The researchers used a combination of X-ray crystallography techniques and in-vitro analysis to study the bacteria.
Jost performed crystallography to establish the shapes of the structures, while the Spanish researchers, Drennan notes, id all of the control experiments to show that we were really thinking about this right,
the researchers applied a type of artificial intelligence called evolutionary computation to pinpoint the molecular mechanisms underlying earlier research in which they induced normal pigment cells in embryonic Xenopus laevis frogs to metastasize.
the pigment cells of the affected embryos acquired bizarre, branch-like shapes and developed other melanoma-like characteristics,
Furthermore, the tadpoles that did develop melanoma developed it in every pigment cellach frog was either 100 percent metastatic or completely normal.
all pigment cells in a tadpole are part of a single coin, which either flips heads (normal) or tails (cancerous).
Over time, the polymer mesh breaks down harmlessly. After growing on the special mesh for just four days,
is made of an acrylic acid polymer. It works like a scaffold, allowing the printing of intricate patterns that would collapse without its support such as nested Russian-doll-like structures and thin
The researchers can also use silicone, hydrogel and other polymers, and made a replica of a colleague brain in the soft,
They manufactured the implant with a $1. 3 million metal printer at a government-run lab. The printer uses an electron beam to melt titanium powder,
The film is made of a photoreactive polymer that responds to both the intensity and the polarization of the light.
To determine distributions of lengths of strands precisely the researchers developed an Open Micro-Electrophoresis Chip (OMEC)
made of silicon nitride, a glass-like material, embedded in regular glass (silicon dioxide). The shape and construction of the waveguide ensures that the laser light generates new wavelengths as it passes through;
Boller added, ne of the key challenges of the research was ensuring that the silicon nitride did not crack during the manufacture of the waveguides.
#New metamaterial enables refractive index of zero Researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS) say they have made it easier to manipulate light at the nanoscale.
They have developed the first on-chip metamaterial with a refractive index of zero, meaning that the phase of light can travel infinitely fast.
The metamaterial consists of low-aspect-ratio silicon pillar arrays embedded in a polymer matrix and clad by gold films.
what happens when a material refractive index is reduced to zero:""There is no phase advance, meaning light no longer behaves as a moving wave, traveling through space in a series of crests and troughs.
"said Niels Holten-Andersen, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at MIT.""Whatever you do will change the bond dynamics,
The material comprises a metal from the lanthanide group, also known as rare-earth elements, and a widely used polymer called polyethylene glycol, or PEG.
Its light emission can be tailored to reflect very subtle changes in the environment, providing a color-coded output that reveals details of those conditions.
"While our system has been developed initially for products made from plastics or composites through injection molding,
and even polymer fibers stretch typically only 20 to 25 percent, Park said. That is a limiting factor in a device such as a hand
as the silicone is stretched, cracks develop in the reflective layer, allowing light to escape. By measuring the loss of light,
and bile from a cow stomach brewed in a brass cauldron and let sit for nine days before use. take cropleek and garlic,
let it stand nine days in the brass vessel, wring out through a cloth and clear it well,
Meanwhile, researchers are working to enhance the performance of lithium-ion batteries using materials like carbon nanotubes,
Instead of running on liquid propellant, the pumps are powered by electric motors with lithium polymer batteries. This eliminates the need for extra spaghetti tubes and valves,
transparent ceramic that also allows infrared cameras to look through it, which most commercial glass can't do.
A"bulletproof"window today, for example, has layers of plastic and glass perhaps five inches thick."
#Terminator 2 like"smart liquid metal"developed by Tsinghua University researchers These diagrams from the Advanced Materials journal show stages of the Tsinghua University experiment,
and movement/fusion of gallium alloy droplets (e). Tsinghua University scientists led by Jing Liu, have discovered a'smart'liquid metal alloy that moves on its own.
The liquid metal is a mixture of gallium, indium and tin. It stays liquid at temperatures above-2 degrees Fahrenheit(-19 Celsius),
can move itself in a circle, straight line, or even squeeze through complex shapes when placed in a sodium hydroxide solution.
Its integrated power source is a flake of aluminum embed in the liquid metal; the aluminum reacts with the sodium hydroxide to release hydrogen gas,
while placing the aluminum in the liquid metal drop's rear creates differences in electrical charges across the liquid metal.
as the liquid metal physically adjusts itself to balance out the resulting differences in internal pressure.
Currently, a drop of liquid metal has enough power to move around for 30 minutes to an hour.
but self healing metals would have a lot of civilian and military applications. Liquid metal may be the first step in a new arms race.
In 2014, both Tsinghua University and North carolina State university discovered that applying electrical currents to gallium alloys (like the liquid metal) would allow for controlled shape-shifiting in the metal
(though they still needed an external power source). The liquid metal has been observed to not just to move on its own,
but also to squeeze into tight spaces as it moves forward (moving the aluminum component can change its direction).
Tsinghua's liquid metal is still a basic research project confined to the laboratories (not to mention vats of sodium hydroxide,
until they discover a way for the liquid metal to react with the atmosphere). The liquid metal could be used to build self contained pumps that don't require outside power or batteries, saving on weight and complexity for items like night vision and laser cooling pumps.
The ability of liquid metal with its own embedded power source could even one day be the basis to build self repairing armor on tanks and changing aircraft fuselages for fuel efficiency and speed.
If you really wanted to build a robot like Skynet's T-1000 Terminator out of shapeshifting metal at room temperature
(and we strongly advise against that), you'd need a substance like Tsinghua University's self powered liquid metal to avoid those embarrassing and inconvenient electrical cords.
More distantly Liu hopes that his invention would one day be used to build shapeshifting robots to repair pipelines and delivery medicine inside blood vessels.
But military engineers would also probably like to take a crack at turning liquid metal into shape shifting drones and robots, familiar to Terminator 2 fans as Skynet's T-1000.
They stored the DNA in silica spheres to protect it, and then warmed it to 160 degrees Fahrenheit for a weekhe equivalent of keeping it at 50 degrees for 2, 000 years.
The researchers then made the proteins into a rubbery plastic by mixing them with a solvent
amorphous part of the protein that gives the plastic its self-healing properties and a more structured sheet of amino acids that give it a solid structure.
The ring teeth of various species of squid Demirel Lab/Penn State via Penn State News The researchers then made the proteins into a rubbery plastic by mixing them with a solvent
amorphous part of the protein that gives the plastic its self-healing properties and a more structured sheet of amino acids that give it a solid structure.
and bound them in carbon nanotubes. When the molecules are present, the carbon nanotubes light up. In tests, the researchers found that their device could detect GSM and MIB concentrations as low as 10 nanograms per liter of water,
or 10,000 parts per trillion. That's not quite as sensitive as the human nose, which can detect GSM at just 5 parts per trillion,
including power generation, iron and steel, and chemicals. Regional cap-and-trade programs already exist in China.
They are coated in a thin layer of silicone, so they are flexible and can stick to the skin like temporary tattoos.
and focussed on a steel pipeline carrying a eat transfer solution (HTF) that is warmed to 393c as it snakes along the trough before coiling into a heat engine.
take down scaffolding and wrap rockwool insulation around steel pipelines. They bustle past in yellow and orange bibs,
"Some researchers have wanted to make transistors out of carbon nanotubes, but the problem is that they grow in all sorts of directions,
"UW researchers used chemical vapor deposition to grow graphene nanoribbons on germanium crystals. This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen,
armchair edges,"said Michael Arnold, an associate professor of materials science and engineering at UW-Madison.""The widths can be very, very narrow,
"Not only are designed our facilities to work with all different sorts of materials from metals to oxides,
"What's even more interesting is that these nanoribbons can be made to grow in certain directions on one side of the germanium crystal,
each face of a crystal (1, 1, 1) will have axes that differ from one (1, 1, 0) to the other (1, 0,
of hard plastics and metal parts. But the supple robots under development could bridge the gap between today inflexible varieties and the more fluid and forgiving movements of animals and humans.
COFS are highly crystalline, porous polymers in which certain parent molecules form highly regular, two-or three-dimensional network structures.
These network polymers possess suitable optical and electronic properties as well as a relatively large surface area, which in essence make them interesting candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
the scientists had to add platinum nanoparticles and an electron donor to their powder polymer."
#Gene on-off switch works like backpack strap A research team based in Houston Texas Medical center has found that the proteins that turn genes on by forming loops in human chromosomes work like the sliding plastic adjusters on a grade-schooler backpack.
a research team from Rice Univ. has developed recently a plastic, miniature digital fluorescence microscope that can quantify white blood cell levels in patients located in rural parts of the world that are removed far from the modern laboratory."
which consisted of one polystyrene lens and two polymethyl methacrylate aspheric lenses, the researchers used a single-point diamond turning lathe.
reflectors, and USB detectors, combined with the all-plastic housing and lenses will allow for future versions of the prototype to be mass-produced.
Usually, the thin filmssed by organic bulk heterojunction solar cellsre created by mixing conjugated polymers and fullerenes,
This change in reflectivity, in turn, switches how nearby erbium ions emit light. As the VO2 changes phase, the erbium emissions go from being generated mostly by magnetic dipole transitions (the rotational torque push
and makes it into a crystal, like an ice cube does to water. Next, the crystal drug is placed into a fat and protein coat, similar to
UC Berkeley chemists have developed now a porous and flexible material so-called metal-organic framework (MOF) or storing methane that addresses these problems.
His team employs novel investigative techniques for the study of electrons freely flowing in ultrapure gallium arsenide semiconductor crystals,
and the ultrapure crystals used in this research were grown by a group led by Michael Manfra, professor of physics and astronomy at Purdue.
The gallium arsenide crystals grown using the molecular beam epitaxy technique serve as a model platform to explore the many phases that arise among strongly interacting electrons,
#Researchers create transplantation model for 3-D printed constructs Using sugar, silicone and a 3-D printer,
leaving behind a network of small channels in the silicone. hey don yet look like the blood vessels found in organs,
"3d printing of metal radically changes that. By looking at 3d printing not for that overall structure
and safety protection as a frame made out of steel, "said Brad Balzer, the lead designer on the project.
By using carbon fiber instead of steel or aluminum for the body, the entire vehicle only weighs 1400 pounds (635kg),
The base material is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an easy-to-process silicone-based organic polymer. Conductive carbon black powder is added to the liquid silicone before it is spread flat by a thin-film applicator.
After creating the tattoo-like designs on a computer, a laser cutter traces out the design
which makes up the sensor. This is then sandwiched between two clear sheets of silicone.""The sensor is made out of biocompatible silicone and carbon-doped silicone.
So there are carbon particles inside the silicone which make it conductive so we can use it for electronics,
"explained Weigel. The stickers are attached to the body using a medical-grade adhesive that can be peeled easily off after use without hurting the skin.
The current prototypes are wired to a computer, although the technology could evolve to use integrated microchips.
first consider a crystal with electrons moving around throughout its interior. Under certain conditions, it can be energetically favorable for these electrical charges to pile up in a regular,
repeating fashion inside the crystal, forming what is called a charge-ordered phase, the scientists said. he building block of this type of order,
These multiples are called optical harmonics. he physicists exploited the fact that changes in the symmetry of a crystal will affect the strength of each harmonic differently.
Since the emergence of multipolar ordering changes the symmetry of the crystal in a very specific way
their idea was that the optical harmonic response of a crystal could serve as a fingerprint of multipolar order. e found that light reflected at the second harmonic frequency revealed a set of symmetries completely different from those of the known crystal structure,
whole system consumes 9 Watts of power) to create high-pitched and high-intensity sound waves to levitate a spherical bead (of up to four mm in diameter) made of expanded polystyrene.
Ceramic platelets in the enamel are orientated vertically. In the dentin, they are aligned horizontally. Photo: Hortense Le Ferrand/ETH Zürichthis is how MASC works:
such as nacre or tooth enamel. ur technique is similar to 3d printing, but 10 times faster and much more cost-effective, says Florian Bouville,
Finally, the researchers filled the pores that remained after the sintering with a synthetic monomer used in dentistry,
the artificial tooth clearly shows that a degree of control over the microstructure of a composite material can be achieved,
Developed about 25 years ago by the study's senior author, Susan E. Mackinnon, MD, director of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at the School of medicine,
The polymer foam starts as a liquid that can be poured into a mold to create shapes,
Cornell researchers are close to making prosthetic body parts with the so-called"elastomer foam.""""We are currently pretty far along for making a prosthetic hand this way,
The researchers used carbon fiber and silicone on the outside to fashion a structure that expands at different rates on the surface-to make a spherical shape into an egg shape, for example,
#Artificial skin That Can Send Pressure sensation To Brain cell Stanford engineers have created a plastic"skin"that can detect how hard it is being pressed
Alex Chortos, a doctoral candidate in materials science and engineering; and Andre Berndt, a postdoctoral scholar in bioengineering, were the lead authors on the Science paper.
Five years ago, Bao's team members first described how to use plastics and rubbers as pressure sensors by measuring the natural springiness of their molecular structures.
which further compresses the plastic's molecular springs. To exploit this pressure-sensing capability electronically,
the team scattered billions of carbon nanotubes through the waffled plastic. Putting pressure on the plastic squeezes the nanotubes closer together
Thus, on the sensors, the team used carbon nanotubes molded into pyramidal microstructures, which are particularly effective at tunneling the signals from the electric field of nearby objects to the receiving electrode in a way that maximizes sensitivity.
If the number of zinc ions increases following transient severe brain damage, these ions dock in greater numbers onto a switch, the so-called metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF1.
features a sensor created by sandwiching a conductive carbon black powder between two sheets of silicone.
This is significant because previous methods required using precious metals, whereas nickel is inexpensive, abundant, and offers great stability. here are many catalysts that are sophisticated considerably more than nickel
and often involving obscure and expensive precious metals, said Doug Macfarlane, co-author of the research, in an interview with Ashley Hall at the ABC. o nickel is a rather ordinary catalyst in many respects expect for one thing,
It an inexpensive metal and it produces a very, very stable action in its water electrolysis cell.
it becomes tinted to about 30 percent light transmittance, and this allows the energy to be captured more efficiently."
"After discharge, the team reports that light transmittance rises to approximately 60 percent.""How did they make the electrodes so thin?
said Xiang Zhang, director of Berkeley Lab Materials sciences Division, in a press release. ur ultra-thin cloak now looks like a coat.
"It stores data using the same material that found in rewritable CDS and DVDS-a phase-change alloy of germanium-antimony-tellurium known as GST."
like a metal, by using either electrical or optical pulses, "the press release explains.""These two states have very different physical properties,
"The chip is built by placing on a small section of GST on top of a silicon nitride ridge-known as the waveguide
#Scientists figure out how to make flexible materials 3 times stronger than steel Australian scientists have published an'instruction manual'that makes it a whole lot easier and cheaper to create metallic glass-a type of flexible
but ultra-tough alloy that's been described as"the most significant materials science innovation since plastic".
but when it cools it's three times stronger than steel. Researchers have been dabbling with the creation of metallic glass-or amorphous metal-for decades,
and have made a range of different types by mixing metals such as magnesium, palladium, or copper-but only after an expensive and lengthy process of trial and error.
Now, for the first time, Australian scientists have created a model of the atomic structure of metallic glass and it will allow scientists to quickly
"Until now, discovering alloy compositions that form these materials has required a lengthy process of trial and error in the laboratory,
"The difference between metallic glasses and regular metals is their atomic structure. Normal metals are crystalline when solid,
which means their atoms are arranged in a highly organised way. Metallic glass alloys, on the other hand, have disordered a highly structure,
with their atoms arranged irregularly. The new model, which is described in Nature Communications, looks at the atomic structure of different metals and identifies
whether they'd be able to create a metallic glass. Using this model, the UNSW researchers have predicted already successfully more than 200 new metallic glass alloys based on magnesium, silver,
copper, zinc, and titanium.""We will also be able to engineer these materials on an atomic scale
What's really exciting about it is that it might finally make the bulk production of these awesome materials commercially viable. etallic glass alloys are expensive to manufacture
Because, let's face it, plastic is great and all but we could all use a little more durability in our lives v
But now, for the first time, Liu and his colleagues have reproduced the 3d atomic structure of PRC2 crystals,
using an imaging technique called x-ray crystallography. This means we can finally compare exactly how it behaves in normal and diseased cells,
they use a flexible polymer substrate covered in gold nanoparticles to which the VOCS attach. By applying electrodes and a voltage to the resulting film,
Solar energy heats the zeolite and increases the methanol vapor pressure, the refrigerant is condensed and stored in a tank flowing to the evaporator."
or Antimony-Telluride (Sb2te3) alloys and had a peak efficiency (zt) of 1. 1, meaning the electricity going in was only slightly less than the heat coming out.
Since the 1960's there have been incremental advancements in alloy technology used in Peltier devices.
and Materials science department at California Institute of technology California, USA have formulated a new method for creating a novel and much more efficient TE alloy.
TE alloys are special because the metals have an incredibly high melting point. Instead of melting the metals to fuse them,
they are combined through a process called sintering which uses heat and/or pressure to join the small,
metallic granules. The joint team, including IBS researchers, used a process called liquid-flow assisted sintering
which combined all three antimony, bismuth and telluride granules into one alloy (Bi0. 5sb1. 5te3).
Additional melted tellurium was used as the liquid between the Bi0. 5sb1. 5te3 granules to help fuse them into a solid alloy,
By creating the alloy this way, the joints between the fused grains, also known as the grain boundaries, took on a special property.
This new thermoelectric alloy paves the way for the future of modern TE devices s
#Researchers discover N-type polymer for fast organic battery The discovery relies upon a"conjugated redox polymer"design with a naphthalene-bithiophene polymer,
The breakthrough, described in the Journal of the American Chemical Society and featured as ACS Editors'Choice for open access, addresses a decades-long challenge for electron-transport conducting polymers,
Researchers have recognized long the promise of functional organic polymers, but until now have not been successful in developing an efficient electron-transport conducting polymer to pair with the established hole-transporting polymers.
The lithium-doped naphthalene-bithiophene polymer proved both to exhibit significant electronic conductivity and to be stable through 3,
000 cycles of charging and discharging energy, Yao said. The discovery could lead to a cheaper alternative to traditional inorganic-based energy devices,
Liang said conventional inorganic metal-based batteries and energy storage devices are expensive partly because the materials used to make them,
Organic polymers can be processed at relatively low temperatures, lowering the cost. They also produce less CO2,
organic polymers could potentially be synthesized from biomass.""Organic-conjugated polymers are emerging as a materials class for energy-related applications,
enabling a path to a more sustainable energy landscape without the need of energy-intensive, expensive and sometimes toxic metal-based compounds,
"the researchers wrote, concluding that"a model polymer, P (NDI2OD-T2), was stably and reversibly n-doped to a high doping level of 2. 0,
a significant progress for electron-transporting? -conjugated polymers...With rational molecular design? -conjugated redox polymers will establish new design space in polymer chemistry
and see widespread applications, especially in energy-related ones such as batteries, supercapacitors and thermoelectrics.""The basic polymer used in the work was discovered in 2009;
Yao said it was provided by members of the research team from Polyera Corporation, a technology company based in Illinois
. Although naphthalene-bithiophene has been used for transistors and other applications since its discovery, this is the first time it has been converted for use in energy storage.
and raised the polymer's doping level from a previously reported 0. 1 to 2. 0. The results are record-setting.
The polymer exhibits the fastest charge-discharge performance for an organic material under practical measurement conditions,
His group also will continue to do basic scientific research on the polymer to learn more about it,
#First metal-free catalyst created for rechargeable zinc-air batteries Zinc-air batteries are expected to be safer, lighter, cheaper and more powerful and durable than lithium-ion batteries common in mobile phones and laptops and increasingly used in hybrid and electric cars.
and metal-free catalysts can reduce cost while improving performance,"said Liming Dai, professor of macromolecular science and engineering at Case Western Reserve University and senior author of the study."
and North Texas University's Zhenhai Xia, professor of materials science and engineering, and Zhenghang Zhao, a Phd student, who performed theoretical simulations.
even recently developed carbon-based catalysts with metals. Moving forward, Dai's team has begun to further optimize the process
or better than more expensive metal-based catalysts used in alkaline and acidic fuel cells and in dye-sensitized solar cells."
"Maybe it's time to push for metal-free catalysts in commercial devices, "Dai said d
#Future electronics based on carbon nanotubes First of all they are tiny--on the atomic scale and perhaps near the physical limit of how small you can shrink a single electronic switch.
But a big barrier to building useful electronics with carbon nanotubes has always been the fact that
a certain portion of them will act more like metals than semiconductors--an unforgiving flaw that fouls the film,
"Now Rogers and a team of researchers have shown how to strip out the metallic carbon nanotubes from arrays using a relatively simple,
aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes packed with good densities on thin films has largely been solved by several different groups of scientists in recent years,
It is a gel-like material called an electroactive polymer that can potentially mimic human movement
Initially working with Lew Meixler on a federal Cooperative Research and development Agreement in the Plasma Surface Laboratory, she solved the problem by treating the metal (steel or titanium) with a plasma.
This changed the metal's surface and made the gel adhere more closely to the metalpppl was also involved with crucial tests of the material last summer,
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