nanowires around the Geobacter cells more uranium can be mineralized bound
and boosts the Geobacter s pili armor so the biofilm now can pull double duty by helping mineralize uranium.
The shield keeps the uranium from penetrating deep into the Geobacter biofilm. By keeping this process on the surface of the film the bacteria are exposed not to uranium
and as a community they are able to clean up more toxic waste. he results surpassed our most optimistic predictionsreguera says. ven thin biofilms immobilized uranium like sponges.
They reduced it to a mineral all while not suffering any damage to themselves for prolonged periods of time. ven
when exposed to extremely high and toxic concentrations of uranium levels that would destroy individual Geobacter cells the biofilms didn t just survive they thrived she adds.
You can create materials by design. he researchers use a direct laser writing method called two-photon lithography to ritea three-dimensional pattern in a polymer by allowing a laser beam to crosslink
and microwave radiation where sensitive light detection is most difficult. e have demonstrated light detection from terahertz to near-infrared frequencies a range about 100 times larger than the visible spectrumsays Professor Michael Fuhrer of the School of Physics
This protein has two mobile heads that are moved by the energy-rich molecule ATP which supplies the cells of humans
In their most recent work they tested the system using Neutravidin the first molecule that binds to the nanoshuttle.
The researchers envision numerous applications including the selective modification of organic molecules such as protein and DNA the assembly of nanotechnological components or small organic polymers or the chemical alteration of carbon nanotubes. e need to continue to optimize the system
Opioid molecules are complex three-dimensional objects. In nature they are made in specific regions inside the poppy.
Using electron-beam evaporation which is a common technique in CMOS processing Zheng deposited a thin layer of aluminum onto a silicon photodetector topped with an ultrathin oxide coating.
The metallic nanostructures use surface plasmons waves of electrons that flow like a fluid across metal surfaces.
#Chilly molecules pave way for ultracold science Yale university rightoriginal Studyposted by Jim Shelton-Yale on August 25 2014physicists have chilled molecules to almost absolute zero using lasers fired from an apparatus they built in the lab. The molecules
The team dropped the molecules to 2. 5 thousandths of a degree above absolute zero using a process called magneto-optical trapping (MOT.
and quantum simulation to ultracold chemistry and tests of the standard model of particle physics. e can start studying chemical reactions that are happening at very near to absolute zerosays Dave Demille a Yale university physics professor
and principal investigator. e have a chance to learn about fundamental chemical mechanisms. agneto-optical trapping has become ubiquitous among atomic physicists in the past generation but only at the single-atom level.
The technology uses lasers to simultaneously cool particles and hold them in place. magine having a shallow bowl with a little molasses in itdemille explains. f you roll some balls into the bowl they will slow down
and accumulate at the bottom For our experiment the molecules are like the balls and the bowl with molasses is created via laser beams
and magnetic fields. ntil now the complicated vibrations and rotations of molecules proved too difficult for such trapping.
but with a bit of chaos. ulses of Srf shoot out from a cryogenic chamber to form a beam of molecules
and do it a lot of times. he slowed molecules enter a specially shaped magnetic field where opposing laser beams pass through the center of the field along three perpendicular axes.
This is where the molecules become trapped. uantum mechanics allows us to both cool things down
and apply force that leaves the molecules levitating in an almost perfect vacuumdemille says. The researchers chose Srf for its structural simplicity it has effectively just one electron that orbits around the entire molecule. e thought it would be best to start applying this technique with a simple diatomic moleculedemille says.
The lead author of the paper is John Barry a former Yale graduate student now at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
We take an approach where we actually make the luminescent active layer itself transparent. he solar harvesting system uses small organic molecules developed by Lunt
and identify out of place-place molecules on its surface using terahertz spectroscopy. They expect the finding to be important to manufacturers considering the use of graphene in electronic devices.
Even a single molecule of a foreign substance can contaminate graphene enough to affect its electrical and optical properties says Junichiro Kono of Rice university.
Imperfections as small as a stray oxygen molecule on the graphene were picked up by a spectrometer. he change in the terahertz signal due to adsorption of molecules is remarkablekono says. ot just the intensity
but also the waveform of emitted terahertz radiation totally and dynamically changes in response to molecular adsorption and desorption.
The next step is to explore the ultimate sensitivity of this unique technique for gas sensing he technique can measure both the locations of contaminating molecules
and changes over time. he laser gradually removes oxygen molecules from the graphene changing its density
Laser pulses generated coherent bursts of terahertz radiation through a built-in surface electric field of the indium phosphide substrate that changed due to charge transfer between the graphene and the contaminating molecules.
When laser light contacts the molecules present within the powder it experiences a scattering effect that can be analyzed to construct a sort of molecular ingerprintthat reveals its exact chemical makeup says Vladislav Yakovlev professor in the biomedical engineering department at Texas A&m University. s
and now we#re working on identification from even greater distances. he initial success of the detection technology is due largely in part to the fact that researchers can generate an emission that can be detected by a spectrometer that#s positioned more than a half-mile away.
and neutron stars may explain the creation of transient supernovae explosions that tend to occur far away from host galaxies. ur paper examines so-called calcium-rich transientssays Joseph Lyman from the University of Warwick. hese are luminous explosions
what is known about short-duration gamma ray bursts (SGRBS). These are seen also often to explode in remote locations with no coincident galaxy detected.
when two neutron stars collide or when a neutron star merges with a black hole. Although mergers between neutron stars and black holes would not explain these brighter calcium-rich transients the researchers considered that
if the collision was instead between a white dwarf star and neutron star it would fit their observations because:
hat we therefore propose is these are systems that have been ejected from their galaxy. A good candidate in this scenario is a white dwarf and a neutron star in a binary system.
The neutron star is formed when a massive star goes supernova. The mechanism of the supernova explosion causes the neutron star to be kicked to very high velocities (100s of km/s). This high velocity system can then escape its galaxy
and if the binary system survives the kick the white dwarf and neutron star will merge causing the explosive transient. he researchers who say such merging systems of white dwarfs
and neutron stars may produce high energy gamma-ray bursts will next look for any new examples of calcium-rich transients to confirm this.
Such merging systems will contribute significant sources of gravitational waves potentially detectable by upcoming experiments that will shed further light on the nature of these exotic systems.
Researchers from University of Leicester and the Lund University Observatory contributed to the work. Source:
University of Warwickyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license n
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