Now, an international group of researchers has shown how nature uses a variety of pathways to grow crystals that go beyond the classical, one-atom-at-a-time route.
The findings, published today in Science("Crystallization by particle attachment in synthetic, biogenic, and geologic environments"),have implications for decades-old questions in science
"We show how these crystals can be built up into complex structures by attaching particles as nanocrystals, clusters,
Many scientists have contributed to identifying these particles and pathways to becoming a crystal our challenge was to put together a framework to understand them."
or use computer simulations to visualize how particles can form and attach. The international group met for a three-day workshop in Berkeley, California,
"In animal and laboratory systems alike, the process begins by forming the particles. They can be small molecules, clusters, droplets, or nanocrystals.
All of these particles are unstable and begin to combine with each other and with nearby crystals and other surfaces.
For example, nanocrystals prefer to become oriented along the same direction as the larger crystal before attaching,
These atoms later become organized by"doing the wave"through the mass to rearrange into a single crystal,
Study authors say much work needs to be done to understand the forces that cause these particles to move and combine.
"Particle pathways are tricky because they can form what appear to be crystals with the traditional faceted surfaces
"I was surprised at how widespread a phenomenon particle-mediated crystallization is and how easily one can create a unified picture that captures its many styles. s
and putting patients on the conveyer belt of radiation and chemotherapy typically ending with bleak results?
And that's on top of all the Fukushima radiation that's already causing a marine ecosystem collapse in many areas of the coast.
Super-resolution microscope methods overcome Abbe's limit by manipulating fluorescent molecules tethered to proteins
to better locate the source of the light the molecules emit. These methods can now discern objects that are as close together as about 20nm.
and then with the fluorescent molecules that anchor specific proteins to the acrylate, which is infused then into tissue.
the fluorescent-tagged molecules move further away from each other; proteins that were previously too close to distinguish with a visible-light microscope come into crisp focus.
In his NIH presentation, Boyden suggested that the technique can resolve molecules that had been as close as 60nm before expansion.
and other molecules to make intact brain tissue transparent, allowing thick sections to be imaged with a light microscope2 (see'See-through brains clarify connections'.
Several molecules in that environment are able to diffuse into the ichip, allowing the bacteria to thrive in a more natural setting than a petri dish.
because it is rare to find a single molecule with so many promising properties. But teixobactin has disappointed in its failure to kill ram-negativebacteria.
This resistance could be used to notify the driver that they are pushing the accelerator through a speed limit.
Alternatively, if you were crawling along in traffic a timely warning through the accelerator could prevent you bumping into the car in front a
#Reprogramming of DNA Obeserved in Human Germ cells for First time A team of researchers led by the University of Cambridge has described for the first time in humans how the epigenome the suite of molecules attached to our DNA that switch our genes on and off is erased comprehensively in early primordial germ cells prior to the generation of egg
A team of researchers led by the University of Cambridge has described for the first time in humans how the epigenome the suite of molecules attached to our DNA that switch our genes on
small methyl molecules attach to our DNA in a process known as methylation and contribute to the regulation of gene activity,
The network comprised seven known regulatory molecules as well as two proteins that had not yet been identified in existing papers on planarian regeneration. his represents the most comprehensive model of planarian regeneration found to date.
unlike X-ray, CT SCANS or PET scans, it delivers no ionizing radiation to patients. For the past decade, research groups around the globe,
a process known as staple isotope labeling of amino acids in cell cultures and live mice. When examining the nerve cells,
researchers explored whether the H3. 3 variant was labeled with that stable isotope (ewhistones) or if they were free of the label (lderhistones).
Mitochondria constantly undergo fusion and fission to respond to cellular energy demands. By changing their size and connectivity through fusion and fission
mitochondria can travel to regions in cells where they are needed. ur study reveals that disrupting SLC25A46 causes mitochondria to become both more highly interconnected
and improperly localized in cells, said Julia E. Dallman, assistant professor of Biology in the UM College of Arts and Sciences and a senior author of the study. hese data support a critical role for SLC25A46 and mitochondrial dynamics in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal processes.
SLC25 family members act like a channel, transporting molecules across the bilayer membranes inside mitochondria.
But unlike the majority of human SLC25 family members (there are 53) that transport molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane
and is designed to produce a molecule which stimulates the immune system to attack and destroy the tumour.
Some researchers are working on blood substitutes based on the haemoglobin molecule that binds oxygen in red blood cells.
whether it's possible to make entirely synthetic substitutes based on oxygen-carrying molecules like perfluorocarbons.
it increases the distance between each water molecule, making the liquid become"runnier"."Mitochondria are powered by an enzyme bound into their membranes.
It spins like a molecular turbine, and being surrounded by runnier water should make it turn more easily,
Shining a light pulse on to the cavity excited the dye atoms into emitting light in a tightly focused beam.
and the tangles known as tau aren't the only factors that lead to Alzheimer's. There are probably several different paths to dementia,
#Physicists discover long-sought'pentaquark'particle CERN's Large hadron collider announced Tuesday that researchers discovered a remarkable class of particles known as pentaquarks that could reshape scientists'understanding about the properties of matter.
According to Syracuse physicist Sheldon Stone, graduate student Nathan Jurik was studying the decay of a different particle
"Atoms, and the protons and neutrons that make up their nuclei, are familiar terms in science.
But quarks are even smaller particles--the building blocks of protons, neutrons and other subatomic particles known as baryons.
Baryons, including protons and neutrons, are composed of three quarks. A pentaquark is something different--a"composite state"that groups four quarks and one antiquark, the associated antimatter particle for a quark.
Studying composite states can give scientists additional insight into the properties of ordinary baryons.""Benefitting from the large data set provided by the LHC,
and the excellent precision of our detector, we have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states,
"said LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki of Syracuse University, whose research group was a leader in the analysis."More precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark."
"The discovery was made by the CERN Large hadron collider b-quark (LHCB) experiment group, one of several ongoing particle physics experiments at the laboratory.
LHCB studies antimatter and its relationship to matter. The group has submitted a paper reporting its findings to the journal Physical Review Letters.
U s. participation in the experiment is funded entirely by NSF, which supports the research through nine awards to scientists from Syracuse University, the University of Maryland College Park, the Massachusetts institute of technology and the University of Cincinnati working at the Large hadron collider."
"The pentaquark is not just any new particle, "said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson.""It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over fifty years of experimental searches.
Studying its properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which we're all made,
is constituted.""Years'worth of other experiments searching for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive, leading some scientists to question their existence.
LHCB's research looked for the particles from many perspectives, with all results pointing to the same conclusion.
The group found the pentaquarks by examining the decay of a particular kind of baryon, known as Lambda b."While existence of pentaquarks was speculated on since the beginning of the quark model in 1964,
it has taken 51 years to find a solid experimental evidence for their existence, "Skwarnicki said."
"A serious of dubious experimental claims of their discoveries over a decade ago, which were confirmed not by subsequent measurements,
and will lead to a better understanding of quark formations created by nuclear forces, with possible implications in astrophysics."
quarks are bound together in pentaquarks--loosely or tightly. The answer to that question will play a key role in determining
Called Q-Eye, the invention senses radiation across the terahertz (THZ) region of the spectrum between microwaves and infrared.
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by the target object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of a single photon.
The electrons in the silicon layer are isolated so from the silicon lattice they become highly sensitive to incoming radiation.
This revolutionary e-cooling process is the secret to Q-Eye sensor performance, enabling rapid imaging and material identification.
he small-molecule-based hole-transporting material methoxydiphenylamine-substituted carbazole was synthesized and incorporated into a CH3NH3PBI3 perovskite solar cell,
we have demonstrated a small-molecule hole conductor that yields very high current density(>21 ma cm-2) and overall efficiency close to 17%.
#Meet the LHC Latest Discovery, the Long-Sought Pentaquark The Large hadron collider, the world most powerful particle accelerator, has given physicists yet another gifthysical proof of the existence of the pentaquark,
a new form of matter that might be created in collapsing stars. Scientists at the LHCB detector, where they are researching
what happened after the Big bang, recently found signs of the pentaquark in a powerful proton collision.
what we see could be due to something else other than the addition of a new particle that was observed not before.
Quarks are fundamental units of matter and make up everything that exists. There are six types: up, down, strange, charm,
When Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig created the quark model in the 1960s, they suggested the existence of the pentaquark,
which is created when five quarks combine. About a decade ago, several different teams thought they had found the elusive particle,
but each claim was shown eventually to be incorrect. Ian Sample, of The Guardian, explains their discovery further:
esearchers on the LHCB team found evidence for pentaquarks after studying the disintegration of an unstable ball of three quarks called a Lambda baryon.
The exotic pentaquarks they observed are made up of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.
when stars collapse into neutron stars or potentially black holesnfluencing what they look like and where they go in their life cycle.
but this could provide additional information about particles that underpin all matter. Physicists expect to find more pentaquarks in the future
since the LHC is running at its highest energy levels ever after a two-year hibernation for maintenance r
#Development of Single-Molecule Diode Revolutionizes Nanotechnology A paper published on May 25 in Nature Nanotechnology titled ingle-Molecule Diodes with High On-Off Ratios through Environmental Controlreports the first ever attempt for the development of single
-molecule diode that perform 50 times better than all the previous designs. A team of Columbia Engineering researchers under the guidance of an Indian-American associate professor of applied physics at Columbia Engineering, Latha Venkataraman have designed this single-molecule electronic device
which would revolutionize nanoscale devices. Venkataraman proudly stated that the new device represents the ultimate in functional miniaturisation that can be achieved for an electronic device.
He added that constructing a device where the active elements are only a single molecule has long been a tantalizing dream in nanoscience.
in order to develop a single-molecule diode. Brian Capozzi, Phd student working with Venkataraman and lead author of the paper stated that
while such asymmetric molecules do indeed display some diode-like properties, they are not effective as they typically suffered from very low current flow in both nand ffdirections
Venkataraman and her colleague rather created an environmental asymmetry through a simple method of surrounding the active molecule with an ionic solution
and used gold metal electrodes of different sizes to contact the molecule. This simple new technique can be applied easily to all nanoscale devices of all types,
Researchers from Stanford university created this wonder by using magnetized particles flowing through a network of channels.
have formed successfully a heterojunction solar cell using germanium QDS on an ordinary n-type silicon wafer. Individual germanium quantum dots were coated with silicon dioxide (silica),
doped to make them p-type, and then deposited, using Natcore's liquid phase deposition (LPD) process,
or germanium quantum dots into layers using a process such as Natcore, which appears to be ideal for mass production,
potentially offering advantages over laser-scanning confocal, two-photon and light-sheet microscopy. Developed by Columbia University professor Dr. Elizabeth Hillman and graduate student Matthew Bouchard,
Confocal and two-photon microscopes can image a single plane within a living sample, but cannot generate 3-D images quickly enough to capture events like neurons firing.
it cannot penetrate tissue as deeply as two-photon microscopy. The new technique could be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations,
conventional MRI, the radiotracer carbon-13 (C-13) pyruvate and hyperpolarized MRI at a resolution of 2. 5 mm, Medipix positron detector, luminescence sensor,
Direct positron imaging is a nuclear medicine technique that allows researchers to gain physiological information from radiolabeled imaging agents that bind to targets in the body.
Hyperpolarized MRI provides fine imaging resolution thanks to dynamic nuclear spin polarization technology which is used to track minute biochemistry in the body,
"At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
and at its ultimate size limit one atom thick, "said Yun Daniel Park, professor in the department of physics and astronomy at Seoul National University.
And unlike x-rays and CT or PET scans, OCT uses nonionizing radiation to produce images.
atoms into graphene. The compounds exhibit an intense blue fluorescence and, consequently, are of interest for use as organic LEDS (OLEDS).
Within the study, boron atoms specifically replaced the two meso carbon atoms within the PAH, which resulted in its ability to transform a near-infrared dye into a blue luminophore.
Boron Customized organic molecules enable the production of lightweight, mechanically flexible electronic components adapted to individual applications, such as LEDS.
the color of fluorescence shifts into the highly desirable, blue spectral range and the capacity to transport electrons is improved substantially.
researchers have become much more capable in their abilities to modify the inner structures by embedding foreign atoms within the carbon network."
With a nanosecond laser,"the fastest you can record information is one information unit, one 0 or 1,
every nanosecond,"said postdoctoral scholar Jianbo Hu.""To go even faster, people have started to use femtosecond lasers,
"To study this, the researchers developed ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC), which allowed them to observe directly the transitioning atomic configuration of a prototypical phase-change material, germanium telluride (Gete), under femtosecond laser pulses.
The technique directs a pulse of electrons at the material after each laser pulse to create pictures of the sample's atomic configuration over time.
The technique revealed a previously unknown intermediate phase that appears during the transition from the crystalline to the amorphous configuration.
The sensor uses a nanoengineered silica chip with an active layer of ions that fluoresce
The fluorescence decay changes when the glass comes in contact with skin due to glucose in the bloodstream absorbing
To demonstrate their design, the researchers applied fluorescent dyes to specific molecules within a cell sample.
Harvard researchers have used a molecule nearly identical to one in rhubarb to make a battery that can store more energy
small molecules that store energy in plants and animals. They cause a beautiful color change from yellow to red-brown during charging,
researchers expose antibodies in the patient blood to molecules with the virusmolecular signature. In the past, researchers could only check a sample for reactions of one type of antibody at a time.
When the diamond nanoparticles came in contact with the thin sheets of graphene (carbon that's only an atom thick) the graphene rolled up around the diamond nanoparticles,
With the new graphene coating, the diamond particles could roll far more easily over a larger diamond-like surface that the researchers used as a testing ground.
a naturally occurring string of molecules derived from wood. The resulting objects are an environmentally friendly and sustainable alternative to the metals
Although previous studies have used nanosecond and femtosecond lasers to create images, the DNG researchers say preceding studies haven't achieved resolution this high,
With eight months of building and testing, Marion tells PSFK he regularly takes the drone out for a spin
#Stretchy Sensors Remind You to Take a Break from the Sun Researchers at RMIT University in Australia have developed stretchy sensors that detect harmful UV radiation and toxic gases such as hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide.
when they need to take a break from the sun. They are capable of detecting harmful levels of UV radiation,
and notify users when radiation hits harmful levels, so they know to get out of the sun
a patented technology to split oxygen and water molecules into free radicals. Those radicals easily react with viruses,
bacteria and other molecules in order to clean the surrounding air up to 30 sq meters in a closed space.
#Anti-Radiation Glasses Protect Against Computer Eye Strain Zappi glasses are designed to protect the wearer eyes from the harmful light given off by digital devices such as smartphones, tablets and computers.
They minimize radiation from electromagnetic waves surrounding screens and are designed for use with smartphones, computers, tablets, gaming screens and TVS.
#Scientists Create Single-Molecule Diode The idea of creating a single-molecule diode a circuit element that directs current flow was suggested first more than 40 years ago, in 1974, by researchers Arieh Aviram of IBM Thomas
Scientists have since been exploring the charge-transport properties of molecules. They have shown that single-molecules attached to metal electrodes can be made to act as a variety of circuit elements,
including resistors, switches, transistors, and, indeed, diodes. They have learned that it is possible to see quantum mechanical effects
such as interference, manifest in the conductance properties of molecular junctions. onstructing a device where the active elements are only a single molecule has long been a tantalizing dream in nanoscience,
Dr Venkataraman said. ur new approach created a single-molecule diode that has a high rectification and a high ncurrent.
In order to develop a single-molecule diode, researchers have designed simply molecules that have asymmetric structures. hile such asymmetric molecules do indeed display some diode-like properties,
they are said not effective team member Brian Capozzi, a Phd student at Columbia University. In order to overcome the issues associated with asymmetric molecular design,
They surrounded the active molecule (oligomer of thiophene-1, 1-dioxide) with an ionic solution and used gold metal electrodes of different sizes to contact the molecule.
Their results, reported in the journal Nature Nanotechnology, achieved rectification ratios as high as 250: 50 times higher than earlier designs.
which is a lot of current to be passing through a single-molecule. And, because this new technique is implemented so easily,
When infrared laser light strikes the tiny spirals, it is absorbed by electrons in the gold arms.
These arms are so thin that the electrons are forced to move along the spiral. Electrons that are driven toward the center absorb enough energy
so that some of them emit blue light at double the frequency of the incoming infrared light. The spirals also have a distinctive response to polarized laser light.
because the polarization pushes the electrons toward the center of the spiral. Counterclockwise polarized light,
because the polarization tends to push the electrons outward so that the waves from all around the nano-spiral interfere destructively. he combination of the unique characteristics of their frequency doubling
or other forms of ionizing radiation. Fifteen volunteers with various body sizes presenting with stones of as large as 14 mm
sensors nestled in the taste buds react to molecules in the food and send the appropriate signals to the brain:
"We use a larger number of sensors related to ions but got poorer information. These researchers use less sensors,
and spin microscopic particles suspended in water. The research by academics from the University of Bristol's Department of Mechanical engineering and Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, is published in Physical Review Letters.
what happens to the particles depends strongly on their size. Bruce Drinkwater, Professor of Ultrasonics in the Department of Mechanical engineering and one of the authors of the study
and were seen to spin at high speeds or become stuck in a series of circular rings due to acoustic radiation forces.
Dr Zhenyu Hong, of the Department of Applied Physics at Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, added:"
The network comprised seven known regulatory molecules as well as two proteins that had not yet been identified in existing papers on planarian regeneration."
Whether surgically removed, zapped by radiation or infiltrated by chemotherapy drugs, they find a way to return.
Metal-organic frameworks, briefly called MOFS, consist of two basic elements, metal node points and organic molecules,
Nature uses porphyrines as universal molecules e g. in hemoglobin and chlorophyll, where these organic dyes convert light into chemical energy.
The metal-organic solar cell was produced on the basis of this novel porphyrine-MOF. he clou is that we just need a single organic molecule in the solar cell
The researchers expect that the photovoltaic capacity of the material may be increased considerably in the future by filling the pores in the crystalline lattice structure with molecules that can release
their electrons buddy up and move through the material without encountering any sort of resistance. More specifically, Lexus'use of liquid nitrogenhich has a temperature of-321 degrees Fahrenheitells us that they're using a high-temperature superconductor like yttrium barium copper oxide,
Even so, Gourlay is intrigued by the prospect of using superconductorshich are used in everything from maglev trains to the Large Hadron Collidern something like a hoverboard."
The resulting gene fusion plays a key role in production of morphine. The researchers hope this will enable the breeding of bespoke poppy varieties
orphinan biosynthesis in opium poppy requires a P450-oxidoreductase fusion protein Science Express n
#Oscillatory Chemical reactions: What Your Clothes May Literally Say About You In the future Wearing a computer on your sleeve may be a lot cooler than a plastic watch with an Apple logo on it-researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have designed a responsive hybrid material fueled by an oscillatory chemical reactions.
an important signaling molecule, had been added at a specific spot on the Fc region. The greater the sialylation
The finding is surprising because electrons in insulators, such as glass, are stuck largely in one place, yielding high resistance to the flow of electricity.
On the other hand, electrons in conducting materials such as metals flow freely over long distances. So how can you possibly get electrons behaving in both ways in a single material?
One way is to have a sandwich comprising a surface that is conducting juxtaposed with a bulk that is insulating.
"which roughly represents the geometry traced by the orbits of electrons in the material. In this way, they reveal details about the movement of electrons
which is why the measurement is used typically to better understand the properties of conducting materials.
and saw rapid wiggles on the screen indicating that the electrons were travelling long distances characteristic of a metal. ou do realise,
contrary to current understanding, electrons in certain insulators can somehow behave as if they were in a metal.
This behaviour may involve the strange properties of quantum mechanics. According to quantum mechanics, particles can occupy two states at the same time.
That is why the famous Schrödinger Cat can be both dead and alive. Schrödinger cat is thought a experiment in which a poor cat is put in a box with a flask of poison and a radioactive source.
If an internal monitor detects radioactivity, the flask is shattered, releasing the poison that kills the cat.
Quantum physics can result in trillions of electrons in materials acting collectively to exhibit dramatically different properties from
"But that information has to be converted to electrons when it comes into your laptop. In that conversion, you're slowing things down.
"Over the past decade or so, wee ditched the old model of transmitting information via copper wires and electrons,
and we now communicate with each other via underwater optical fibres that transmit light particles-or photons-between almost every continent On earth.
which means once information is delivered to your computer or router in photon form, it has to be converted into the slower electron form
in order to be processed, which slows everything down. For this reason, scientists around the world have been working towards taking the functionality of an electronic chip
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