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orientation or radiation. Anyone with the right equipment, and a bit of know-how, will be able to follow all the spacecraft from the ground. hat wee been able to do with Kicksat is tap into the developments in consumer electronics,
A few thousand atoms, names unknown. But quite apart from breaking film-making records, what else can the world's smallest stop-motion movie tell us?
Research into atomic-scale memory focuses on the#ability to move single atoms, one of the smallest particles of any element in the universe.#
made of just 12 magnetic atoms, instead of regular systems that use about 1 million atoms.
by moving atoms#with a scanning tunnelling microscope. A Boy and His Atom has since been verified by the Guinness World records as the world's smallest stop-motion film.
The one-minute video is made from carbon and oxygen atoms repeatedly rearranged to show a boy dancing,
throwing a ball and bouncing on a trampoline. BBC Future met researcher Andreas Heinrich in his laboratory at IBM's Almaden Research center in California,
As Nature magazine reported, an X-ray spectrometer on a robotic arm will probe the soil's chemical composition,
and when the electrons flow from one material to another, energy is released. This was discovered by Luigi Galvani in 1780
When particle accelerators hit the headlines, it's usually when they are used to probe big questions about the fundamental nature of matter, space and time.
From a distance the Advanced Photon Source at the US Department of energy Argonne National Laboratory resembles a giant,
the Argonne researchers have turned to a smaller version of the Large hadron collider to see if it can help reveal details about fuel injection that haven been seen before.
Like its much larger sibling at Cern, the circular particle accelerator at Argonne shoots electrons around its 0. 7-mile (1. 1-km) circumference at a tiny fraction below the speed of light.
Each time one of 80 magnets spaced around this ring give the electrons a shove to keep them moving around,
The high energy X-rays Powell uses in the experiment exit the particle accelerator through a hatch before travelling along a steel pipe,
On a much smaller scale, some of the X-rays are absorbed by the atoms that make up the drops,
you can count how many atoms there are, Powell explains. The result is a detailed moving image of a jet of fuel in the cylinder that can be presented in various ways, in black and white or in colour.
All of which promises a future in which teachers can adapt at a glance to how different students respond to everything from string theory to Shakespeare
She moved her company back to New york after completing Y Combinator's accelerator program in Palo alto. Some of the best product feedback
Spin-offsthe new class of NYC tech leaders aren't pure cold-blooded capitalists. They have strong, diverse missions.
The basic concept is to equip drug molecules with chemical components that change shape in response to heat or light.
and deactivating particular enzyme molecules in the body, disabling their function. Antibiotics typically work by disrupting functions that are essential to the survival of bacterial cells.
which consists of two benzene molecules joined together by two nitrogen atoms linked by a double chemical bond.
They must remain either both on the same side of the molecule in a flattened C shape,
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties. Crucially, heat and light can temporarily loosen up the bond between the nitrogen atoms,
allowing them to rotate. If the Z-shaped isomer absorbs ultraviolet light, it will become switch to the C-shaped isomer.
Feringa and colleagues substituted the azobenzene switch for a similar chemical grouping within several variants of an antibacterial molecule called a quinolone,
Feringa says he is now working on developing molecules than can be shifted shape with visible light, or better still infrared,
These will enable us to look back in time 13.6 billion years to the immediate aftermath of the Big bang. They will be precise enough to capture single photons.
The Stuxnet virus, designed to destroy Iran's uranium-enriching gas centrifuges, and first identified that same year, is believed to have been a demonstration of the US's abilities to wage war by attacking enemy computer systems.
Elements and molecules in an atmosphere, such as water and oxygen, have specific signatures in the spectrum,
whose walls are one atom thick and made from pure carbon, are need highly robust very little heat input to warm them up,
such as the inert gases helium, argon or xenon, as this means a lower input of energy can create a big change in temperature,
the brain is responding to scent molecules that have wafted into your nose and locked on to these receptors.
Only certain molecules fit specific receptors, and when they slot together, like a key in a lock, this triggers changes in cells.
nutrients and other molecules seep through the walls and pass between the two. What the blood doesn't need is passed off to the urine forming in the tubes,
molecules produced when gut bacteria digest components of plant-based foods. Other scientists have documented their roles in human health,
when receptors in these cells were exposed to certain noxious molecules, it triggered a cascade of events that culminated in the flapping of the cilia.
First, the Erbb4 receptor and the molecule known as neuregulin-1 that normally connects, or ockswith it, have repeatedly been observed to be irregular in genetic studies of people with schizophrenia.
and nitrogen-containing drug molecules. C-H functionalization is a much more streamlined process than traditional organic chemistry,
which sites in a molecule will undergo C-H functionalization, "Davies says.""Novartis wanted to explore
and eventually opened pores that allowed an uncontrolled influx of ions that ultimately killed the cell.
#Promising drug candidate protects against radiation exposure from nuclear fallout The 2011 Fukushima disaster was a stark reminder of the continuing dangers posed by nuclear fallout,
highlighting the need for an approved drug that can be taken after radiation exposure to protect against organ injury and death.
& Biology identifies a drug candidate called DBIBB that increases the survival of mice suffering from radiation syndrome,
even when treatment started three days after radiation exposure. The findings suggest that DBIBB shows promise for becoming the first drug capable of treating acute radiation syndrome caused by the high levels of radiation released by nuclear explosions."
"The 21st Century has presented humankind with unforeseen challenges, including the possibility of radiation terrorism, "said senior study author Gábor Tigyi, a professor of physiology at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC)."
"We hope that the scientific community and our efforts will provide protection through medical countermeasures against the harmful effects of ionizing radiation
and also help humans to benefit from the useful effects of nuclear technology.""Nuclear explosions can expose humans to high levels of ionizing radiation,
which can cause cell death and organ injury due to DNA damage. Although some agents tested by the military can provide some protection against radiation sickness when taken prior to radiation exposure,
no approved drug is taken effective when after radiation exposure. In previous studies, Tigyi and his collaborators found that a molecule called lysophosphatidic acid (LPA),
which is generated naturally during the course of blood clotting, activates the LPA2 receptor to protect against radiation-induced cell death.
The researchers also previously identified an LPA-like compound that protected mice from radiation-induced death
but it did not specifically target the LPA2 receptor or possess the desired drug-like potency required for clinical use.
To overcome this hurdle, Tigyi and his team developed a computational model of the LPA2 binding site
and refined their previously identified compound into a more potent and specific activator of the LPA2 receptor,
which is expressed abundantly in the most radiation-sensitive types of cells in mammalian tissues. The resulting compound, called DBIBB, protected mouse embryonic skin cells from radiation-induced DNA damage
and enhanced the survival of radiation-exposed blood cells, intestinal cells, and other types of cells from mice and humans.
Moreover 93%of mice that were treated with DBIBB three days after radiation exposure remained alive 30 days later,
compared with only 20%of mice that were treated not with the drug candidate. This promising compound will soon join the regulatory pipeline of a biotech company called Rxbio Inc,
"Humankind might soon have a defense against unintended radiation exposure, "he says.""This technology can potentially also help cancer patients from the side effects of radiation therapy and astronauts from chronic exposure to cosmic rays on their journey to Mars. s
delivering 10 to 100 times faster 3d imaging speeds than laser scanning confocal, two-photon,
Although confocal and two-photon microscopy can image a single plane within a living sample,
While SCAPE cannot yet compete with the penetration depth of conventional two-photon microscopy Hillman and her collaborators have used already the system to observe firing in 3d neuronal dendritic trees in superficial layers of the mouse brain.
#Radiation Hormone Therapy Prolong Survival for Older Men With Prostate Cancer Adding radiation treatment to hormone therapy saves more lives among older men with locally advanced prostate therapy than hormone
The researchers found that hormone therapy plus radiation reduced cancer deaths by nearly 50 percent in men aged 76 to 85 compared to men who only received hormone therapy.
#Radiation plus hormone therapy is such a treatment for men with aggressive prostate cancerssaid lead author Justin E. Bekelman MD an assistant professor of Radiation Oncology Medical Ethics and Health policy at Penn
Two landmark clinical trials have shown that radiation plus hormone therapy produces a large and significant improvement in survival in younger men relative to hormone therapy alone
Addressing this question for the first time Penn research team compared the combination of radiation plus hormone therapy
Among men age 65 to 75 years old radiation plus hormone therapy was associated with a reduction in prostate cancer deaths of 57 percent relative to hormone therapy alone
Similarly among men age 76 to 85 years old radiation plus hormone therapy was associated with a reduction in prostate cancer deaths of 49 percent relative to hormone therapy alone
In both groups radiation plus hormone therapy was associated also with about one-third fewer deaths from any cause.
Importantly the clinical trials have shown that the side effects of radiation plus hormone therapy are very acceptable relative to hormone therapy alone. lder men with aggressive prostate cancers should know that the combination of radiation plus
The Penn-led study examined radiation treatment and hormone therapy in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Medicare database.
a miniature dovetail stage and a laser diode that excites the fluorescently labeled DNA molecules"for the demonstration.
An app connects the phone to the university's servers to measure the molecules which are labeled
The company is almost ready to build a $5 billion igafactoryto produce enough lithium-ion batteries to drive down EV prices.
Instead, they are powered by lithium-ion or iron-phosphate batteries that can be recharged from central stations prior to beginning each route or by hydrogen-powered fuel cells.
localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature and pressure increase in the gas. f the incident light intensity is modulated,
In addition, the materials used are highly stable under the proton and electron irradiation to which they are subjected in space.
causing decay and staining. Its pigmented spores, the reproductive structures of seeds, can colonise both the surface and the wood interior,
As a low-cost, low energy and high-speed wood pre-treatment, Durawood would allow manufacturers to apply it on-site immediately before other wood coating operations.
where the sun emits more than 40%of its radiation. By improving the reflectance of the materials,
What makes whey such an interesting material for packaging is that it contains 6. 5 grams of'protein'per liter. rotein molecules are very long
Dysprosium (Dy) and Terbium (Tb)) because they are essential additives to produce high energy-product magnets.
such as delivering higher energy efficiency (i e. more power with less battery consumption) over a wider spectrum of rotating speeds, decreasing resource dependency,
by necessity in radiation? These issues have been addressed by a pan-European research project, Nozzleinspect, backed by#1. 1 million in EU funds.
The new technology cuts down human intervention and potential exposure to radiation.""The Nozzleinspect robot can identify any cracks, porous walls or other defaults inside the material to a greater degree (30%more precise than any other technology),
while keeping humans away from radiation,"says project leader Dimos Liaptsis. Nozzle sections, which are made from steel,
Most inspections are carried out with conventional ultrasonic testing that requires frequent changes of the probes in a high radiation environment,
The project gathers nuclear research and safety partners in Britain, France, Spain, Poland, Lithuania and Greece,
thus be adapted according to whatever specific test the user wishes to conduct. ll the biology is contained in magnetic particles that we put in the system at the moment of operation.
The project team has developed particles tiny enough to invade cancer cells and deliver treatments to the very heart of the tumour.
corn or rice by using'enzymes'(molecules responsible for chemical conversions). Hydrophobic (water-repellent) molecules encapsulated in cyclodextrins are able to penetrate body tissues.
This helps the drug hone in on tumour sites, control the release of therapeutic compounds and enhance the efficiency of the treatment. he decorating of nanoparticles very tiny particles with cyclodextrins allows us to play with the functionality,
drug load and the structure of delivery systems, says project coordinator Dr Konstantina Yannakopoulou. e can use the cyclodextrins to mask the drug-carrying particles
or deliver them in a different way so that we can reach specifically targeted areas and fool the resistance mechanism of the tumours.
which certain sizes of molecules circulate longer in the blood and thus tend to accumulate in tumour tissue much more than they do in normal tissues. e have been able to play with the sizes of nanoparticles to make them big enough to get into the tumour cells,
she explains. hey can even incorporate molecules with a capability for photo-stimulated killing for combined chemo-and photo-therapy as well as imaging.
of a few layers of polymeric molecules. The textiles have been tested clinically to withstand industrial-strength laundry cycles,
when the consortium discovered a molecule that sticks to other molecules. his molecule was helping organise the antimicrobial molecules,
which is based on an ultra-sensitive detection system that is able to pick up minute concentrations of disease-related molecules in body fluids.
."Since it can detect cancer-related molecules at ultra-low concentrations, it might be possible to detect the tumour at a very early stage before it spreads
"We circumvent this problem by introducing a signal-generation mechanism for biosensing that enables the detection of a few molecules of analyte with the naked eye."
The BIFIPRO system releases copper and silver ions into the water to eliminate biofilm a breeding ground for harmful bacteria like legionella.
It is equipped with a sensor that accurately monitors the concentration levels of copper and silver ions in water sources and facilities
Five years later, Udalov was working as a researcher at the University of Twente in the field of high-power pulsed electron beams
and"ion mobility spectrometry, "or IMS, which can find traces of explosives, chemical weapons and illicit drugs.
are granulated to three-millimetre large particles. The particles are cooled with liquid nitrogen and then ground into elastomeric powders.
This is then conducted to the melt-mix process with thermoplastics and additives. Here we use, for example, polypropylene as a thermoplastic material.'
the particles are dispersed in the polymer through micro-extrusion and microinjection techniques, and are mixed finally to produce the final piece.'
%and lower energy consumption by 5%when used on extruders. This could amount to millions of euros in savings
says Gómez-Nicola. e selectively targeted the CSF1R with a small-molecule inhibitor delivered systemically,
"But there must be molecules that control this cellular identity, that control, if you like, the switches,"says Dr Jansen."
or bridging molecule, which fits to an old protein and a new one. In this way, the cell ensures the old protein is replaced at the right place and the right moment."
which are large molecule strings made of repeated sub-units. When chemists come up with a new idea for a plastic,
To assist with this, the European union (EU)- funded NANOPOLY research fellows have developed a new software tool to model the polymer molecules on a nanoscale.
he adds. his allows us to tailor the production process to the requirements of the polymer molecules
It confirmed, for the first time, that molecules known as monoclonal antibodies the key component of the drug, and of many other highly effective modern pharmaceuticals-could be produced from plants in a form that met the extremely stringent standards required for use in the treatment of humans.
Germany and colleagues from Spain and India, has developed such a detector for UV radiation. This particular detector has a bandwidth of only six nanometres (nm.
which helps to reduce the scattered background radiation. Prof. Dr Holger T. Grahn from the PDI headed the team of researchers,
it is 10 times smaller than the diameter of the average dust particle. The Gan layer was produced at the Paul Drude Institute by Oliver Brandt,
and detects UV radiation of only 360 nm n
#Biofuels to be processed by oil refineries EU research seeks to run yesterday's refineries on next-gen fuels.
The predicted results include both the pyrolysis process of individual particles and the tar concentration in the gas as a response to the interaction between hot air and wood particles.
A detailed analysis of results enables engineers to improve reactor design for higher energy efficiency. Such reactors not only improve operating conditions
they thought food could be poisoned with radiation or something, but fast forward 30 years, and there's one in every household.
telling them about federal guidelines on the amount of radiation that cell phones can emit
or bra could be increased at risk of radiation exposure, said Joel M. Moskowitz, director of the Center for Family and Community Health at University of California, Berkeley School of Public health.
What the law does not require is that consumers be provided information about the specific health risks of being exposed to radiation.
In 2011, the World health organization classified the kind of low energy radiation that cell phones emit as"possibly carcinogenic"because of a link between cell phone use and a type of malignant brain tumor called glioma and a benign brain tumor called acoustic neuroma.
which emit less radiation than cell phones, had 40%to 70%higher glioma risk.""There are individual studies
they were not in a part of the brain that researchers predict would be affected by cell phone radiation.
Cell phones (and to a lesser extent cordless phones) give off non-ionizing radiation, which unlike ionizing radiation such as X-rays,
CT SCANS and radon do not have the potential to damage DNA.""There is no known pathway for any adverse health effects,
Even though non-ionizing radiation does not seem to affect the body in the way that ionizing radiation can,
and could at least in theory be more vulnerable to the effects of phone radiation. The Mobi-Kids study is currently comparing cell phone use between 2,
Unlike its neighbor Berkeley, San francisco would have required cellphone retailers to post information about health concerns and carcinogenic potential of cell phone radiation."
There are a number of ways to reduce exposure to cell phone radiation, if users are worried about the possibility of health risks,
3. Hold New york city buildings to the highest energy performance standards; 4. Ensure benefits are shared by New yorkers in every neighborhood;
The city of San jos has installed a sensor demonstration platform using Intel Gateway Solutions for the Internet of things with an Intel Quark processor and third-party sensors.
##The RRS device works by measuring changes in energy levels of electrons in molecules after the laser has excited them.
and all of the ions the charged atoms going into and out of brain cells. Potassium and sodium contribute the ions that control electricity in the brain.
Researchers added fundamental physics principles of conservation of energy charge and mass to an older theory of this electricity.
They kept track of the energy required to run a nerve cell and kept count of the ions passing into and out of the cells.
because it has to keep pumping the ions back across cell membranes after each electrical spike.
and the energy required to restore the ions to their proper places is much greater after seizures
They knew from past work that exposure to two small molecules of RNA a close chemical cousin of DNA could turn skin cells into a mix of different types of neurons.
Knowing exposure to these micrornas alone could change skin cells into a mix of neurons the researchers then started to fine tune the chemical signals exposing the cells to additional molecules called transcription factors that they knew were present in the part of the brain where medium spiny
and size single H1n1 virus particles. Researchers reported the first demonstrated of the concept in Nano Letters in 2010.
but none have been nearly as successful in detecting nanoscale viral particles in complex media##says Ã#nlã#referring to typical biological samples that may have a mix of viruses bacteria and proteins.##
##The shoebox-sized prototype diagnostic device known as the single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (SP-IRIS) detects pathogens by shining light from multicolor LED sources on viral nanoparticles bound to the sensor surface by a coating
Interference of light reflected from the surface is modified by the presence of the particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size and shape of each particle.
In biology there are a variety of different signals a host of different proteins or microrna molecules.
This new research identifies the critical role of these supporting cells along with the NT3 molecules that they produce.
and that can exchange the molecules they're each individually missing. Researchers tested this hypothesis by mixing together two different small colony variant strains of staph one that can't produce heme
In bone these bacteria are trading molecules Skaar says. Researchers then isolated samples of staph small colony variants and normal bacteria from the lungs of CF patients.
Next Ubil and colleagues wanted to identify the molecule that triggered the switch. Because a heart attack is such a stressful event Ubil created a list of genes that were known to be involved in cellular responses to stress.
Although it was known that developing egg cells go through a ottleneckperiod that decreases the number of mtdna molecules,
if it is tinyf there is a severe decrease in mitochondrial molecules during the egg-cell developmenthen the genetic makeup of the child might differ dramatically from that of the mother.
For many mitochondrial diseases, 70 to 80 percent of molecules need to have the disease-causing variant for the disease to manifest itself.
But for others, only 10 percent of the mtdna molecules with the variant are needed to cause disease. f the bottleneck is very small,
the percentage of disease-carrying molecules that will be passed on to the child. Knowledge about both the maternal age effect and the bottleneck size is useful in family planning. e have some predictive power now
That could save many cancer patients from undergoing chemotherapy and radiation treatment for breast and other common cancers.
In collaboration with Amato Giaccia professor of radiation oncology the researchers gave intravenous treatments of this bioengineered decoy protein to mice with aggressive breast and ovarian cancers.
Using atomic force microscopy and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) he found that both ionic conditions in the cell
-like particles could give doctors a new option for curbing surgical bleeding and addressing certain blood clotting disorders without the need for transfusions of natural platelets.
Based on soft and deformable hydrogel materials the clotting particles are triggered by the same factor that initiates the body s own clotting processes.
The particles have been tested with human blood but have not undergone clinical trials in humans.####When used by emergency medical technicians in the civilian world
##If EMTS and medics had particles like these that could be injected and then go specifically to the site of a serious injury they could help decrease the number of deaths associated with serious injuries.##
The synthetic platelet-like particles use the same trigger and so are activated only when the body s natural clotting process is initiated.
To create that trigger researchers followed a process known as molecular evolution to develop an antibody that could be attached to the hydrogel particles to change their form
##The effectiveness of the platelet-like particles has been tested in an animal model and in a microfluidic chamber designed to simulate conditions within the body s circulatory system.
When the platelet-like particles were added to the platelet-depleted blood it was able to clot.
When platelet-like particles were added to the dilute neonate blood it was able to form clots.
Because that blood lacks the triggers needed to cause fibrin formation the particles had no effect.
Before they can be used in humans the particles will have to undergo human trials and receive clearance from the US Food and Drug Administration.
About one micron in diameter the particles were developed originally to be used on the battlefield by wounded soldiers who might self-administer them using a device about the size of a smartphone.
But the researchers believe the particles could also reduce the need for platelet transfusions in patients undergoing chemotherapy or bypass surgery and in those with certain blood disorders.##
##These particles could potentially be a way to obviate the need for a transfusion. Though they don t have all the assets of natural platelets a number of intriguing experiments have shown that the particles help augment the clotting process.##
##In addition to providing new treatment options the particles could also cut costs by reducing costly natural transfusions says Lam assistant professor in the biomedical engineering department at Georgia Tech and Emory University.
What ultimately happens to the hydrogel particles circulating in the bloodstream will be the topic of future research Brown says.
Particles of similar size and composition are eliminated normally from the body. While the platelet-like particles lack many features of natural platelets the researchers were surprised to find one property in common.
Clots formed by natural platelets begin to contract over a period of hours starting the body s repair process.
Clots formed from the synthetic particles also contract but over a longer period of time. Other researchers from Georgia Tech Emory Chapman University and Arizona State university are also coauthors of the paper.
The National institutes of health the US Department of defense and the American Heart Association funded the research. Source: Georgia Techyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license C
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