Colloidal dispersions are composed of such everyday items such as paint, milk gelatin, glass, and porcelain, but their potential to create new materials remains largely untapped.
Such an ability is important for numerous applications such as animal reproduction, cell immunotherapy, and biological research.
#Transplanting from Pig to Human Never before have scientists been able to make scores of simultaneous genetic edits to an organism genome.
But now, in a landmark study by George Church and his team at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university and Harvard Medical school, the gene editing system known as CRISPRAS9 has been used to genetically engineer pig DNA
Artistic rendering shows pig chromosomes (background) which reside in the nucleus of pig cells and contain a single strand of RNA,
Wyss Institute at Harvard Universitythe 62 edits were executed by the team to inactivate native retroviruses found in the pig genome that have inhibited so far pig organs from being suitable for transplant in human patients.
however, the door is now open on the possibility that humans could one day receive lifesaving organ transplants from pigs.
Pigs in particular have been especially promising candidates due to their similar size and physiology to humans. In fact
pig heart valves are sterilized already commonly and decellularized for use in repairing or replacing human heart valves.
including pigs, contain repetitive, latent retrovirus fragments in their genomes, present in all their living cells,
ERVS and the lack of ability to remove them from pig DNA was a real showstopper on
Church and his team have inactivated all 62 repetitive genes containing a PERV in pig DNA,
Sachs has been developing special pigs for xenotransplantation for more than 30 years and is currently collaborating with Church on further genetic modifications of his pigs. f Church
and his team are able to produce pigs from genetically engineered embryos lacking PERVS by the use of CRISPR-Cas9,
they would eliminate an important potential safety concern facing this field. ang says the team hopes eventually they can completely eliminate the risk that PERVS could cause disease in clinical xenotransplantation by using modified pig cells to clone a line of pigs that would have their PERV genes inactivated.
The remarkable and newly demonstrated capability for CRISPR to edit tens of repetitive genes such as PERVS will also unlock new ways for scientists to study
In studies conducted on rodents and sheep the U-M team found that the treatment successfully kills the cells that cause cardiac arrhythmia while leaving surrounding cells unharmed.
#Researchers Smash Records with Pig-to-Primate Organ transplants A biotech company is genetically engineering pigs so that their organs might work in people.
The researchers say they have kept a pig heart alive in a baboon for 945 days
The experiments used organs from pigs umanizedwith the addition of as many as five human genes
The GM pigs are being produced in Blacksburg, Virginia, by Revivicor, a division of the biotechnology company United Therapeutics.
That company founder and co-CEO, Martine Rothblatt, is noted a futurist who four years ago began spending millions to supply researchers with pig organs
Rothblatt says her goal is to create n unlimited supply of transplantable organsand to carry out the first successful pig-to-human lung transplant within a few years.
In addition to GM pigs her company is carrying out research on tissue-engineered lungs and cryopreservation of organs. ee turning xenotransplantation from
Some researchers agree with Rothblatt that the latest results mean pig-to-human transplants are plausible. think it possible;
He said he would transplant a genetically engineered pig organ into a patient today, were the patient situation desperate enough.
and she has outlined plans for a facility able to breed 1, 000 pigs a year,
The human body reacts even more strongly to pig tissue since pigs are genetically more distant. All human tests of pig organs have ended quickly, and badly.
A Los angeles woman who got a pig liver in 1992 died within 34 hours. The last time a doctor transplanted a pig heart into a person, in India in 1996,
he was arrested for murder. Researchers continue to work with pigs because theye in ready supply,
and the organs of young pigs are about the right size. In order to beat the rejection problem,
researchers began trying to genetically modify the animals. One major step came in 2003 when David Ayares
a cofounder of Revivicor, created pigs whose organs lacked a sugar molecule that normally lines their blood vessels.
That molecule was the major culprit behind what called hyperacute rejection, which had destroyed almost instantaneously transplanted pig organs.
Removing the sugar molecule helped. But it wasn enough. Tests in monkeys showed that other forms of organ rejection still damaged the pig tissue,
albeit more slowly. To combat these effects, Ayares team has made pigs with more and more human genes.
For instance, one gene that been added produces the human version of thrombomodulin, a molecule that prevents clotting in blood vessels.
Although pigs have their own version of thrombomodulin it the wrong shape and doesn work correctly with human blood. e are adding the human genes to the pig
so you have the organ repressing the immune response, rather than have to give a whopping dose of immune suppressants,
says Ayares. By next year, some of the pigs will have as many as eight added human genes.
These genetic changes make their organs more compatible with a human body, but the animals still look
and act like normal pigs. Genetically engineering the pigs isn easy. It challenging to insert human genes
and difficult to get them to function correctly. ou try to put all your genes into one parcel so they go to one place in the genome,
who leads a German consortium developing transgenic pigs. t very cumbersome. Creating a good pig is really like winning the lottery. n the United states,
leading transplant surgeons have been meeting with Revivicor ever few months to plan what genes they like to see added next.
and inserting them into pig cells. It is left to Revivicor to produce piglets from these engineered cells
or 100 iterations. et surgeons credit the genetically enhanced pigs with some recent successes. Muhammad Mohiuddin,
and Blood Institute, in Bethesda, Maryland, says a heart from one of Revivicor pigs lasted two and a half years inside a baboon.
Also this summer, transplant experts at the University of Pittsburgh said they kept a baboon alive with one of Revivicor pig kidneys for more than four months.
That set a record for the longest ife-sustainingxenotransplant between a pig and a primate.
the pig heart was attached to the baboon circulatory system and was able to beat, but it didn have to do the work of pumping blood,
Mohiuddin says the pig heart gave out only when he decided to stop giving the baboon the novel immune-blocking drugs he had used. e believe it could have gone on forever,
and 40 percent due to better drugs. eichart calls the survival of these pig hearts major breakthrough.
That is because surgeons still need to completely replace a baboon heart with one from these pigs
where pig lungs are being perfused with human blood in the laboratory as a way of measuring the immune response. he wants genetically modified lungs for personal reasons,
In recent tests of such techniques, called warm perfusion, scientists have shown they can cut off a pig leg then replace it 12 hours later
when transplanted in rats and pigs t
#Artificial skin Communicates with Neurons Researchers have developed a new type of artificial skin that could pave the way for responsive prosthetics.
and tested it inside a pig stomach. The tadpole endoscope, swimming in a stomach-shaped test tank The capsule itself is a simple structure, 13mm in diameter,
Further tests using a pig stomach proved that the capsule could be manoeuvred around using an IR remote control
and morbidity in extreme preterm infants the increased use of human breast milk and implementation of standardized feeding protocols have helped to reduce its incidence.
New frontiers in ecological economyin her thesis Kuosmanen used established methods of frontier estimation to evaluate sustainability performance of Finnish dairy farms.
and catheters coated with the material in large blood vessels in pigs and it prevented blood from clotting for at least eight hours without the use of blood thinners such as heparin.
and lasting for more than eight hours to prevent clots in a pig under relatively high blood flow rates without the use of heparin the TLP coating achieved the following results:
when exposed to peanut proteins through breast milk or in house dust but this current study adds skin exposure to the list of culprits that make a child allergic by the first time they taste a peanut.
or simply to advise you that the milk in your fridge has gone off.""The possibilities are endless. l
and human activities, such as leakage from natural gas systems and the raising of livestock.""Human activities such as agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, wastewater management and industrial processes are increasing the amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.
But some ranchers find that even their livestock won tolerate the saltiness of this water. t useful to install a small-scale desalination system where people are
and even livestock would have embedded their own sensors that report information directly to networked servers,
What the NRC really knew about Fukushima Fukushima ocean radiation could pose sleeper threat Nuclear meltdowns nearly made northern Japan uninhabitable do need we to worry about radiation in our milk?
In sheep, the first test subjects, the meniscus regenerated in four to six weeks. The body degenerates the scaffold
Beyond providing fodder for gossip blogs, the Sony hack has revealed also serious information that arguably more serving of the ublic interest.
The scaffold implant is a commercially available product produced by removing the cells from a pig bladder.
Literature shows pathogenic leptospires can be found in rodents, dogs to pigs and even horses."
It has something to do with rats, fetal pigs, frogs and fish. There 3d printing and complex 3d modeling involved.
and in the long term, they will also develop models for fetal pigs, fish, cats, dogs,
or be used to look at contamination, for example in food or milk. The team has been able to convert the mobile phone into a sensitive E-coli or giardia detector,
In agriculture, bacteria-robot model systems could enable robust studies that explore the interactions between soil bacteria and livestock.
but also aid in monitoring the health of their livestock. For instance, there is an e-pill in trial that can be swallowed by livestock that can access respiration,
heart rates and help determine the health of the animals to prevent the spread of illnesswithout the use of antibiotics.
#Scientists made a major breakthrough in 3d printed electronics that will keep you from ever drinking spoiled milk again Researchers have used 3d printing to develop a sensor that can be placed inside a carton of milk to detect
if the milk is fit for drinking and to alert if the milk has gone off."
"The idea being trialed is a"smart cap"a device to be placed inside a milk carton to sense the quality of the milk inside.
This represents a breakthrough in terms of three dimensional printing of electronic circuits. Polymers are poor conductors of electricity
The basis of this led to the production of the sensor cap for milk cartons.
Sung-Yueh Wuuc Berkeley engineers created a mart capusing 3d printed plastic with embedded electronics to wirelessly monitor the freshness of milk.
The sensor was tested on various cartons of milk, some held at room temperature and some in a refrigerator.
which milk goes off). The potential for such technology goes beyond milk cartons. As lead researcher Liwei Lin notes:"
"One day, people may simply download 3d printing files from the Internet with customized shapes and colors and print out useful devices at home."
and in some cases you can actually see sheep among the solar panels. Modern farming is becoming dual purpose.
Tulare is also the top dairy producing country in the U s. That means a lot of cows,
Biofuels, clean energy, renewable energy, biofuels, biogas, cow manure, waste diversion, Pixley, Calgren, Regensis, Tulare County, DVO, California Energy Commission, dairy industry, San joaquin valley
The process starts with a nearby dairy, Four J Farms. Cow manure from the 1,
800 milk-producing cattle will flow down a pipeline to the Calgren plant. The manure is deposited then into the DVO-designed digester that is 16 feet deep
California dairy industry is not going away anytime soon, so plants like that of Calgren can help diversify the economy
while mitigating the dairy farmsenvironmental effects. But before one visualizes a biodigester at every pasture,
For sensitive beverages like juice, tea, milk-based mixed drinks, beverages with solid-fruit or cereal constituents,
Krones has upgraded its corporate capabilities in terms of process technology for producing juice and milk. HST designs and manufactures homogenisers and piston pumps for the food and beverage industries,
Sam Wang, manager of a livestock farm in central Taiwan, is a convert. ur pregnancy success rate increased by 20 percent after we started using this gadget
and mixing them in a topical solution that was applied to pig skin. Bhargava's laboratory used vibrational spectroscopic techniques to identify the molecular structure of the nanoparticles and their cargo."
Saharan silver ants (Cataglyphis bombycina) forage in the Saharan Desert in the full midday sun when surface temperatures reach up to 70°C (158°F),
like RFID tags that currently transmit identifying info on everything from cattle to car parts,
But some ranchers find that even their livestock wont tolerate the saltiness of this water.
and even livestock would have embedded their own sensors that report information directly to networked servers,
In testing the capsules in pigs, the researchers found that the rings expanded into their original shape within 15 minutes of ingestion
Michigan government unleashes armed raids on small pig farmers, forces farmer to shoot all his own pigs/**CONFIGURATION VARIABLES:
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who has used grafts built on scaffolds made from pig muscle to rebuild damaged leg muscles in 13 people."
At the same time, farm animals could be screened comprehensively. Farmers that are able to identify viruses affecting the health
One such product Hemopure is based on bovine haemoglobin, and was approved for human use in South africa back in 2001.
The first two approaches were tested on human cells, the last on pig cells. A shining achievement (Image:
making it a kind of sheep in wolf clothing. When injected into humans our immune system mounts a response to the modified VSV virus and,
meaning that the virus can umpfrom animals like pigs or birds to humans. Flu vaccines effectively give your immune system a antedposter based on researchersbest predictions for the mutation that year.
unless urgent measures are taken to significantly enhance access to food and safeguard crop and livestock production in these countries
Cedars-Sinai is continuing a study of breast milk composition, using a device that analyzes the percentages of fat, protein and carbohydrates in breast milk.
To date health care workers have performed hundreds of analyses of breast milk. Simmons, the Ruth and Harry Roman Chair in Neonatology in honor of Larry Baum said the information from both analyses should ultimately lead to healthier weight gain, better neurological outcomes and shorter hospital stays
for babies in the neonatal intensive care unit. Cedars-Sinai received the Pea pod in late spring and has begun just using it on a regular basis.
Since the first antibacterial drugs were introduced in the 1940s bacteria have evolved ways to resist every new antibiotic that has been developed--a process that has been accelerated by the use of antibiotics in livestock to help them gain weight
The wastewater comes from the local Tine dairy and is rich in organic acids, which are ideal for this process.
The team transplanted six pigs with livers that had been kept for nine hours, roughly the average time between recovery of the organ and transplantation into a recipient, in the MP system and another six with organs placed in the standard container.
They found that 100 percent of the pigs who got MP livers survived compared to 33 percent of those who received conventionally preserved organs.
Also,"it was immediately obvious to us that the pigs who received MP livers looked much healthier
Lynch and his colleagues used high-throughput sequencing to catalog genes expressed in the uterus of several types of living animals--placental mammals (a human, monkey, mouse, dog, cow, pig, horse and armadillo
it caused severe fetal malformations in ruminant animals including sheep in the German Sauerland region.
including the region containing the milk-utilization gene.''Once that region was gone, the bacteria could no longer preserve milk,
yet the cells were still alive, 'Selle said.''That result showed that this area was expendable and not essential to bacterial survival when not growing in milk.'
'That result also contained a surprise for the researchers. Cutting out one of the islands--the one that contained the milk-utilization genes--reduced the genome by about 5 percent.
Overall, elimination of all four areas reduced the genome by 7 percent.''We did not expect that magnitude of reduction in a relatively small genome,
and tested the microspheres'effectiveness in pigs with induced heart attacks. The researchers observed that the microspheres were not toxic
They chose pigs, which are metabolically similar to humans and have hearts very much like human hearts.
all the pigs became insulin resistant. That is, their bodies produced a lot of insulin but their cells did not respond to the hormone as well as normal.
All the pigs also developed coronary and aortic atherosclerosis. But only about half of the pigs developed the most severe form of the disease.
When the researchers checked the pigs for high levels of insulin resistance, they found no correlation with the most severe atherosclerosis.
This was a surprising and unexpected finding. Arrayclemmons and colleagues tested the pigs for high levels of fructosamine and oxidized LDL cholesterol,
which are surrogates for high levels of glycated proteins. Sure enough, all the pigs with severe heart disease had elevated levels of fructosamine and oxidized LDL."
"Also, this correlation was more common in females, "Clemmons said. Fourteen of the 20 pigs that developed severe atherosclerosis were females.
Fourteen of the 17 pigs that did not develop severe atherosclerosis were male.""This surprised me,
so I looked in the literature for anything similar.""Clemmons found a study from Finland published in 2005 showing that elevated glycated protein levels were associated strongly with advanced heart disease and increased mortality in women but not in men."
Clemmons added,"We could also study what's different about these female pigs that make them much more susceptible to severe heart disease,
When milk is churned, the fat molecules in it come closer to form aggregates. Lemon juice increases milk's acidity
and creates similar molecular lumps. Yet butter and curd are not solids because in both cases,
Greenhouse gases released by farming, such as methane from livestock and rice paddies, and nitrous oxides from fertilizers and other soil treatments rose 13 percent after 1990, the study concluded.
Agricultural climate pollution is caused mostly by livestock. Cows and buffalo are the worst offendersheir ruminating guts
that livestock are blamed for two-thirds of agriculture climate pollution every year. ee seeing an expansion of agricultural lands in some areas because of the growing global population,
who sees the LLMDA as potentially being useful for cattle and poultry diagnostic tests, as well as for pets, such as dogs and cats. he most interesting thing that wee found in our work is that wee been able to pick up not only
oral fluid and tonsils from pigs that have co-infections of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). The LLMDA easily identified PRRSV and PCV-2,
or so. e decided to add a goat, which goes around and eats hay, so you have a much smaller pile
and how hungry you want your goat to be said, he. ur paper basically shows there a small window in which you can design them to get very high specificity.
and sink (the goat) are sequence-specific DNA molecules that root out single-nucleotide variant targets in solutions that also include healthy ild-typesequences.
#Decades of research yield natural dairy thickener with probiotic potential Microbiologists at Oregon State university have discovered
and commercialize a new type of dairy or food thickener, which may add probiotic characteristics to the products in
beginning in the early 1990s when a novel polymer with an ability to rapidly thicken milk was discovered by an OSU microbiologist.
never-before reported grouping of genes that code for a unique polymer that naturally thickens milk.
Trempy said. n the case of a dairy thickener, for instance, a bacterium such as Ropy 352 ferments the sugar in the milk and produces a substance that changes the milk properties.
These are driven chemical processes by naturally occurring bacteria that do not cause disease in humans, Trempy said,
Trempy research program has determined the new polymer will thicken whole and nonfat milk, lactose-free milk, coconut milk, rice milk,
and other products designed for use in either dieting or gaining weight. Beyond that, the polymer may have a wide range of applications such as thickening of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, fruit juices, cosmetics and personal care products.
OSU recently agreed to a non-exclusive license for the patented Ropy 352 technology to a global market leader for dairy starter cultures.
which is native to Alberta. ighorn sheep are an important symbol of Alberta and Canada wild spaces.
using genomic methods learned over the course of his Phd to identify individuals that can be part of a captive breeding program u
and mixing them in a topical solution that was applied to pig skin. However, scientists have to make sure they coated particles properly,
which causes acute disease in livestock but typically does not lead to illness in people,
including sheep, mice frogs, eels, fish and even sea squirts, suggesting it has been conserved through evolutionary history.
In testing the capsules in pigs, the researchers found that the rings expanded into their original shape within 15 minutes of ingestion
#A Better Way to Keep Milk Fresh Sometime this week a large milk refrigerator will arrive in Dhaka, the capital of bangladesh.
Since Bangladesh produces nearly four million tons of milk per year, that hardly seems remarkable; but this is a special kind of refrigerator.
Rural dairy farmers on the subcontinent bring their milk to village collection centers that typically rely on diesel generators, a costly, dirty way of providing electricity.
how to keep milk cold without burning diesel fuel. Theye been selling refrigerators in India for two years;
The dairy collection center in Chetawala, in the state of Rajasthan, estimates that it saves around 40,000 rupees ($628) a month on diesel fuel and reduced milk spoilage since installing a Rapid Milk Chiller
The center has increased its average daily milk production from 500 liters a day to around 800.
This summer, United airlines will starting flying planes using fuel derived from farm animal poop and fats.
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