I developed the idea that there was a natural molecule that must exist and be capable of forcing embryonic stem cells into becoming cones,
COCO, a ecombinationalhuman molecule that is normally expressed within photoreceptors during their development. In 2001, he launched his laboratory at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital
and immediately isolated the molecule. But it took several years of research to demystify the molecular pathways involved in the photoreceptors development mechanism.
by showing that potassium can work with graphite in a potassium-ion battery a discovery that could pose a challenge and sustainable alternative to the widely-used lithium-ion battery.
Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous in devices all over the world, ranging from cell phones to laptop computers and electric cars.
A potassium-ion battery has been shown to be possible. And the last time this possibility was explored was
or high-energy reservoir of electrons. Lithium can do that, as the charge carrier whose ions migrate into the graphite
and create an electrical current. Aside from its ability to work well with a carbon anode, however
Right now, batteries based on this approach don have performance that equals those of lithium-ion batteries,
he said. t safe to say that the energy density of a potassium-ion battery may never exceed that of lithium-ion batteries,
Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, just one atom thick. Its flexibility, optical transparency and electrical conductivity make it suitable for a wide range of applications,
Hasan method, developed at the University Nanoscience Centre, works by suspending tiny particles of graphene in a arriersolvent mixture,
or through a means other than the DNA code, by molecules called micrornas, or mirs. The work
and small molecules can advance our understanding of biophysical processes at the atomic scale, leading to new drug designs
and our molecules as salt and pepper shakers: We change the flavor of the DNA PROBE by salting it with a little more stoichiometry
In one of many successful tests, the lab designed molecules to detect mutation sequences in historic biopsy samples preserved in wax from cancer patients.
They capitalised on improvements made at the LMB to a high-powered imaging technique known as single particle cryo-electron microscopy.
Ribosomes are the molecular machinery in cells that produce proteins by ranslatingthe instructions contained in DNA via an intermediary messenger molecule.
Single particle cryo-electron microscopy preserves the ribosomes at sub-zero temperatures to allow the collection
The technique has been refined in the MRC Laboratory of Molecular biology by the development of new irect electron detectorsto better sense the electrons
the researchers found that the genetic alteration that confers these benefits turns on a set of molecules called PARP9-DTX3L.
these channels act like a doorman to regulate the entry of calcium ions in the nerve cells. t has also been known for a long time that following transient severe brain injury and prior to an initial spontaneous epileptic seizure, the concentration of free zinc ions
If the number of zinc ions increases following transient severe brain damage, these ions dock in greater numbers onto a switch, the so-called metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1.
the researchers introduced fluorescing molecules in the brains of mice and these molecules always glowed
when the production of the special calcium ion channel was activated. The beams of light emanating from the fluorescence molecules can be measured through the top of the mice skulls.
This makes it possible to examine the processes which take place during the development of epilepsy in a living animal. f the fluorescence molecules glow,
this indicates that the mouse is developing chronic epileptic seizures, says the molecular biologist Prof. Dr. Susanne Schoch from the department of Neuropathology at the University of Bonn.
If the zinc ions or the transcription factor MTF1 were inhibited specifically in the brain, it is possible that the development of a seizure disorder could be prevented. owever,
and why ovarian cancer spreads and researchers say this is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the key genes and molecules that initiate and control the progression and growth of ovarian cancer.
In their latest study, the UNSW team found tissue sections taken from ovarian cancer patients had a significantly higher expression of the receptor molecule, Ror2
because the receptor molecules identified seem to be expressed universally in all epithelial ovarian cancer patients,
Researchers believe the Ror amilyof receptor molecules are attractive drug targets for three reasons. First, the receptors are not usually present in normal adult tissues
#Discovery could lead to better recovery after stroke UCLA researchers have identified a molecule that, after a stroke,
or GDF10, a molecule that previously had known no role in the adult brain, said Dr. S. Thomas Carmichael,
which molecules become more prevalent in the brain during the recovery period after a stroke,
researchers believed that one of the molecules on the list could be a signal telling the brain to repair itself after a stroke,
and they screened for the molecules that saw the biggest increase in the brain after stroke.
the team analyzed the molecule in a petri dish. The scientists found that GDF10 promotes brain cellsability to form new connections
Finally, the team identified all of the molecules that are turned on or off by GDF10 in brain cells after a stroke and compared the cellsrna to RNA in comparable cells during brain development and normal learning,
They found that GDF10 regulates a unique collection of molecules that improves recovery after stroke.
The discovery indicates that brain tissue regenerating after a stroke is a unique process rather than just a reactivation of the molecules that are active in brain development.
Going forward, Carmichael and his team hope to identify a small molecule that activates the GDF10 signaling systems
The surfactant molecules which carry an electrical charge, can be attracted to, or repelled by, a metal surface by changing the polarity of the voltage applied to the metal.
like a dust particle, to start the process of nucleation, the bubbles formed by boiling water also require nucleation.
Silver ions are released gradually from the tablet, killing pathogens by penetrating cell membranes and disrupting cell division.
In addition, other molecules in the cell could interact with the polypeptide to disrupt the spiral structure,
The Illinois researchers and their collaborators addressed these challenges by attaching positively charged ions to the backbone of the spiral,
we needed to develop a particle that did the same job but was only 6 nanometers in size.
the particle had to pack in the light sensitivity chemical, an amino acid that causes it to be absorbed only by a specific type of heart muscle cells,
and synthesized a star-shaped particle made of polyethylene glycol (PEG) widely used, FDA-approved material. The particle has eight nanoscale tentacles,
offering plenty of points to attach the chemicals needed for the process. The particle was tested by Uma Mahesh Reddy Avula
M d.,lead study author and a research lab specialist in internal medicine. his cell-selective therapy may represent an innovative concept to overcome some of the current limitations of cardiac ablation,
When researchers inhibited the activity of this molecule genetically or pharmacologically, white fat cells lit up their cellular furnaces,
a postdoc in Kajimura lab. e think this molecule could be an important link. CK2-blocking drugs boost metabolism
a new small-molecule CK2-blocker called silmitasertib (CX-4945), which is already in clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic;
and now he believes his team has discovered a revolutionary strategy to treat cancer. he focus of my work has always been to define the signature molecules that are on
Signature molecules are those that are unique to the sperm and the egg and are not found in other tissues in the body.
The signature molecules serve as targets for tiny tracking probes that Herr and his team create using monoclonal antibodies antibodies designed to bind to proteins originating in only one type of cell.
and measure the signature molecules present. These little trackers attach to any cell carrying the signature molecules,
so each monoclonal antibody can also be used as a tiny injector for targeted medication. Until recently, Herr advances with signature molecule tracking were primarily in the area of reproduction.
He used his research to launch three biotech companies centered on forensic science, fertility assessment and contraception methods.
or to the sperm gives you opportunities to create small-molecule drugs for female and male contraception, contraceptive vaccines,
They conducted initial experiments using noninfectious viral-like particles or VLPS, the production of which is orchestrated by the virusmatrix protein and
Burtey and colleagues studied the exchange of molecules between cells, by color-coding them with red or blue cellular fluorescent yesor ags.
Clinical Director of the Cancer Research UK/Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, said:
To achieve this, the company plans to send out a fleet of super-pressurised helium balloons,
have versions of it. hat we discovered earlier this year is that the human and bacterial versions bind molecules differently,
Joachimiak said. his is very important for finding a molecule to build a drug aroundou don want to inhibit a human enzyme, just the pathogen one.
and then determined the structure employing synchrotron protein crystallography at the Advanced Photon Source, a DOE Office of Science User Facility (both at Argonne).
Brandeis University professor Lizbeth Hedstrom and University of Minnesota professor Courtney Aldrich, two of the study other research collaborators, had identified several inhibitor molecules that bind to IMPDH,
an enzyme that creates DNA molecules by pairing single nucleotides, the basic units of DNA,
the team enlisted the help of co-authors postdoc Yi Shi and Brian Chait, the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Professor at Rockefeller and head of the Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry.
particles that tightly bundle DNA to fit it into a cell nucleus. These must be dislodged
whose organs lacked a sugar molecule that normally lines their blood vessels. That molecule was the major culprit behind what called hyperacute rejection,
which had destroyed almost instantaneously transplanted pig organs. Removing the sugar molecule helped. But it wasn enough.
Tests in monkeys showed that other forms of organ rejection still damaged the pig tissue,
a molecule that prevents clotting in blood vessels. Although pigs have their own version of thrombomodulin
Unlike conventional drugs, where chemists exert exquisite control over the position of every atom, with proteins they mostly still need a living thing to do their manufacturing for them. hen you get to whole proteins,
#Finally, Fusion Takes Small Steps Toward Reality After three decades of expensive government-funded research that has failed to produce tangible breakthroughs,
Commercial power generation from fusion is still a long way off but the outlines of such a reactor can now be perceived.
Traditional fusion research has centered on large, doughnut-shaped machines called tokamaks, which exert powerful magnetic fields to compress high-temperature plasmaoiling balls of charged particles that fuse to form helium, releasing large amounts of energy in the process.
The challenge is to contain the hot plasma and keep it stable; the fusion reactors of today,
have galvanized the fusion community. Tri Alpha Energy based in Foothill Ranch, California, said in early August that it has succeeded in keeping a high-energy plasma stable for five millisecondsuch less than the blink of an eye,
but alf an eternityon the scale of fusion reactions, according to chief technology officer Michl Binderbauer. Tri Alpha, says Binderbauer,
is bringing the principles of high-energy particle accelerators, such as the Large hadron collider, to bear on the problems of fusion reactors.
Specifically, the team has built a device, 23 meters long, that fires two clouds of plasma at each other to form a ring of plasma.
The plasma is sustained by the injection of high-energy particles from accelerators. The challenge for Tri Alpha design, says Binderbauer,
keeping the plasma stable at a high-enough temperature to achieve energy-positive fusion. The recent experiment indicated that the companyhich has attracted millions of dollars in funding from investors including Goldman sachs and Vulcan Inc,
At MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, a group headed by Dennis Whyte a professor of nuclear science and engineering and the center director, published a conceptual design in July for a machine called the ARC reactor (ffordable, robust, compact.
The researchers also envision a liquid lanketsurrounding the plasma that will absorb neutrons without damage
Now the advent of advanced superconductor tapes could enable a compact reactor that produces fusion continuously.
Published in Fusion Engineering and Design, the ARC reactor paper stresses that, for the moment, it a conceptual design only.
and Vancouver-based General Fusion, are working on related -but-different designs to bring fusion to the prototype stage (see New Approach to Fusion. e are getting closer to working machines,
says Michel Laberge, the founder and chief scientist at General Fusion. or many years, fusion research was the realm of big government labs that did great work
and established the basis for fusion to work. But there was not a great sense of urgency. ow the urgency has risen,
and these companies are testing new ideas and new approachesnd attracting the investment to do so.
General Fusion recently landed $27 million in new funding from a group of investors led by the sovereign wealth fund of Malaysia. ight now
what happening is a rethinking, says Burton Richter, who won the Nobel prize in Physics in 1976
Companies like Tri Alpha offer a path to fusion paved not with taxpayer dollars but with private-sector moneyhich ultimately is the only way to actually get something built.
With the wariness of a veteran fusion scientist, though, he advises caution: ill you build it, you don know for sure. g
Haider Butt and his colleagues overcame those problems using a nanosecond laser than can print ink holograms about a square centimetre in size in just five nanoseconds."
#Algae inspiration could boost your phone's battery Materials engineers trying to work out a way of boosting the performance of lithium-ion batteries have hit upon an unlikely inspiration-algae from a local pond.
When compared to normal lithium-ion cells, the new batteries showed high reversible capacity, good cycling stability and high-rate performance."
the researchers found the tantalum oxide gradually loses oxygen ions, changing from an oxygen-rich, nanoporous semiconductor at the top, to oxygen-poor at the bottom.
In the new study, the researchers have shown how to alter the behaviour of nonmagnetic materials by removing some electrons using an interface coated with a thin layer of the carbon molecule C60,
which is also known as a uckyball The movement of electrons between the metal and the molecules allows the nonmagnetic material to overcome the Stoner Criterion
and become magnetic. According to the researchers, the discovery opens up new possibilities across a host of different industries. eing able to generate magnetism in materials that are not naturally magnetic opens new paths to devices that use abundant and hazardless elements
However, they also need to facilitate the easy movement of electrons. Until now, scientists have had to use separate manipulations to increase photon absorption and electron transfer.
The new electrode, described in Nature Communications, is made primarily from the semiconducting compound bismuth vanadate.
This increased the efficiency of both photon absorption and electron transport. It was found that as well as increasing the transport of electrons by creating efectsin the bismuth vanadate,
the nitrogen also lowered the energy needed to kick electrons into the state in which they were available to split water.
This meant that more solar energy could be used by the electrode. ow we understand what going on at the microscopic level,
the team said it was also safer than lithium-ion batteries as it was less prone to catching fire and more environmentally friendly than alkaline models such as AA and AAA.
and lithium-ion batteries, which occasionally burst into flames. Our new battery won catch fire, even if you drill through it. illions of consumers use 1. 5-volt AA and AAA BATTERIES.
while a typical lithium-ion battery lasts about 1, 000 cycles. his was the first time an ultra-fast aluminium-ion battery was constructed with stability over thousands of cycles,
the report authors wrote. Dai added that lithium batteries could o off in an unpredictable mannerand cited a ban by US airlines Delta
the lithium-ion batteries are designed to capture and store up to 10kwh of energy from wind or solar panel.
The Nevada facility will be the largest producer of lithium-ion batteries in the world and it is hoped its mass-production scale will help to bring down costs even further.
grab, spin and nudge tiny particles around. The sonic tractor beam uses a 3d hologram with the shape of a cage or bottle in
while inside the cage, the pressure is close to zero. hen the particle is surrounded by high pressure,
and the particle moves with the trap, said Marzo. Because sound waves can travel through body tissues,
as controlling light with light is somewhat difficult as photons do not interact with other photons like electrons do said,
Resistance is useless One of the reasons optics has the potential to be faster is that it doesn have the limitation of the RC time constant, also known as tau,
rotate and manipulate particles. The research also introduces an olographic acoustic elements framework that permits the rapid generation of traps
similar to an ultrasound scanner but for manipulating particles Targeted drug delivery and moving your kidney stones around are among the applications the researchers think could emerge from their work.*
*Expanded polystyrene particles ranging from 0. 6 to 3. 1m diameter are levitated above single-sided arrays.
a) The particles can be translated along 3d paths at up to 25m#1 using different arrangements
such as ellipsoidal particles, can be rotated controllably at up to 128. p m. Scale bars represent 2m for the particle in a and 20m for the rest m
Under the process, the untreated water is filtered first though a membrane to remove larger particles.
and other components, has been designed to bind the salt particles as they pass through the membrane. Developed by University of Alexandria researchers Mona Naim, Mahmoud Elewa, Ahmed El-Shafei and Abeer Moneer,
Sporting higher energy density than lithium-ion we may even see batteries made with this material.
Called sol-gel thin film, it is made up of a single layer of silicon atoms and a nanoscale self-assembled layer of octylphosphonic acid.
high energy extraction and heat tolerance. Performance of sol-gel thin film electrodes at Georgia Tech's laboratories has exceeded all existing commercial electrolytic capacitors and thin-film lithium-ion batteries.
States Professor Joseph Perry, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Georgia Tech,"sol-gels...such as phosphonic acids are well known...
Prior to Stashinvest, Ronick co-founded Creatorbox, an alum of the Kaplan Techstars Edtech Accelerator.
Startup Turkey and Startup Istanbul, both organized by Istanbul-based accelerator Ethoum. Just as the local scene has evolved over the last few years,
but there are no structured seed money programs,"Viveka accelerator's cofounder Ece? dil Re? a Kasap told ZDNET.
#Optimal particle size for anticancer nanomedicines discovered Nanomedicines consisting of nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery to specific tissues
To develop next generation nanomedicines with superior anticancer attributes we must understand the correlation between their physicochemical properties--specifically particle size
Over the last 2-3 decades consensus has been reached that particle size plays a pivotal role in determining their biodistribution tumor penetration cellular internalization clearance from blood plasma and tissues as well as excretion from the body--all of
Our studies show clear evidence that there is an optimal particle size for anticancer nanomedicines resulting in the highest tumor retention.
Among the three nanoconjugates investigated the 50 nm particle size provided the optimal combination of deep tumor tissue penetration efficient cancer cell internalization as well as slow tumor clearance exhibits the highest efficacy against both
We demonstrated that in the absence of Numb photoreceptors are unable to send a molecule essential for vision to the correct compartment which causes the cells to progressively degenerate
This material--just a single layer of atoms--could be made as a wearable device perhaps integrated into clothing to convert energy from your body movement to electricity
when the size of material shrinks to the scale of a single atom Hone adds.
The researchers demonstrated the method using an ARCAM electron beam melting system (EBM) in which successive layers of a metal powder are fused together by an electron beam into a three-dimensional product.
By manipulating the process to precisely manage the solidification on a microscopic scale the researchers demonstrated 3-dimensional control of the microstructure
Rather than the light used in a traditional microscope this technique uses focused beams of electrons to illuminate a sample and form images with atomic resolution.
The instrument produces a large number of two-dimensional electron beam images which a computer then reconstructs into three-dimensional structure.
The structural knowledge may help others engineer small molecules that inhibit DNA replication at specific moments leading to new disease prevention
And since Earth's magnetic field protects life from energetic particles from the sun and cosmic rays both
The researchers found that children who can not express a particular sugar molecule in the small intestine called the Lewis molecule do not become infected by the rotavirus types found in existing vaccines.
This Lewis molecule is needed probably as a receptor for the rotavirus to be able to enter
and liquid cosmetics to keep small particles from clumping together. The synthetic coatings are called often polymer brushes because of their bristlelike appearance when attached to the particle surface.
To create the biological equivalent of a polymer brush the researchers turned to neurofilaments pipe cleaner-shaped proteins found in nerve cells.
and the ability to bind to other molecules and catalyze biochemical reactions. This kind of sequence precision is difficult if not impossible to achieve in the laboratory using the tools of chemical synthesis. By harnessing the precision of biology
This massive black hole--which contains 4 million solar masses--does not emit radiation but is visible from the gas around it.
or cathode and scratched the surface with sandpaper to form a light panel capable of producing a large stable and homogenous emission current with low energy consumption.
Under a strong electric field the cathode emits tight high-speed beams of electrons through its sharp nanotube tips--a phenomenon called field emission.
The electrons then fly through the vacuum in the cavity and hit the phosphor screen into glowing.
Field emission electron sources catch scientists'attention due to its ability to provide intense electron beams that are about a thousand times denser than conventional thermionic cathode (like filaments in an incandescent light bulb.
and produce a much more directional and easily controllable stream of electrons. In recent years carbon nanotubes have emerged as a promising material of electron field emitters owing to their nanoscale needle shape and extraordinary properties of chemical stability thermal conductivity and mechanical strength.
Highly crystalline single-walled carbon nanotubes (HCSWCNT) have nearly zero defects in the carbon network on the surface Shimoi explained.
Threading a DNA molecule through a tiny hole called a nanopore in a sheet of graphene allows researchers to read the DNA sequence;
because each nucleotide has a slightly different distribution of electrons the negatively charged parts of the atoms.
The researchers extensively used the Blue waters supercomputer at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications housed at the University of Illinois. They mapped each individual atom in the complex DNA molecule
It's a complex molecule that has many properties and we are still uncovering them Aksimentiev said d
The GRP molecules bound to this carbohydrate then assemble to form a larger complex of proteins.
Building on the decades of research on the tobacco hornworm's immune system researchers concentrated on particular molecules in the blood that form pathways in
which one molecule activates another molecule leading to production of chemicals that kill pathogens. Researchers used a variety of biochemical and biophysical experiments to understand how the protein molecules assemble on the surface of the pathogen.
They found that clusters of five GRP protein molecules bind to a polysaccharide a type of carbohydrate--beta-13-glucan in this case--along a larger carbohydrate molecule that makes a cell wall.
The research team was able to confirm for the first time the long-term implications of solar-driven electron impact on the upper middle atmosphere ozone.
Electrons from space: Auroras and ozone lossaccording to the research study conducted by the Finnish Meteorological Institute University of Otago
and The british Antarctic Survey the electrons similar to those behind the aurora cause significant solar cycle variation in the polar mesosphere ozone.
when more electrons enter the atmosphere. These results are only the first step but an important one allowing us to better understand the long-term impacts of this type of solar activity
Earth's radiation belts are regions in near-Earth space that contain vast quantities of solar energetic electrons trapped there by Earth's magnetic field.
During magnetic storms which are driven solar wind the electrons accelerate to high speeds and enter the atmosphere in the polar regions.
In the atmosphere the electrons ionize gas molecules leading to the production of ozone-depleting catalyst gases.
Based on currently available satellite observations electron precipitation may during solar storms lasting a few days reduce ozone in the upper atmosphere (60-80 km) as much as 90 per cent on a momentary basis
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