Researchers in the Queen University Ionic Liquid Laboratories (QUILL) Research Centre have developed a unique new perfume delivery system
This innovative perfume system has been created by tagging a raw fragrance onto an ionic liquid (salt in the form of liquid)
Dr Nimal Gunaratne, from the Queen's university Belfast Ionic Liquid Laboratories (QUILL) Research Centre, said: his is an exciting breakthrough that uses newly discovered ionic liquid systems to release material in a controlled manner.
The team managed to synthesize a thin film made of densely packed aluminum oxide nanorods blended with molecules of a thrombolytic enzyme (urokinase-type plasminogen activator.
including various forms of chemotherapy and radiation. What they lack, however, is good reconnaissance a reliable way to obtain real-time data about how well a particular therapy is working for any given patient.
Oxygen levels, meanwhile, can help doctors gauge the proper dose of a therapy such as radiation,
the more radiation you need, Cima says. o, these sensors, read over time, could let you see how hypoxia was changing in the tumor,
so you could adjust the radiation accordingly. The sensor housing, made of a biocompatible plastic,
where the active drug molecules are extracted and refined into medicines. hen we started work a decade ago,
and break molecules, said Stephanie Galanie, a Phd student in chemistry and a member of Smolke team. heye the action heroes of biology.
Many plants, including opium poppies, produce (S)- reticuline, a molecule that is a precursor to active ingredients with medicinal properties.
a molecule that starts the plant down a path toward the production of molecules that can relieve pain.
in order to craft a molecule that emerged ready to plug pain receptors in the brain. Engineered with a purpose In their Science paper,
but it would eliminate the time delay of growing poppies. he molecules we produced and the techniques we developed show that it is possible to make important medicines from scratch using only yeast,
University of British columbia Researchers UBC researchers have created the first self-propelled particles capable of delivering coagulants against the flow of blood to treat severe bleeding,
gas-generating calcium carbonate micro-particles that can be applied in powder form to stop critical bleeding.
The particles work by releasing carbon dioxide gas, like antacid tablets to propel them toward the source of bleeding.
The carbonate forms porous micro particles that can bind with a clotting agent known as tranexamic acid,
After studying and modeling the movement of the particles in vitro, the researchers confirmed their results using two animal models.
the particles proved highly effective in stopping the bleeding. While much more rigorous testing and development is needed to bring the agent to market
the particles could have a wide range of uses, from sinus operations to treating combat wounds. he area wee really focusing on is postpartum hemorrhage:
and the particles can propel and find those damaged vessels, said Kastrup s
#Computer system Being developed to Predict Change In The Alzheimer's Brain, MIT Study MIT researchers are developing a computer system that uses genetic, demographic,
He'd also worked as a mentor at startup accelerator Seedcamp, as well as at Viacom. Chen joined Aspiro in 2013 and served as the CEO of the Wimp music-streaming service.
The Wall street journal claims that's enough to assign an IP ADDRESS to every atom On earth. But not everyone is rushing to adapt to the new technology.
While in space, he will wear a special dosimeter to study the effects of space radiation on the brain.
researchers from the University of Montreal describe a novel way to detect large molecules like antibodies in blood using a quick,
because it takes advantage of how the DNA molecules react in the presence of other larger particles, an effect known as"steric hindrance."
""They're detecting the molecules in a way that has some rather interesting advantages, "he said Thursday.
photo-excited electron#hole pairs are generated in the silicon and titanium oxide nanowires, which absorb different regions of the solar spectrum.
The photo-generated electrons in the silicon will be passed onto bacteria for the CO2 reduction while the photo-generated holes in the titanium oxide split water molecules to make oxygen.
The bacteria in this first step is S. ovata: S. ovata is a great carbon dioxide catalyst as it makes acetate,
lower energy costs and eventually offer an opportunity to become part of the market for buying and selling power t
that at higher temperatures resultant from prolonged exposure to sunlight, solar cells become increasing inefficient at converting sunlight photons into electricity.
This is exemplified by multiple discoveries within the realms of quantum physics, parapsychology, and more discoveries that have challenged
He and his colleagues were successfully able to perform teleportation on atoms for the first time. Their work was published in the journal Nature.
A team from the Joint Quantum Institute (JQI) at the University of Maryland (UMD) and the University of Michigan has succeeded in teleporting a quantum state directly from one atom to another over a substantial distance.
They found the sugary molecule which is used as a way of storing energy in the body was present in high levels in the womb lining.
Here it is broken down into smaller molecules, like glucose, and is secreted out into a cavity between the lining of the uterus and the placenta known as the intervillous space.
The placenta absorbs these molecules and they are used then by the embryo to help it grow.
'The magnesium alloy matrix composite is reinforced with silicon carbide hollow particles and has a density of only 0. 92 grams per cubic centimeter compared to 1. 0 g/cc of water.
The hollow particles also offer impact protection to the syntactic foam because each shell acts like an energy absorber during its fracture.
The organic molecules of this chemical are used widely in electronic devices such as solar cells, LEDS and transistors.
By tinkering with the ide chainsof the molecules-essentially, the parts that keep them attached together-they found they could alter how they behaved below their freezing point.
This meant they were able to make the molecules remain liquid when cooled below their melting temperature of 134°C (273°F). Typically
Instead, the molecules stay in a stable, upercooledliquid state down to 5°C (41°F),
at which point the molecules solidify into a Glass in addition to the unusually broad temperature range for the supercooled liquid state,
The rubbing broke the balance in the side chains of the molecules, allowing them to link up
High energy photons are absorbed to the molecule and pump ground state electrons to the excited states,
'When the excited electrons come back to the ground state the excess energy appears as light emission
and the colour is determined by the band gap of the molecule.''Under ambient light you cannot see the emission normally.'
'At high temperatures around 100°C (212°F) when the molecules moved freely, just a touch could make the entire film or droplet crystallise. t's like a domino effect,
to scrawl messages such as hear-triggered crystal. he researchers said the molecule may be useful in biosensors,
additional energy is constantly being released by stars as they fuse elements like hydrogen and helium together.'
'Meteors are the result of particles as small as a grain of sand entering the Earth's atmosphere at high speed
but its thin atmophere is made up of mostly, helium, argon and neon. While the gas is used in electric signs On earth,
Most of the solar wind is hydrogen and helium but it contains many other elements in small quantities,
but only helium, neon, and argon are volatile enough to be returned back to space. The rest of the elements will stick indefinitely to the moon surface.
Ladee NMS instrument confirmed the moon exosphere is made up of mostly helium, argon, and neon.
with argon peaking at sunrise, neon at 4am and helium at 1am. The instrument conducted measurements of the gases for seven months,
For example, Argon-40 comes from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive potassium-40, found in the rocks of all the terrestrial planets as a leftover from their formation. e were surprised also to find that argon-40 creates a local bulge above an unusual part of the moon's surface,
Ladee readings also revealed an unexpected source of some of the helium in the lunar exosphere. bout 20 percent of the helium is coming from the moon itself, most likely as the result from the decay of radioactive thorium and uranium
and sinks of exospheric helium and argon that have remained unanswered for four decadesdr Benna said. hese discoveries highlight the limitations of current exospheric models and the need for more sophisticated ones in the future.
Although a significant breakthrough, this still means that cannabis plants are by far the best producer of the psychoactive molecule.'
This allows connections to be made between atoms, with their information being sent to others farther away.
In particular, the entangled particles are connected in such a way that the action of one directly affects the others
'Previous studies have shown atoms teleporting across a room, and light being teleported across the Danube river in Austria.
In 2014, physicists at the University of Geneva teleported the quantum state of a photon to a crystal over 15 miles (25km) of optical fibre.
The latest study by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has managed to teleport light particles at four times that distance.'
The record was set using advanced single-photon detectors made of superconducting wires of molybdenum silicide.'
But earlier this month, a renowned theoretical physicist said technology such as this could pave the way for a Star trek-style teleporter.
I think within a decade we will teleport the first molecule.''He continued that, as humans we already do this at an atomic level, reports The Express.
Once scientists have teleported successfully molecules, Dr Kaku believes the next step will be to send photons to a lunar base before experimenting with larger objects, animals and eventually humans u
#The smart car seat that tackles ROAD RAGE: Chair gives drivers a relaxing massage or a blast of air to focus their attention From sitting in traffic jams to speeding along monotonous motorways at night,
in case you have low energy levels you get a very energising massage.''The seat has taken five years to develop
Computer scientists claim to have made a'game-changing leap'by building a logic gate a building block of a digital circuit using the strange properties of subatomic particles in silicon.
Quantum computing takes advantage of the ability of subatomic particles to exist in more than one state at any time.
a photon can appear as both a wave and a particle. In traditional computers available today, data is expressed in one of two states known as binary bits which are either a 1 or a 0. A quantum bit,
In a quantum computer, data is encoded in the'spin, 'or magnetic orientation, of individual electrons. Not only can they be in one of two'up'or'down'spin states,
but also a superposition of both up and down. The key step taken by the Australian scientists was to reconfigure traditional transistors
so that they can work with qubits instead of bits. Lead author Dr Menno Veldhorst, also from the University of New south wales
'We've morphed those silicon transistors into quantum bits by ensuring that each has only one electron associated with it.'
'We then store the binary code of 0 or 1 on the'spin'of the electron,
which is associated with the electron's tiny magnetic field.''The team has taken now out a patent on a full-scale quantum computer chip that could perform functions involving millions of qubits.
#Researchers may have discovered unseen particle that holds others together For decades, scientists have been searching for'glueballs'a mysterious particle that is vital to the workings of the standard model of physics.
A glueball is thought to be made up entirely of gluons, which are the'sticky'particles that keep nuclear particles together.
In other words, they are created particles purely from force. But because they are so unstable, glueballs can only be detected by studying their decay and so far,
no one has been able to spot this process in action. Now researchers claim they have found a strong nuclear decay pattern
called f0 (1710), in the data from a number of particle accelerator experiments that may have been created by a glueball.
The discovery was made by Professor Anton Rebhan and Frederic Brünner from the Technical University of Vienna using a new theoretical approach.
If their calculations prove to be right, their study could be key to confirming the standard model explanation of the universe.
This argues that four forces make up the interactions of particles: gravity, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear.
Quarks are small elementary particles that make up such things as neutrons and protons. These quarks are bound together by strong nuclear force.'
'In particle physics, every force is mediated by a special kind of force particle, and the force particle of the strong nuclear force is said the gluon
Anton Rebhan (TU Wien). Gluons can be seen as more complicated versions of the photon. The massless photons are responsible for the forces of electromagnetism,
while eight different kinds of gluons play a similar role for the strong nuclear force. However, there is one important difference:
gluons themselves are subject to their own force. This is why there are no bound states of photons,
but a particle that consists only of bound gluons, of pure nuclear force, is theoretically possible.
Several particles have been found in particle accelerator experiments which are considered to be viable candidates for glueballs.
But there has never been a scientific consensus on whether or not one of these signals could in fact be the mysterious particle made of pure force.'
'Unfortunately, the decay pattern of glueballs cannot be calculated rigorously, 'says Anton Rebhan.''Simplified model calculations have shown that there are two realistic candidates for glueballs:
the mesons called f0 (1500) and f0 (1710.''A meson is composed a subatomic particle of one quark and one antiquark.'
'For a long time, the former was considered to be the most promising candidate, 'said Rebhan.''The latter has a higher mass,
which agrees better with computer simulations, but when it decays, it produces many heavy quarks (the so-called'strange quarks').
''To many particle scientists, this seemed implausible, because gluon interactions do not usually differentiate between heavier and lighter quarks.
But the latest study found that it is possible for glueballs to decay predominantly into strange quarks.
Surprisingly, the calculated decay pattern into two lighter particles agrees extremely well with the decay pattern measured for f0 (1710.
Up until now, these alternative glueball decays have not been measured, but within the next few months, two experiments at the Large hadron collider at CERN (TOTEM and LHCB) and one accelerator experiment in Beijing (BESIII) are expected to yield new data.'
'These results will be crucial for our theory, 'says Anton Rebhan.''For these multi-particle processes, our theory predicts decay rates
which are quite different from the predictions of other, simpler models.''If the measurements agree with our calculations,
this will be a remarkable success for our approach.''It would be overwhelming evidence for f0 (1710) being a glueball.
A confirmation of its existence would also once demonstrate that higher dimensional gravity research can be used to solve particle physics problems.
According to the researchers, this would provide more support for Einstein's theory of general relativity a
#Phew! Scientists claim to have developed system to predict cataclysmic SUPERVOLCANO eruptions that could end life On earth It is a discovery that could save the life of million,
and safeguard entire species. Researchers claim to have worked out how to accurately predict the eruption of'supervolcanoes'that blanket the earth in giant ash clouds triggering a'nuclear winter'.
'They say the discovery could reveal exactly when giant pools of magma greater than 100 cubic miles in volume and formed a few miles below the surface will erupt.
WHAT MAKES A MEGAERUPTION? The most recent supervolcanic eruption On earth occurred 27,000 years ago at Taupo located at the center of New zealand's north island.
They occur when giant pools of magma greater than 100 cubic miles in volume form a few miles below the surface
and erupt. They throw 100 times more superheated gas, ash and rock into the atmosphere than run-of-the-mill eruptions-enough to blanket continents and plunge the globe into decades-long volcanic winters.
Repeatedly throughout Earth's history, when they become a super-eruption, the resulting gigantic volcanic outbursts that throw 100 times more superheated gas,
and designing smart molecules or simple non-drug interventions to do a similar thing is potentially attractive. rof Jones said that as well as drug treatments,
which can cause the brain to spin inside the skull and lead to brain injuries. Bob Weber, cofounder of 6d helmets, said the combination of the suspension system
the helmet is active at a much lower energy demand than a traditional design.''The two liners can compress within themselves
The device integrates bluetooth low energy technology to instinctively communicate with all connected devices, like smartphones, tablets,
By combining REBCO magnets with known fusion principles, the team has designed a research reactor, and potential prototype power plant,
and described it in a paper in the journal Fusion Engineering and Design. It is half the diameter of the ITER fusion reactor to be built in France (designed before the REBCO superconductors),
Liquid rather than solid materials surround the fusion chamber allowing easy circulation and replacement. t an extremely harsh environment for solid materials, said Whyte. evices of a similar complexity
A group of Japanese techies have designed a toothbrush that uses super skinny nylon bristles wrapped in nano-size mineral ions to scrub teeth squeaky clean.
and the enamel that defends your teeth from decay is protected. Same old circular brushing pattern.
Plumestop is composed of very fine particles of activated carbon (1-2 m) suspended in water through the use of unique organic polymer dispersion chemistry.
In the areas of surgery and molecule detection, for example, they offer significant advantages compared to traditional, shorter-wavelength lasers.
Bloodless surgery and long-range molecule détection Two-micron spectral domain has potential applications in medicine, environmental sciences and industry.
At these wavelengths, the laser light is absorbed easily by water molecules, which are the main constituents of human tissue.
they can be used to target water molecules during an operation and make incisions in very small areas of tissue without penetrating deeply.
#Sensing small molecules may revolutionize drug design Most pharmaceutical drugs consist of tiny molecules, which target a class of proteins found on the surfaces of cell membranes.
Now, Nongjian (NJ) Tao and his colleagues at Arizona State university's Biodesign Institute describe a new method for examining small molecules and their communication with membrane proteins.
The method permits the first direct, real-time measurement of the binding kinetics of small molecules with membrane proteins on intact cells,
Targeted approach"Most drugs are small molecules and most drug targets are membrane proteins, "says Tao,
"Determining the binding between small molecules and membrane proteins is very important from a pharmaceutical point of view but also for the understanding of basic cellular processes."
"Accurate drug design requires an understanding not only of the small molecule drugs and the membrane proteins they bind to,
These represent the small molecule-protein binding event and the dissociation of the small molecule.
and their interactions with small molecules examined. Unfortunately the behavior of membrane proteins may be altered following extraction from the cellular environment.
Small molecules used for most drugs are on the order of a few hundred Daltons in size,
compared with biological molecules, which are often thousands of Daltons. A Dalton is roughly equal to the mass of a single nucleon--either a proton or neutron.
The minute size of small molecules makes accurate study of binding kinetics tricky. This fact has made the process of drug screening an arduous and costly affair.
The path from drug discovery to eventual commercialization often requires 10-12 years of research and close to $1 billion for development of a single new drug.
where interactions of small molecules and membrane proteins are examined in their native environment. With current technologies however, the sensitivity with which small molecules can be detected scales with the size.
The smaller the sample molecule gets, the harder it is to detect. One popular means of detection involves florescent labeling of sample molecules.
Here a dye particle is affixed to the molecule to be studied, but the labeling molecule can profoundly alter the properties of small molecules under scrutiny.
The new technique provides a platform for cell-based assays using standard microscopy methods without the use of florescent labeling.
It offers the first opportunity to examine binding kinetics in real time with extremely high resolution. The method relies on the fact that binding
and dissociation events change the shape of the cell membrane, deforming it. The imaging process is known as differential optical detection.
As the small molecule impinges on the surface membrane protein, it changes the membrane's surface tension."
When the small molecule binds with the protein, the membrane deforms as a result. This mechanical deformation is detected optically as a change in light intensity.
In the current study, phase contrast imaging was used to detect both large and small molecule interactions with membrane proteins in real time in intact cells.
While the central focus was on the detection of small molecules, large molecule interactions helped validate the results,
as the observed binding kinetics could be compared with experimental data derived by conventional means of detection.
For small molecule detection, Tao's team used membrane proteins that detect acetylcholine--a model system that has been studied widely.
The new method brings the investigation of membrane protein-small molecule interactions an important step closer to the behavior actually occurring in living systems.
Dr. Chen said cgas is likely amenable to inhibition by small-molecule drugs and that the recent determination of the high-resolution structures of cgas should facilitate development of such inhibitors.
That alarm sets off an inflammatory cascade that induces antiviral molecules, including a family of secreted proteins called interferons.
Special fluorescent molecules that bind only inside double-stranded DNA were added. The bottlebrush structure could then serve as a new type of secondary antibody that could bind to thousands of fluorophores,
Loading molecules with dye The researchers isolated lipids from the cell membrane of S. islandicus in the laboratory
After construction, the new molecules were loaded with a dye and placed in solutions equivalent to the acidic environment in the stomach.
"We started with a completely crude extract of membrane molecules from S. islandicus. Normally, rather pure compounds are employed
but here I took all the fat molecules to see how far you can get with crude, non-purified material.
if we begin to purify the molecules, "explains Jensen. She believes that some 85 pct. the liposomes need to survive the journey through the stomach before drug companies can start developing oral peptide-drugs like insulin
The researchers isolated all the cell-membrane molecules from the culture and combined them with conventional phospholipids (special fats from egg yolk
S. islandicus fat molecules and 78 pct. phospholipids/cholesterol. The constructed liposomes were loaded with a dye,
namely 4 and 8 mm (one thousandth of the number of molecules per liter. In fact, the concentration in normal healthy individuals varies between 0. 3 and 9. 6 mm M
the Umeå researchers have identified now MYSM1-a molecule in the cell core (nucleus) of resting cells.
in the cytoplasm where it disrupts the function of signalling molecules involved in activation of PRR pathways,
His research team is now screening for small molecule compounds that are able to modulate the MYSM1 molecule activity.
"In the future, we envisage the development of molecules to block combinations of integrins specifically in tumour tissues,"states Peinado.
#Molecular'brake'stifles human lung cancer Scientists at the Salk Institute have uncovered a molecule whose mutation leads to the aggressive growth of a common and deadly type of lung cancer in humans.
In animal models, the Salk team found that 16 of these cell-signaling genes produced molecules that had a significant effect on KRAS-and p53-related tumors.
Of these 16 molecules one especially stood out: the Epha2 enzyme, originally discovered in the lab of another Salk scientist, Tony Hunter.
"This molecule Epha2 is having a huge effect on restraining cancer growth when KRAS is mutated."
Therefore, we need to carefully evaluate the molecule's function when designing new therapeutics,"adds Yifeng Xia,
Burtey and colleagues studied the exchange of molecules between cells, by color-coding them with red or blue cellular fluorescent'dyes'or'tags.'
This finding is likely to spawn new developments in emerging technologies such as low-power electronics based on the spin of electrons or ultrafast quantum computers.
"The electrons in topological insulators have unique quantum properties that many scientists believe will be useful for developing spin-based electronics and quantum computers.
In Science Advances, the researchers report the discovery of an optical effect that allows them to"tune"the energy of electrons in these materials using light,
which arises from quantum interference between the different simultaneous paths electrons can take through a material
When exposed to strong heat or radiation vital cell proteins lose their structure and clot up to entangled clumps.
#A resonator for electrons More than two thousand years ago the Greek inventor and philosopher Archimedes already came up with the idea of using a curved mirror to reflect light in such a way as to focus it into a point-legend has it that he used this technique to set
Modern quantum physics also makes use of resonators with curved mirrors. In order to study single atoms for example, researchers use the light focused by the mirrors to enhance the interaction between the light waves and the atoms.
A team of physicists at ETH Zurich, working within the framework of the National Centre of Competence in Research Quantum Science and Technology (NCCR QSIT), have managed now to build a resonator that focuses electrons rather than light waves.
In the near future, such resonators could be used for constructing quantum computers and for investigating many-body effects in solids.
In their experiments the postdoctoral researchers Clemens Rössler and Oded Zilberberg used semiconductor structures in
which electrons are free to move only in a single plane. At one end of that plane there is a so-called quantum dot:
a tiny trap for electrons, only a hundred nanometers wide, in which owing to quantum mechanics the electrons exist in well-defined energy states similar to those of an atom.
therefore, also known as"artificial atoms"."At the other end, just a few micrometers away, a bent electrode acts as a curved mirror that reflects electrons
when a voltage is applied to it. Better materialsthe possibility to focus electrons in this way was investigated already in 1997 at Harvard university.
The ETH researchers, however, were now able to work with much better materials, which were produced in-house in Werner Wegscheider's laboratory for Advanced Semiconductor Quantum Materials."
"and consequently the electrons can move undisturbed a hundred times longer.""This, in turn, allows the quantum mechanical wave nature of the electrons to become very clearly visible,
which was not the case in those earlier works. In their experiments, the physicists detect this wave nature by measuring the current flowing from the quantum dot to the curved mirror.
"Our results show that the electrons in the resonator do not just fly back and forth, but actually form a standing wave
Differently from light waves, the spin of the electrons also causes them to behave as tiny magnets.
Indeed, the researchers were able to show that the interaction between the electrons in the quantum dot
and the electronic wave in the resonator happens through the spin.""In the future, this spin-coherent coupling could make it possible to connect quantum dots over large distances,
"says Zilberberg, who has developed a theoretical model for Rössler's experiment in the group of ETH professor Gianni Blatter.
Basic science could also benefit from the electron resonators realized by the ETH researchers, for instance in studies of the Kondo effect.
when many electrons together interact with the magnetic moment of an impurity in a material. With the help of a resonator and a quantum dot simulating such an impurity,
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