and an ion crystal made up of charged atoms held in place using specific voltages and something known as the Coulomb force.
and pull the ion crystal across the lattice, and also adjust the spacing of its atoms.
when the atoms in the ion crystal were spaced out at the same distance as the peaks and troughs of the optical lattice,
But when the team changed the spacing of the ion crystal so that the atoms weren matched up with the optical lattice,
#These tiny plastic chips can deliver therapeutic genes into cells A graduate student is developing a cost-effective new method of delivering desirable genes into human cells using a tiny plastic chip.
and essentially recreates a fully functioning laboratory on a piece of plastic the size of a postage stamp. y overall goal is to use technology to reduce the cost of healthcare
Industry experts MX3D are planning to create a steel bridge in Amsterdam in The netherlands using independent robot arms.
heating the metal to 1, 500 degrees Celsius (2, 732 Fahrenheit) before melding it into place.
"That clinical use involves the carbon spheres being coated with polymer-a polymer that can gradually release drugs into the system to fight cancer and other diseases.
and vibrational spectroscopic techniques were used to monitor how the polymers gradually released their payload. The researchers ran a series of different experiments to check the temperatures required for the drugs to disperse,
Different polymer coatings were tested too as the team works towards getting these'homemade'carbon nanoparticles ready for clinical use."
"You can coat it with different polymers to give it a different optical response. You can load it with two drugs,
The roofing material is made from stacked polymers on top of a thin silver film, and only absorbs an incredible 3 percent of sunlight.
"Our artificial neuron is made of conductive polymers and it functions like a human neuron, "lead researcher Agneta Richter-Dahlfors from the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden said in a press release.
And a new development set to open in New jersey later this year is transforming an old steel factory into the world largest vertical farm.
As well as replacing silicon with a silicon-germanium alloy, the technique also uses Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography to etch the microscopic patterns required into each chip.
with the new crystals now able to work in cells that are double in thickness on the previous limit of 200 nanometers."
#Carbon nanotube finding could lead to flexible electronics with longer battery life Led by materials science Associate professor Michael Arnold
Carbon nanotubes are very strong and very flexible so they could also be used to make flexible displays
Carbon nanotubes are single atomic sheets of carbon rolled up into a tube. As some of the best electrical conductors ever discovered carbon nanotubes have long been recognized as a promising material for next-generation transistors
which are semiconductor devices that can act like an on-off switch for current or amplify current. This forms the foundation of an electronic device.
However researchers have struggled to isolate purely semiconducting carbon nanotubes which are crucial because metallic nanotube impurities act like copper wires and short the device.
Building on more than two decades of carbon nanotube research in the field the UW-Madison team drew on cutting-edge technologies that use polymers to selectively sort out the semiconducting nanotubes achieving a solution of ultra-high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotubes.
Additional authors on the ACS Nano paper include UW-Madison materials science and engineering graduate students Gerald Brady Yongho Joo and Matthew Shea and electrical and computer engineering graduate student Meng-Yin
The Rice lab of chemist James Tour discovered last year that firing a laser at an inexpensive polymer burned off other elements and left a film of porous graphene, the much-studied atom-thick
An electron microscope image shows the cross section of laser-induced graphene burned into both sides of a polyimide substrate.
since their work to make vertically aligned supercapacitors with laser-induced graphene on both sides of a polymer sheet.
because vanadium is a transition metal with various oxidation states which can be exploited to reach higher capacities.
#New superconducting hybrid crystals A new type of'nanowire'crystals that fuses semiconducting and metallic materials on the atomic scale could lay the foundation for future semiconducting electronics.
and metal, has a special superconducting property at very low temperatures and could play a central role in the development of future electronics."
ever since research into nanowire crystals has existed at the Nanoscience Center at the Niels Bohr Institute.
"The atoms sit in a perfectly ordered lattice in the nanowire crystal, not only in the semiconductor and the metal,
but also in the transition between the two very different components, which is significant in itself.
You could say that it is the ultimate limit to how perfect a transition one could imagine between a nanowire crystal and a contact.
On a separate silicon chip they grow a thin flexible film of silicon nitride upon which they deposit the superconductor niobium nitride in a pattern useful for photon detection.
Then to one end of the silicon nitride film they attach a small droplet of polydimethylsiloxane a type of silicone.
They then press a tungsten probe typically used to measure voltages in experimental chips against the silicone.
They are characterized by a high thermal conductivity and mechanical robustness with a low pressure loss during alternating operation modes.
a Swanlund Chair and professor of materials science and engineering at Illinois."We have presented a remarkably simple route to 3d that starts with planar precursor structures formed in nearly any type of material,
"Basically, we print 2d structures onto a pre-strained elastomer substrate with selected bonding points.
The electrodes are made of an innovative composite of silicon and platinum microbeads. They can be deformed in any direction,
"These include materials science, electronics, neuroscience, medicine, and algorithm programming. I don't think there are many places in the world where one finds the level of interdisciplinary cooperation that exists in our Center for Neuroprosthetics."
The team of physicists at ANU and the University of Otago stored quantum information in atoms of the rare earth element europium embedded in a crystal.
Even transporting our crystals at pedestrian speeds we have less loss than laser systems for a given distance.
We can now imagine storing entangled light in separate crystals and then transporting them to different parts of the network thousands of kilometres apart.
So we are thinking of our crystals as portable optical hard drives for quantum entanglement. After writing a quantum state onto the nuclear spin of the europium using laser light the team subjected the crystal to a combination of a fixed and oscillating magnetic fields to preserve the fragile quantum information.
The two fields isolate the europium spins and prevent the quantum information leaking away said Dr Jevon Longdell of the University of Otago.
Today transformers are installed in stiff steel tanks. The risk of explosions can be reduced if the industry changes to soft housings that absorb energy in the same way as modern car bodies he says.
#Additionally transformer tanks are reinforced by means of welded steel beams in order to make them withstand pressure rises
including time-lapse crystallography and single-crystal spectroscopy, to slow down the reaction rate by nearly 10,000 times.
grew single crystals, mixed them with their substrate and froze them at different time points in liquid nitrogen at 77 Kelvin to stop all molecular activity.
They sent the crystals to Argonne National Laboratory for remote data collection. The X-ray diffraction patterns collected there were used to create an electron density map, a 3-D, atomic-level resolution of the molecule's shape.
The researchers used time-lapse crystallography and single-crystal spectroscopy to observe intermediate steps of the reaction."
because with the lower surface tension we expect less risk of head flattening and less risk for pressure ulcers."
#Technology to recycle all type of plastics without using water The technology developed by Marco Adame founder of Ak Inovex can process more than 90 percent of any type of plastic avoids water waste
and reduces production costs by half without reducing the quality of the pellets (small beads of recycled plastic) by avoiding stages with severe changes in temperature.
However this type of plastic has the distinction of being hygroscopic (when it comes in contact with water it retains moisture at a molecular level)
which are responsible for cooling the plastic through contact with special walls and form the plastic beads the founder of the company explained.
The advantage of this technology is its ability to process any type of plastic such as styrofoam polystyrene PET and ABS;
and add an ecological washing machine for plastics that uses a special biodetergent which will reduce the cost of operation even more.
and block light Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign have demonstrated experimentally for the first time the phenomenon of Brillouin Scattering Induced Transparency (BSIT)
This method uses magnetic fields to break the time-reversal symmetry with certain specialized garnet and ferrite materials.
We have demonstrated a method of obtaining linear optical non-reciprocity that requires no magnets can be implemented in any common optical material system without needing ferrites
Brillouin-Mandelstam scattering originally discovered in the early 1920s is the coupling of light waves and sound waves through electrostrictive optical forces and acousto-optic scattering.
and even plasmas stated Junhwan Kim a graduate student at Illinois and first author of the paper Nonreciprocal Brillouin Scattering Induced Transparency appearing in the journal Nature Physics.
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE is a single layer of cells that accomplishes multiple functions such as providing survival molecules that prevent photoreceptors from dying.
Tissue engineering is like other kinds of engineering except instead of using steel or computer code to make things living cells from skin muscle
Makerbot has supplied also the Feinstein Institute with early samples of its just-announced Makerbot PLA Composite Filaments in Limestone (calcium carbonate) and Iron
"Unlike other ultra strong materials such as carbon nanotubes, Kevlar is said an insulator Nicholas Kotov, the Joseph B. and Florence V. Cejka Professor of Engineering."
This method keeps the chainlike molecules in the plastic stretched out, which is important for good lithium-ion conductivity between the electrodes,
Kotov is a professor of chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, materials science and engineering and macromolecular science and engineering g
#Researchers use oxides to flip graphene conductivity A team of researchers from the University of Pennsylvania;
An organic compound 1 3-propenediol can be formulated into industrial products including composites adhesives laminates and coatings It's also a solvent
Researchers found a few all-silica zeolites with superior performance that contain pores and channels with the ability to accommodate ethanol molecules
and materials science professor Michael Tsapatsis'lab was found to be so effective that it could change the ethanol/water separation process from a multi-step distillation process to a single-step adsorptive process.
and reproduced in plastic with a 3d printer. Then, using the same procedure the personalized device that the surgeon uses to determine the optimal points
steel. The engineered structural material possesses the ability to control the increase of acoustical or elastic waves.
The material was made in a single steel sheet using lasers to engrave"chiral, "or geometric microstructure patterns,
"In its current state, the metal is a passive material, meaning we need to introduce other elements that will help us control the elastic waves we send to it,
Once heating to close to their melting point the gold discs--diameter one micron-don't spread out over the surface
Furthermore De Vreede expects the'gold method'to be applicable to other ceramic materials as well.
that allows growth of highly efficient and reproducible solar cells from large-area perovskite crystals.""These perovskite crystals offer promising routes for developing low-cost, solar-based, clean global energy solutions for the future,"said Aditya Mohite,
the Los alamos scientist leading the project. State-of-the-art photovoltaics using high-purity, large-area, wafer-scale single-crystalline semiconductors grown by sophisticated,
resulting in devices showing hysteresis-free photovoltaic response, which had been a fundamental bottleneck for stable operation of perovskite devices."
#Transparent artificial nacre: A brick wall at the nanoscale Natural materials have extraordinary mechanical properties,
Scientists have developed now a nacre-inspired nanocomposite that combines exceptional mechanical properties with glass-like transparency and a high gas-and fire-barrier.
The structure of nacre resembles a brick wall at the microscopic scale: Calcium carbonate platelets('bricks')alternate with soft biopolymer layers('mortar'.
energy can be dissipated into the soft polymer segments. Together, this results in a lightweight material that is considered as the gold standard of natural materials
Previous approaches to synthesize nacre-mimetics were not feasible on the large scale due to energy-intensive and laborious multistep procedures.
Also, it was not possible to synthesize transparent nacre-mimetic films and foils. Andreas Walther and his team decided to use synthetic nanoclays for their nacre-mimetic materials.
This significantly improved the material's transparency. The Aachen-based research group also refined the underlying preparation procedure"Mussels grow nacre in a lengthy process.
For our nanocomposites, we instead apply a rapid self-assembly process, "the chemist explains. First, the researchers coat the clays with a layer of polyvinylalcohol('mortar on the brick')and subsequently,
"The nacre-mimetics based on small clays are very tough. However, if we use large clays with an aspect ratio of 3500,
the resulting nacre-mimetics are both extremely stiff and strong. Their mechanical properties actually reach close to those of fiber composites,
which are far more laborious to prepare, "says Phd student Paramita Das. The glass-like transparency and the high gas barrier of the nanocomposite are an extra benefit of the material.
This outstanding combination of features makes the nacre-mimetic material a promising candidate for future applications,
which means that the skin's permeability value needs to be known. In order to establish this, the blood sugar value has to be determined via a blood sample and the glucose concentration on the skin measured.
Based on these readings, the permeability can then be calculated and the sensor calibrated. A different method to previous sensors Glucolight spares the premature babies blood samples
Preventing reflections requires controlling an abrupt change in"refractive index, "a property that affects how waves such as light propagate through a material.
Adding a coating with an intermediate refractive index at the interface eases the transition between materials
The scientists started by coating the top surface of a silicon solar cell with a polymer material called a"block copolymer,
The resulting surface nanotexture served to gradually change the refractive index to drastically cut down on reflection of many wavelengths of light simultaneously, regardless of the direction of light impinging on the solar cell."
including glass and plastic, for antiglare windows and coatings for solar panels. This research was supported by the DOE Office of Science e
an urban research and business park specializing in biotechnology, materials science and information technology. Wake Forest Baptist clinical, research and educational programs are ranked annually among the best in the country by U s. News & World Report u
#Laser-generated surface structures create extremely water-repellent self-cleaning metals Super-hydrophobic materials are desirable for a number of applications such as rust prevention anti-icing or even in sanitation uses.
-and nanoscale structures to give the metals their new properties. This work builds on earlier research by the team in which they used a similar laser-patterning technique that turned metals black.
Guo states that using this technique they can create multifunctional surfaces that are not only super-hydrophobic but also highly-absorbent optically.
Guo adds that one of the big advantages of his team's process is that the structures created by our laser on the metals are intrinsically part of the material surface.
And it is these patterns that make the metals repel water. The material is so strongly water-repellent the water actually gets bounced off.
Unlike Guo's laser-treated metals the Teflon kitchen tools are not super-hydrophobic. The difference is that to make water to roll off a Teflon coated material you need to tilt the surface to nearly a 70-degree angle before the water begins to slide off.
You can make water roll off Guo's metals by tilting them less than five degrees. As the water bounces off the super-hydrophobic surfaces it also collects dust particles
It currently takes an hour to pattern a 1 inch by 1 inch metal sample
but ultra-short laser pulses to change the surface of the metals. A femtosecond laser pulse lasts on the order of a quadrillionth of a second
Guo is keen to stress that this same technique can give rise to multifunctional metals. Metals are naturally excellent reflectors of light.
That's why they appear to have a shiny luster. Turning them black can therefore make them very efficient at absorbing light.
The combination of light-absorbing properties with making metals water repellent could lead to more efficient solar absorbers--solar absorbers that don't rust
#Hierarchically-porous polymers with fast absorption Professor Myungeun Seo and his research team from the Graduate school of Nanoscience
and Technology at KAIST has developed a method to form micropores of less than 2 nanometers within porous polymers where 10 nanometers long mesopores connect like a net.
The advantage of the porous polymers is fast absorption of molecules. Porous polymers with micropores of less than 2 nanometers like a zeolite have a large surface area.
They are used as a means to store hydrogen-based molecules or as a catalytic support that can be used as a surface to convert a material into a desired form.
The research team solved the issue by implementing a self-assembly of block polymers to easily form a netlike nanostructure from mesopores of 10 nanometers.
The team created hierarchically-porous polymers consisting of two different types of pores by using a hypercrosslinking reaction along with the self-assembly method.
The reaction creates micropores within the chain after the polymer chain is confined by a chemical bond.
This porous polymer has micropores that are smaller than 2 nanometers on the walls of mesopores
This is the first case where a porous polymer has both well-defined mesopores and micropores. The research team verified the effect of hierarchically-porous structures on absorption of molecules by confirming that the porous polymer had faster absorption speeds than a polymer consisting only of micropores.
Professor Seo said The study has found a simple way to create different sizes of pores within a polymer.
He expected that the hierarchically-porous polymers can be used as a catalytic support in which fast diffusion of molecules is essential or for molecule collection.
The research was sponsored by National Research Foundation of Korea and published online in the Journal of the American Chemical Society y
However the lifetime of this kind of component is reduced greatly due to the fact that the thermal expansion coefficients of these elements are significantly different from that of silicon.
Instead of making their microscopes more powerful they have discovered a method that enlarges tissue samples by embedding them in a polymer that swells
Their idea was to make specimens easier to image at high resolution by embedding them in an expandable polymer gel made of polyacrylate a very absorbent material commonly found in diapers.
and are limited in their ability to image large samples by optical scattering and other aberrations.
An alternative means to bend X-rays is to use crystals. A crystal lattice diffracts X-rays, as the German physicist Max von Laue discovered a century ago.
artificial crystals can be tailor-made to sharply focus X-rays by depositing different materials layer by layer.
The researchers manufactured a wedged lens from 5500 alternating layers of silicon carbide (Sic) and tungsten (W), varying in thickness.
Specifically diode lasers bars in the wavelength range 930 to 970 nm are the fundamental building blocks for pump sources for Ytterbium-doped crystals in large laser facilities,
resulting in a more realistic representation than current training tools that use materials such as Styrofoam and latex.
The Johns Hopkins students instead used silicone layers of different densities to more closely represent the physiology of skin,
health workers will be able to make practice incisions through replaceable silicones layers that respond more like human skin."
and built a prototype low energy x-ray device for the foodstuffs industry with the aim of measuring the tenderness of meat and detecting the presence of unwanted plastic objects in meat products.
Arrayarraythe researchers'printing surface consists of a sandwich-like structure made up of two thin films of silver separated by a"spacer"film of silica.
Between the top and bottom films lies a 45-nanometer silica dielectric spacer. The researchers created a scaled-down template of the athletic logo and drilled out tiny perforations on the top layer of the metamaterial structure.
""Unlike the printing process of an inkjet or laserjet printer, where mixed color pigments are used, there is no color ink used in our structural printing process--only different hole sizes on a thin metallic layer,
and the hysteresis in the current-voltage curves depending on the direction of the voltage sweeps.
the group said it had employed ultrafast femtosecond lasers to produce a three-dimensional single crystal capable of guiding light waves through glass with little loss of light.
"The article's lead author, Adam Stone, received his Ph d. in materials science and engineering from Lehigh in 2014.
The coauthors are Himanshu Jain, professor of materials science and engineering, and Volkmar Dierolf, professor of physics, both at Lehigh,
to prevent light from scattering as it is being transmitted and, second, to transmit and manipulate light signals fast enough to handle increasingly large quantities of data.
Crystals, with their highly ordered specific lattice structure, have the requisite optical qualities.""Amorphous waveguides fundamentally lack second-order optical nonlinearity due to their isotropically disordered atomic structure,
"The ability to pattern nonlinear optical crystals in glass is therefore essential for 3d laser-fabrication of PICS to achieve its full potential."
"To pattern crystals in glass, the Lehigh-led group employed femtosecond lasers, whose speed and precision make them useful for cataract and other eye surgeries.
Scientists have been attempting for years to make crystals in glass in order to prevent light from being scattered as light signals are transmitted,
The task is complicated by the"mutually exclusive"nature of the properties of crystal and glass. Glass turns to crystal when it is heated
says Jain, but it is critical to control the transition.""The question is, how long will this process take
and will we get one crystal or many. We want a single crystal; light cannot travel through multiple crystals.
And we need the crystal to be in the right shape and form.""After conducting experiments at Lehigh and at Kyoto University and Polytechnique Montreal,
the group built a single crystal in glass, demonstrated its waveguiding capabilities and quantified its transmission efficiency.
The glass and crystal both were composed of lanthanum borogermanate (Labgeo5), a ferroelectric material.""We achieved quality,
"says Dierolf,"by guiding light from one end of the crystal to the other with very little loss of light."
"We have made the equivalent of a wire to guide the light. With our crystal, it is possible to do this in 3d
so that the wire--the light--can curve and bend as it is transmitted. This gives us the potential of putting different components on different layers of glass."
"The fact that the demonstration was achieved using ferroelectric materials is another plus, says Dierolf.""Ferroelectric crystals have demonstrated an electrical-optical effect that can be exploited for switching
and for steering light from one place to another as a supermarket scanner does. Ferroelectric crystals can also transform light from one frequency to another.
This makes it possible to send light through different channels.""""Other groups have made crystal in glass
but were not able to demonstrate quality, "says Jain.""With the quality of our crystal, we have crossed the threshold for the idea to be useful.
As a result, we are now exploring the development of novel devices for optical communication in collaboration with a major company."
or almost melt, until it is transformed into a crystal.""The unique focus of the femtosecond laser also makes it possible to"write"the crystal inside the glass and not on its surface."
we make use of the fact that a heat current passing through a magnetic material creates a separation of electron spins.
a Donald B. Willett Professor of Engineering and head of the Department of Materials science and engineering at Illinois."The physics of separating spins with heat currents is related to the operation of thermocouples and the thermoelectric generators that power deep space
who recently completed his Phd in materials science and engineering at Illinois."Spin transfer torque has often been realized by passing electrical currents through magnetic layers.
and Kyung-Jin Lee, Department of Materials science and engineering and KU-KIST Graduate school of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul l
because it creates a new class of devices for controlling X-rays,"added Paul Evans, a professor of materials science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison."
In this new research, the authors aimed to determine changes in gut barrier function (as determined by intestinal permeability and antimicrobial peptide concentrations) as well as disease markers in CD, in response to Vitamin d supplementation.
that patients treated with the supplementation were more likely to maintain their intestinal permeability, whereas this deteriorated in the placebo group.
Increased intestinal permeability is considered a measure of gut leakiness which is shown to predict and precede clinical relapse in CD.
"This is the first reporting of effects of Vitamin d supplementation on intestinal permeability and antimicrobial peptide measures in a CD cohort.
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