unsafe drinking water and the inadequate supply of water for hygiene purposes contribute to almost 90%of all deaths from diarrheal diseases
#Smart Sensor Chip with Nanocavities for Early Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Researchers at the University of Birmingham believe that the novel technology will help improve the process of early stage diagnosis. Glycoprotein molecules,
Because of their essential role in our immune response, they are useful clinical biomarkers for detecting prostate cancer and other diseases.
In doing so, they developed a more accurate and efficient way of diagnosing prostate cancer than the current tests
the team wanted to identify the presence of disease by detecting a particular glycoprotein which has specific sugars in a specific location in the molecule.
the sugar part of the prostate cancer glycoprotein is reacted with a custom-designed molecule that contains a boron group at one end (the boron linkage forms a reversible bond to the sugar).
and the only key that will fit is the specific prostate cancer glycoprotein that we're looking for.
"Dr John Fossey added,"It's estimated that one in eight men will suffer from prostate cancer at some point in their life,
and collaboration with commercial partners, will open the door to adapting the current technology for other diseases.
Lots of diseases produce specific glycoproteins, so there are a number of possible avenues to improve the accuracy of our diagnoses."
where they create clothing that kills bacteria, conducts electricity, wards off malaria, captures harmful gas and weaves transistors into shirts and dresses. otton is one of the most fascinating and misunderstood materials,
which could help in warding colds, flu and other diseases. Two of Hinestroza students created a hooded bodysuit embedded with insecticides using metal organic framework molecules,
Malaria kills more than 600,000 people annually in Africa. While insecticide-treated nets are common in African homes
#Discovery of Mesh Cell Structure Could Help Understand Development of Cancer For the first time a structure called he meshhas been identified
which is found to change in certain cancers, such as those of the breast and bladder.
The finding was made by a team led by Dr Stephen Royle, associate professor and senior Cancer Research UK Fellow at the division of biomedical cell biology at Warwick Medical school.
and support from Cancer Research UK and North West Cancer Research. Dr Royle said: e had been looking in 2d
TACC3, is overproduced in certain cancers. When this situation was mimicked in the lab, the mesh and microtubules were altered
Dr Emma Smith, senior science communications officer at Cancer Research UK, said: roblems in cell division are common in cancer cells frequently end up with the wrong number of chromosomes.
and it might be a crucial insight into why this process becomes faulty in cancer
and whether drugs could be developed to stop it from happening. orth West Cancer Research (NWCR) has funded the research as part of a collaborative project between the University of Warwick and the University of Liverpool,
which could potentially better inform future cancer therapies. s a charity we fund only the highest standard of research,
Major human diseases such as cancer inflammation, neurodegeneration and bacterial/viral infection are primarily diseases of cells.
Without a molecular understanding of the underlying cell biology, intelligent directed therapeutic intervention is impossible. The division research focuses on fundamental cell biology processes such as cell division and intracellular communication.
The nanoparticles infused with silver ions were utilized to attack Pseudomonas aeruginosa, disease-causing bacteria; E coli, a bacterial species that cause food poisoning;
and Ralstonia, a genus of bacteria that contains various soil-borne pathogens. All these bacteria were destroyed by the newly developed nanoparticles.
The method released the stress in the laminate layer and avoided stress to build up between the two stacked layers.
Yet, more traditional approaches to thermocompression bonding come with long cycle times(>1 minute per die),
This is essential for pharmaceutical research particularly cancer research--to observe how cells and tissues respond to specific chemicals and experimental drugs.
which find application in cancer treatment, pollution reduction, renewable energy collection. Scientists from Harvard, Boston, and Princeton universities have played also a role in the development of this innovative technique, called D Structure Identification of Nanoparticles by Graphene Liquid Cell EM (SINGLE),
which was the first genetic-based approach that is able to detect live circulating tumor cells out of the complex matrix that is human blood.
a start-up company, has developed a proprietary nano-polymer additive that protects against any microbial infection
or implant-associated infection, improve clinical outcomes and increase device longevity. The nano-polymer additive's unique features are that they are activated only upon contact,
"Unless we take significant actions to improve efforts to prevent infections. the implications will be devastating."
"1 NIH (National institutes of health) estimates that"Infectious diseases are the second cause of death worldwide, more than13 millions deaths per year (mostly due to bacteria.
More than 60%of microbial infections proceed with involvement of biofilms.""Prof. Ervin Weiss inventor and one of the developers of the nano-polymer additive technology adds,
for Integrative Cancer Research. Eliana Martins Lima, of the Federal University of Goiás, is the other co-author.
and someone with schizophrenia would be a leap in our understanding of how our brains shape who we are (or vice versa).
whether as result of accidents, injuries or illnesses, observes Huber. Under the motto he New Future of Old age the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) is sponsoring research projects for technical solutions such as akrobatik@home that help
while others suffer from hearing impairments. hese specific disabilities led to concrete ideas, explains Mizera. Three ideas were implemented by the researchers together with the thalidomide victims, Heidelberg University,
and stress would be too great. In a project funded by The swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) Empa
For the future the researchers also envisage the use of Glucolight in other fields such as diabetes s
The Saturas sensor provides accurate information for optimized irrigation to reduce water consumption with no stress to the plants and increases fruit production and quality.
--whose deregulation is associated with diseases ranging from diabetes to cancer to epilepsy--have gradually been brought to light.
No one doubts that this is an important pathway with implications for aging cancer and diabetes and we had figured out the core machinery of the pathway says Sabatini.
But the mystery has been what are the sensors? Now we've found what is likely the first nutrient sensor.
because hyperactivation of the pathway can lead to aberrant growth seen in cancer or metabolic abnormalities associated with diabetes.
Intriguingly because SLC38A9 activates the pathway it may represent a target for clinical situations in
In this case one could think about situations where you would want to increase protein synthesis perhaps to treat muscle atrophy and disease-related weight loss.
"When with severe inflammation of the stomach and intestines, infection and impaired lung function, bad blood oxygen control can be deadly,
Oxygenation at too high a level can cause damage to the retina, and blindness.""If we can contribute to better monitoring and stabilisation of oxygenation supply,
since it is able to quantify pathogens, he doesn see it as a medical diagnostic tool. t designed for exploration,
The U s. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have estimated that drug overdoses kill more than 44,000 Americans annually,
Concerned about these alarming statistics, experts at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health Center for Injury Research and Policy challenged a team of Johns Hopkins undergraduate mechanical engineers to design
Andrea Gielen, director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy at the Bloomberg School of Public health and one of the team mentors, said she
Wireless Monitoring Sensor to Help Manage Heart failure Scott & White Memorial is one of six hospitals in Texas
click New Tech Helping Heart failure Patientse are always looking for new and innovative ways to treat our patient disease process
and improve outcomes for heart failure patients, said Robert Scott III, MD, Director for Advanced Heart failure at Scott & White Memorial. his device will give us the ability to anticipate problems with our patients before they occur,
decreasing their chance of being readmitted to the hospital, and improving their quality of life. emorial implemented the Cardiomems HF System
which is the first and only FDA-approved heart failure monitoring device proven to significantly reduce hospital admissions.
which are used traditionally as indirect measures of worsening heart failure. The new system allows patients to transmit daily sensor readings from their homes to their health care providers allowing for personalized
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 5. 1 million Americans have heart failure
Patients with heart failure are hospitalized frequently, have reduced a quality of life and face a higher risk of death.
#New Smart Insulin Patch May Replace Injections for Diabetics By Beth Ellisonthe mart insulin patchis a thin square a couple of millimetres large.
The research team found that the new patch could reduce blood glucose levels in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes for as long as nine hours.
"The whole system can be personalized to account for a diabetic's weight and sensitivity to insulin,
diabetes is maintained currently with frequent finger prick tests and insulin shots to control blood glucose levels.
"Injecting the wrong amount of medication can lead to significant complications like blindness and limb amputations,
or even more disastrous consequences such as diabetic comas and death.""This research team have removed the risk of human error by emulating the natural insulin generators of the body beta cells.
The team tested the patch on a mouse model of type 1 diabetes and compared it to injecting insulin as standard.
and can lead to damaged teeth, headaches, insomnia, and a sore jaw. Most people don even know they do it.
Yoon said one population that could stand to benefit from the smart mouth guard is combat veterans with posttraumatic stress,
#DIRHA Prototype Enables People with Disabilities to use Voice as a Remote control to Access Home Devices Based on advanced voice recognition and audio signal processing technology,
The prototype was designed especially for people with disabilities and allows them to use their voice as a remote control to access services
#Novel Synthetic Biosensor Glows in Response to Conditions that Mimic TB Infection Robert Abramovitch, an MSU microbiologist,
a sulfa-based compound found in many prescription glaucoma drugs, actually turns off the bacterium's ability to invade the immune system.
"We found the compound reduces disease symptoms in mice.""According to Abramovitch, TB may not have eyes and ears,
One of these cues includes the infection's ability to detect ph -or acidity levels-which tells the disease it's being attacked by a host immune cell."
"The compound we found inhibits TB's ability to detect acidic environments, effectively blindfolding the bacterium
globally, carry the infection, but in most cases it lies dormant and the immune system is able to prevent it from spreading in the body."
"The immune system has difficulty clearing the infection and the TB bacterium is just waiting for the immune system to weaken."
"Abramovitch and his research team screened 273,000 different compounds in hopes of finding one that could possibly stop the disease.
By using a synthetic biosensor that glows green in response to conditions that mimic TB infection,
Yet, this elusive compound not only has the potential of preventing the disease from spreading, but Abramovitch suggests that it could help shorten the length of treatment
"Trying to kill TB bacteria isn't the only way of stopping the disease though, Abramovitch added."
disease using conventional X-ray mammography and ultrasound scans. The new ultrasound method will be safer and lower cost than currently-used screening techniques,
and end up at the clinic with health problems. In 2009, Indonesia passed a law banning fires on peat plantations.
US researchers have found that peat fires in the southern states during the summer of 2008 caused a spike in emergency room visits for heart failure and asthma-related respiratory complications.
Insulin for people with diabetes has been made in genetically modified bacteria for decades. But there are concerns these latest advances could allow a DIY drug lord to brew illegal narcotics in their home."
#Test unravels history of infection US researchers claim to have developed a single test that is able to identify past exposure to every known human virus infection,
The technique decodes the infection history imprinted in our immune response. The scientists hope that the test will eventually provide important insight into how viruses contribute to development of a range of diseases.
The work was published in the journal Science. During a virus infection, your immune system generates antibodies designed to fight the virus. Each antibody recognises a tiny fragment of the virus
and their interaction is very specific-they fit like a lock and key. Virus-specific antibodies can be long-lived;
often persisting many years after an infection has disappeared. So, your antibody repertoire represents a historical record of all of the viruses that have infected you.
so it allows you to discover connections between different populations or different diseases amongst groups of people."
The data showed that the number of virus infections detected in people increased during life.
The study also suggested that those living in the US were exposed to fewer infections than people living in South africa, Thailand or Peru."
the sensitivity of the population to infection or practices in the country",commented Prof Elledge.
The greatest number of virus infections that were detected in any single individual was around 25,
or HIV infection could be massaged up to very respectable levels, I'd be nervous about using it as a diagnostic test to see
if an individual patient has HIV infection.""However, it will be a fabulous tool for looking at virus-disease associations
which are speculative, or even currently unknown. For example, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has been reported, controversially, to arise from viral infection,
so it would be great to compare the virome of PBC patients with those without the disease.
Maybe you'd identify a consistent pattern suggesting a specific viral cause.""Indeed any other disease of unknown aetiology-identifying specific virome reactivity could give a major clue as to a causative agent."
"And the technique might also shed light onto why new treatments-immunotherapies-that are being deployed in the fight against cancers work in some individuals and not in others.
Prof Elledge commented:""It's possible that the people that respond to therapy are responding
because they are taking advantage of existing immune responses to viruses, so we are looking at correlation in these patients to previous viral exposures to see
manufactured by the US firm Second sight, has previously been used to restore some vision to patients who are blind as a result of a rare condition known as retinitis pigmentosa.
#Missing link found between brain, immune system--with major disease implications Vessels directly connecting brain, lymphatic system exist despite decades of doctrine that they don't.
and treatment of neurological diseases ranging from autism to Alzheimer's disease to multiple sclerosis.""Instead of asking,'How do we study the immune response of the brain?''
''Why do multiple sclerosis patients have the immune attacks?''now we can approach this mechanistically. Because the brain is like every other tissue connected to the peripheral immune system through meningeal lymphatic vessels,
Alzheimer's, Autism, MS and Beyond The unexpected presence of the lymphatic vessels raises a tremendous number of questions that now need answers, both about the workings of the brain and the diseases that plague it.
take Alzheimer's disease.""In Alzheimer's, there are accumulations of big protein chunks in the brain, "Kipnis said."
And there's an enormous array of other neurological diseases, from autism to multiple sclerosis, that must be reconsidered in light of the presence of something science insisted did not exist t
as well as lifestyle diseases such as obesity, cancer and mental disorders. The circadian rhythm is also related to seasonal reproduction,
which may overcome various circadian-related diseases and control reproductive activity in animals to provide solutions for food production.
and worked closely with the biologists at ITBM to synthesize molecules for studying structure-activity relationships (SARS)."Through SAR studies on the molecular derivatives of KL001,
The relationship between genes and specific traits is complicated more than simple one-to-one relationships between genes and diseases.
but scientists are just beginning to explore how, specifically, genetic variations affect health and disease. Two major statistical challenges to finding these connections involve analysing associations between many different genetic variants and multiple traits,
"But the simple models we use to do this are too simplistic to uncover the complex dependencies between sets of genetic variants and disease phenotypes."
It was observed by a team of researchers including Gilles Hickson, an assistant professor at the University of Montreal's Department of Pathology and Cell biology and researcher at the CHU Sainte-Justine Research Centre, his assistant Silvana Jananji, in collaboration with Nelio
it can be a source for triggering cancer, for example,"said Hickson. It is well known that microscopic cable-like structures,
and to certain diseases,"said Hickson, who has devoted the last 15 years of his research life to cell biology.
In fact, all cancers are unchecked characterised by cell division, and the underpinning processes are potential targets for therapeutic interventions that prevent cancer onset and spread."
"But before we get there, we must continue to expand our knowledge about the basic processes
#Scientists find molecular switch that creates long-term immunity Melbourne researchers have identified a protein responsible for preserving the antibody-producing cells that lead to long-term immunity after infection or vaccination.
when the immune system was exposed to pathogens such as viruses or bacteria.""When our immune system encounters a new pathogen,
it can create plasma cells that secrete antibodies to specifically prevent future infections, generating immunity, "she said."
"Our bone marrow is like a long-term storage facility for plasma cells, allowing them to continue producing antibodies to protect against future infections.
Until now, it was known not why some plasma cells moved into the bone marrow, while others remained in the blood stream
we might be able to encourage the immune system to create long-term immunity for a range of infections."
improving the design of antibodies to better recognise invading pathogens in the future, "she said.""The Myb protein marks the plasma cells that produce high-quality antibodies for preservation."
"Some pathogens, such as malaria, typically trigger the creation of short-lived plasma cells. If we don't create long-lived plasma cells,
we don't develop lasting immunity to the disease. If we can trigger the expression of Myb in plasma cells responding to pathogens
-either by infection or by immunisation-we might be able to convince the immune system to store these plasma cells in the bone marrow to offer protection against future infections
#Researchers create model of early human heart development from stem cells Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley,
who is co-senior author of the study with Dr. Bruce Conklin, a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular disease and a professor of medical genetics and cellular and molecular pharmacology at UC San francisco."
"This technology could help us quickly screen for drugs likely to generate cardiac birth defects, and guide decisions about
a drug known to cause severe birth defects. They found that at normal therapeutic doses, the drug led to abnormal development of microchambers, including decreased size,
The most commonly reported birth defects involve the heart, and the potential for generating cardiac defects is of utmost concern in determining drug safety during pregnancy."
cells along the edge experienced greater mechanical stress and tension, and appeared more like fibroblasts,
which is an imperfect model for human disease.""The researchers pointed out that while this study focused on heart tissue,
This breakthrough was published yesterday in the scientific journal PLOS Pathogens and will be presented at the upcoming IAS 2015 conference in Vancouver.
The study's goal was to determine how HIV manages to compromise antiviral responses in the initial period of infection,
also called the acute infection stage, during which the virus establishes itself in the body.
The acute infection is considered a critical period in determining the complexity, extent and progression of the disease.
It is also during this stage that HIV establishes latent infection in long-lasting cellular reservoirs.
which are the immune system's first line of defence against viral infections and are known to have a beneficial role in the early stages of HIV infection,
"says Dr. Cohen, Director of the Human Retrovirology research unit at the IRCM.""The problem is that HIV has developed mechanisms to suppress the Interferon response and, until now,
"Most of the Interferon is produced by a very small population of immune cells called pdcs (plasmacytoid dendritic cells), responsible for providing immediate defence against infections.
when they recognize the presence of a pathogen, they secrete Interferon. The Interferon then triggers a large array of defence mechanisms in nearby cells, creating an antiviral state that prevents the dissemination and, ultimately,
and leads to persistent infection, "adds Dr. Bego.""We found that HIV, through Vpu, takes advantage of the role played by BST2 by maintaining its ability to activate ILT7 and limit the production of Interferon,
"Our findings can provide tools to enhance antiviral responses during the early stages of infection.
We believe that such interventions during primary infection have the potential to limit the establishment and complexity of viral reservoirs,
or wiped out during early periods of infection, will bring us closer to ending HIV/AIDS,
#Malaria's key to the liver uncovered Scientists uncover a port of liver entry for malaria parasites in a report published in The Journal of Experimental Medicine.
drugs that target this entry protein might help prevent the spread of disease. Malaria is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium falciparum,
which is transmitted to humans via mosquito bite. Recent efforts to limit parasite transmission and increase treatment coverage has reduced the number of malaria-related deaths,
but the parasite still causes roughly 200 million new infections and half a million deaths worldwide each year.
The first stop for malaria parasites in humans is the liver where a few organisms multiply into tens of thousands,
Passage through the liver is essential for the parasite to establish a productive infection and cause disease,
A team of scientists at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public health now find that a Kupffer cell protein called CD68 is needed for parasite passage and efficient liver infection,
If this reduction is sufficient to substantially limit blood infections (and thus disease CD68 may represent a potential new drug target in the fight against malaria a
#Study finds non-genetic cancer mechanism Cancer can be caused solely by protein imbalances within cells,
a study of ovarian cancer has found. The discovery is a major breakthrough because, until now, genetic aberrations have been seen as the main cause of almost all cancer.
The research, published today in the journal Oncogene, demonstrates that protein imbalance is a powerful prognostic tool,
indicating whether or not patients are likely to respond to chemotherapy and whether a tumour is likely to spread to other sites.
whether you have a predisposition to cancer and, ultimately, use a precision medicine-based approach to develop a therapeutic approach.
"The research, led by scientists at the University of Leeds and The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, focused on the"Akt pathway,
"a signalling pathway within cells that drives cancer formation and the spread of cancers through the body.
A conventional approach to diagnosing this cancer would be to look for genetic modification of the receptor
In this way, an imbalance in the amount of the two proteins can lead to cell proliferation and cancer formation.
which cancer can occur. We found that in cells where Grb2 is depleted, FGFR2 was vulnerable to Plc?
indicating that protein imbalance can have a role in metastasis, the spread of a cancer through the body.
1 was predictive of the progress of ovarian cancers in patients. Measuring the levels of the proteins in patient tissues followed by database analysis of clinical information from The Cancer Genome Atlas
and other sources revealed that a high level of Grb2 relative to Plc? 1 and FGFR2 was associated with a significantly more favourable prognosis than patients with elevated levels of Plc?
"Previous research findings have emphasised the roots of cancer in genetic mutation. Some studies have pointed to cancers that occur without genetic causes,
such as through epigenetic modifications of proteins, however the present study reveals that signalling though cell wall-based receptors can occur without receptor activation
and therefore that non-genetic causes may be critical to understanding cancer in large numbers of patients.
The researchers are now working with clinicians at the University of Leeds to study the same mechanisms in other forms of cancer.
Evaluating this drug-induced liver injury is a critical part of pharmaceutical drug discovery and must be carried out on human liver cells.
or exploring the mechanisms behind conditions such as diabetic neuropathy.''The problem is that unlike blood, a skin sample or even a tissue biopsy,
Other applications could be in better understanding neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, or to produce retinal neural cells for patients with age-related macular degeneration.'
meaning they accumulate injuries over time, which can be severe. For example, they might frequently bite their tongues and the insides of their mouths,
#Study paves way for genetics-first approach to brain cancer treatment Two US studies have identified specific genetic mutations in gliomas
'This molecular data helps us better classify glioma patients, so we can begin to understand who needs to be treated more aggressively
Gliomas are tumours which develop from the glial cells of the brain and spine, and make up 80 percent of malignant brain tumours.
Patients who develop gliomas are treated usually with a combination of radiotherapy, surgery and chemotherapy; however it is currently difficult to work out how useful these treatments will be.
three mutations were identified in patients with gliomas. Tumours taken from glioma patients were scored as positive or negative for these mutations,
which led to the creation of five categories of mutation combinations. The genetic profiles of the tumours were associated then with patient age, prognosis and the response of the tumour type to different treatments.
This profiling would allow doctors to choose the most appropriate treatment for an individual glioma patient based on their genetic classification.
as survival statistics would be specific to the glioma type, as opposed to the general class of glioma.
Currently histology is used to classify gliomas by their visual characteristics; however this method is not sufficiently effective to predict how the glioma will respond to therapy.
Doctors are also often unable to predict how aggressive a tumour will behave over a long period of time.'
'These markers will potentially allow us to predict the course of gliomas more accurately, treat them more effectively
and identify more clearly what causes them in the first place, 'said Professor Margaret Wrensch from the University of California,
'Both studies can justifiably claim that molecular classification captures the biologic features of glioma variants better than does histopathological evaluation,
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