But with only 171 monitoring stations at fixed sites nationwide large areas of the country remain uncovered.
The addition of a GPS aerial allows air quality data and location to be mapped simultaneously.
and stationed at roadsides and at critical pollutant sites. Fifty static devices were deployed also around London Heathrow Airport to record 22 months in the life of one of the busiest airports in the world. his was the first time technology like this had been tested in real-world situations as a high-density network,
Jones and colleagues had to develop new smart software methods capable of separating local pollution events from background signals (pollution transported from long range)
Plus, they needed to move from being able to process the data after it has been collected to doing so in real-time.
The team has been working with Cambridge Environmental Research Consultants developers of world-leading air quality modelling software combining the unprecedented level of data created by the pollution-monitoring studies with model output to enhance the understanding
and data processing is carried out in real-time using cloud computing software similar to that developed by the Cambridge team. hen the project started in 2006 there were lone voices calling for a different approach to air quality monitoring,
and Cambridge is helping with data interpretation in a project whose ethos is ou can manage
Citizens across Europe will be involved in data collection through personal monitors and in community decision-making to choose monitoring solutions for spaces such as schools
The second image, 50 picoseconds after excitation, displays a low density skin that returns to the original density at later times This result has significant implications beyond our basic understanding of the melting process.
and processors alike demand consistently high quality for their intermediate and final products. The properties of these goods usually also have to meet specific requirements.
Computer simulation of the harmonic emissions produced by a nano-spiral when it is being illuminated by infrared light.
picking up a telephone, or using cooking and eating utensils, become frustrating and nearly impossible feats due to reduced gripping strength and motor control in the hand.
however, thanks to soft, wearable robotic systems and the Wyss Institute's"from bench to bedside"translational approach that has enabled the glove's potential end users to be involved in every step of testing and development.
The holistic approach ensures that technology development goes beyond achieving functionality to also incorporate social and psychological elements of design that promote translation and seamless adoption by its intended end users."
who is a Wyss Institute Core Faculty member, Founder of the Harvard Biodesign Lab, and Assistant professor of Mechanical and Biomedical engineering AT SEAS.
Walsh and his team have also been aided in their work through key expertise from two other Wyss Core Faculty members George Whitesides, Ph d,
"Science benefits from an environment that allows access to valuable insights that can only be gained by working with actual potential end users of a developing technology,
because electrons can freely travel around by moving in and out of the empty sites. In this organic material,
The experimental data clarified previous conflicting experimental results and revealed that the Mott transition belongs to a universal class of phase transitions.
and manage digital information by using the spin of electrons. Metal complexes showing spin-transition (i e. reversible interconversion between different isomers) are among the best candidates for the preparation of molecular memories and spintronic devices.
A hybrid LED is expected to be a next-generation illumination device for producing flexible lighting and display,
Japan and Canada have advanced a step closer to the dream of all-optical data transmission by building
in much the same way that integration of electronics has driven the impressive advances of modern computer systems."
to transmit and manipulate light signals fast enough to handle increasingly large quantities of data. Glass, an amorphous material with an inherently disordered atomic structure, cannot meet these challenges,
This African Starling displays its iridescent structural colors produced by ordered melanosomes. Photo by Liliana DALBA) UA associate professor of biology, Dr. Matthew Shawkey;
allowing it to be used in all portable devices, such as smartphones, wearable electronics, etc. One chip, several millimeters in size, will be able to accommodate several thousand such sensors,
which is helpful in the design of catalysts. Even better news for industrial chemists: the researchers figured out when and why the berry clusters clump into larger bunches of"nano-grapes."
Nanoparticles can act as catalysts to help convert methanol to electricity in fuel cells. NIST's 40-minute process for making nano-raspberries, described in a new paper,*has several advantages.
or incorporated into clothing-are bringing science fiction gadgets closer to real life. Dr Madhu Bhaskaran, project leader
The ability to monitor such gases in production facilities and coal fired power stations gives vital early warning of explosions
which has paved the way for flexible mobile phones. Lead author, Phd researcher Philipp Gutruf, says the unbreakable,
In future, they will be able to link to electronic devices to continuously monitor UV-levels and alert the user when radiation hits harmful levels.
Gutruf said the research used zinc oxide-present in most sunscreens as a fine powder mixed into a lotion-as the UV sensing material.
such as small cooling elements or connections between stacked chips in smartphones. However, metals melt at a high temperature.
Researchers from FOM and the University of Twente now made a major step towards high-resolution metal printing.
to enable clean printing with metals, gels, pastas or extremely thick fluids s
#Engineers'synthetic immune organ produces antibodies Cornell engineers have created a functional, synthetic immune organ that produces antibodies
Understanding the effects that these ultra-intense x-ray pulses will have on their potential targets will take the team work of Argonne National Laboratorys Advanced Photon Source (APS) and the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF), both
of which are U s. Department of energy (DOE) Office of Science User Facilities. But first, many atoms and molecules will have to meet with a sci-fi appropriate demise.
and decipher the innumerable quantum interactions that will occur on ridiculously small time scales will require the calculating power of ALCFS IBM Blue Gene/Q supercomputer,
and provide an accurate interpretation of the data recorded in diffraction patterns, explains Phay Ho, an assistant physicist with APS.
The team uses a hybrid code employing both molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte carlo (MC) algorithms.
the MC algorithm uses a pre-computed database to update and track the electronic configuration of every particle interacting with an x-ray pulse.
more efficiently balanced workloads across many processors, and optimized I/O. A key result is that the time spent in MC was reduced from 60 to less than 10 percent of the hybrid simulations runtime,
but the details of the dynamics are difficult to monitor, Kabbani said. here no way we can grind two nanotubes in a microscope
#Researchers develop the first flexible phase-change random access memory (Nanowerk News) Phase change random access memory (PRAM) is one of the strongest candidates for next-generation nonvolatile memory for flexible and wearable electronics.
In order to be used as a core memory for flexible devices, the most important issue is reducing high operating current.
The researchers found that it is possible to mimic complex dynamic patterning seen in real cephalopods such as the Passing Cloud display,
Aaron Fishman, Visiting Fellow in Engineering Mathematics, said:""Our ultimate goal is to create artificial skin that can mimic fast acting active camouflage
such as flexible electronics, stretchable displays or wearable sensors. The dimensions of each ridge directly affect the transparent conductors stretchability.
The new algorithm, published in Nature Methods("Efficient set tests for the genetic analysis of correlated traits),
and making the best use of data from large cohorts that include hundreds of thousands of individuals."
until now so much computation that it would take a year to run a single complex query."
The researchers tested their algorithm on data from two studies from public repositories, and compared the results with existing state-of-the-art tools.
"Our algorithm can be used to study up to half a million individuals-that hasn't been possible until now.""
The new algorithm provides much-needed methods for genomics, making large-scale, complex analysis a manageable and practical endeavour."
Tunneling electrons from a scanning tunneling microscope tip excites phonons in graphene. The image shows the graphene lattice with blue arrows indicating the motion direction of that carbon atoms for one of the low energy phonon modes in graphene.
The high purity graphene device was fabricated by NIST researcher Y. Zhao in the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology's Nanofab, a national user facility available to researchers from industry, academia and government t
"says Jim Ciston, a staff scientist with the National Center for Electron microscopy (NCEM) at the Molecular Foundry, a DOE Office of Science User Facility."
ranging from the catalysts used for the generation of energy-dense fuels from sunlight and carbon dioxide, to how bridges and airplanes rust."
PNNL scientist Jian Zhi Hu displays a tiny experimental battery mounted in NMR apparatus used to observe the chemical reaction inside.
and gather data about reactions that can be observed only as they are happening inside a battery("Probing Lithium Germanide Phase Evolution and Structural Change in a Germanium-in-Carbon nanotube Energy storage system").
"Why It Matterslithium-ion batteries have many uses besides powering cell phones and laptops. Developing safer, more powerful cells with longer life is a worldwide challenge,
Using the"core-shell"structure, however, the battery can be discharged and charged thousands of times.
Computations made by the group of Professor Thomas Heine from Jacobs University Bremen, which is involved also in the project,
Wrights team is now looking to find out how easy it is for users. The USAID competition was intended actually for systems built for individual farms,
Jaeyoun (Jay) Kim, an Iowa State university associate professor of electrical and computer engineering and an associate of the U s. Department of energy's Ames Laboratory."
and computer engineering and is moving to postdoctoral work at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. The paper describes how the engineers fabricated microtubes just 8 millimeters long and less than a hundredth of an inch wide.
And they had to use computer modeling to find a way to create more coiling.
and store a steadily increasing amount of data, faster and faster, and in less space.
the computer industry has used various materials stacked on top of each other in a filigree structure to achieve this effect.
This material class therefore has enormous potential for future applications in information technology. n
#Sweeping lasers snap together nanoscale geometric grids Down at the nanoscale, where objects span just billionths of a meter,
and touchscreen electronics. The scientists synthesized the materials at Brookhaven Lab's Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN)
and x-ray scattering at the National Synchrotron Light Sourceoth DOE Office of Science User Facilities.
#Toward tiny, solar-powered sensors The latest buzz in the information technology industry regards he Internet of thingsthe idea that vehicles, appliances, civil-engineering structures, manufacturing equipment,
and even livestock would have embedded their own sensors that report information directly to networked servers,
an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and first author on the new paper. e need to regulate the input to extract the maximum power,
#Scientists present III-V epitaxy and integration to go below 14nm IBM scientists in Zurich and Yorktown Heights,
Researchers from the IBM Materials Integration and Nanoscale Devices group demonstrated a novel, robust and yet versatile approach for integrating III-V compound semiconductor crystals on silicon wafers a novel and an important step
IBM scientist Lukas Czornomaz is presenting a solution for large scale and controlled integration of high quality Ingaas on bulk Silcon (Si)
Both papers are part of IBM $3 billion five year investment to push the limits of silicon technology to 7 nanometers and below.
More specifically, IBM scientists are motivated to integrate III-V materials on silicon for faster and more powerful devices.
IBM is betting that future chips made of these materials will create more energy efficient and powerful cloud data centers and consumer devices d
#Mirrorlike display creates rich color pixels by harnessing ambient light (Nanowerk News) Using a simple structure comprising a mirror
researchers have developed a display technology that harnesses natural ambient light to produce an unprecedented range of colors
An article describing their innovative approach appears today in The Optical Society's new high-impact journal Optica("Continuous Color Reflective Displays Using Interferometric Absorption".
"This display technology, which could greatly reduce the amount of power used in multiple consumer electronics products,
the new design helps solve many key problems affecting mobile displays such as how to provide an always-on display function without requiring more frequent battery charging
and blue (RGB) of earlier display technologies.""We have developed an entirely new way of creating a color display,
"said John Hong, a researcher with Qualcomm MEMS Technologies, Inc. and lead author on the Optica paper."
"The incredibly efficient display is able to create a rich palette of colors using only ambient light for viewing,
"Harnessing Ambient light Typical color displays are essential yet power-hungry components of virtually every digital product with a human-machine interface, from cell phones and computers to home televisions and massive displays
engineers have been exploring ways to replace emissive technologies with displays that can reflect ambient light. Earlier attempts to create reflective light color displays,
however, presented a number of vexing problems. The designs required using three separate pixels to produce the red
green and blue of a traditional display. Though adequate for certain applications, the fact that only one-third of the incoming light can be reflected back toward the viewer in a typical reflective RGB format limits the gamut of colors and brightness of the display.
The new display reported in Optica is able to overcome these hurdles by reflecting more of the incoming light
and enabling the full spectrum of visible light to be displayed, including bright white and deep black.
Hong and his colleagues were able achieve these results by using a property of light they call interferometric absorption to create a broad spectrum of colors.
Each pixel therefore behaves as a colored mirror, with the color tunable across the entire visible spectrum.
Extending Power and Saving Energy Depending on how the display is used, the power savings can exceed current backlit technologies tenfold.
when a particular image is retained on the display, which then operates like a form of analog memory in a virtually power-free display mode.
The design presented in the paper consists of a panel that is about 1. 5 inches across
and contains approximately 149, 000 pixels. Both the resolution and area of the display, however, can be scaled to match those of various mobile devices such as Internet-of-Things (Iot) enabled wearables and smartphones.
Fabrication can be achieved in one piece, with the MEMS, upper layer, and lower layer created using the same deposition,
lithography and etching processes that are used to create liquid crystal displays.""Our goal is to improve the technology
and design so it can be integrated easily into manufacturing processes at existing factories.""said Hong.
The researchers believe that this technology has the potential to change the smartphone experience and that of other personal devices."
"No more squinting at a hard to read display outdoors where we spend much of our time,"noted Hong."
which is probably the best display experience that one can expect, with only the light behind you shining on the page
'Our group has pioneered the idea of using lithium-ion batteries to search for catalysts, 'Cui said.'
'Our hope is that this technique will lead to the discovery of new catalysts for other reactions beyond water splitting.'
'In conventional water splitters, the hydrogen and oxygen catalysts often require different electrolytes with different phone acidic,
is actually more stable than some commercial catalysts made of precious metals.''We built a conventional water splitter with two benchmark catalysts, one platinum and one iridium,
'Wang said.''At first the device only needed 1. 56 volts of electricity to split water,
interconnected grain boundaries that become active sites for the water-splitting catalytic reaction, 'Cui said.'
'We believe that electrochemical tuning can be used to find new catalysts for other chemical fuels beyond hydrogen.
while charging, different processes are at work in the two identical pieces of carbon pongewhich function as the electrodes in these devices, in contrast to earlier computer simulations.
They are used also in flashes in mobile phones and as a complementary technology to batteries in order to boost performance.
Previous theories had been made by computer simulations no one observed this in eal lifebefore. What the experiments showed is that the two electrodes behave differently.
painless patch could lower blood glucose in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes for up to nine hours.
the researchers inserted a core of solid insulin and enzymes specially designed to sense glucose.
The researchers tested the ability of this approach to control blood sugar levels in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes.
#Nanostructure design enables pixels to produce two different colors (Nanowerk News) Through precise structural control,
A*STAR researchers have encoded a single pixel with two distinct colors and have used this capability to generate a three-dimensional stereoscopic image("Three-dimensional plasmonic stereoscopic prints in full colour").
including ultrahigh-definition three-dimensional color displays and state-of-the-art anti-counterfeiting measures. So they set about designing a nanostructure architecture that could provide more bang for the buck. Having previously used plasmonic materials to generate color prints at the optical diffraction limit by carefully varying the nanostructure size and spacing
Goh and Yang trialed two aluminum nanostructures as pixel arrays: ellipses and two squares separated by a very small space (known as coupled nanosquare dimers.
Each pixel arrangement had its own pros and cons. While the ellipses offered a broader color range
Furthermore, the researchers used these pixel arrays to generate a three-dimensional stereoscopic image. They achieved this by using ellipses as pixel elements,
carefully offsetting the images and choosing background colors that minimized cross-talk. Being able to print two images onto the same area and,
"Quantum dots, which have use in diverse applications such as medical imaging, lighting, display technologies, solar cells, photocatalysts, renewable energy and optoelectronics, are typically expensive and complicated to manufacture.
supplied by Lehigh's Faculty Innovation Grant (FIG) and Collaborative Research Opportunity Grant (CORE) programs.
The counterpart is curved a strongly mirror on the end facet of an optical fibre. Laser light is coupled into the resonator through this fibre.
but now they have an app for tablets to collect data directly from the field.
In this way, previous data and the data gathered through apps and sensors are channelled into the same database,
says Molino, and it allows facts about different years to be compared. This research has involved also a company based in Ivrea,
A software program builds a mosaic made up of hundreds of images, which shows in a single 3d picture the field flown over.
All the data are was sent by digital mobile radio allowing agronomists and farmers to check the results in real time.
flexible thin-film reflective display. Chanda research was inspired by nature. Traditional displays like those on a mobile phone require a light source, filters and a glass plates.
But animals like chameleons, octopuses and squids are born with thin flexible, color-changing displays that don need a light source their skin. ll manmade displays LCD, LED,
CRT are rigid, brittle and bulky. But you look at an octopus, they can create color on the skin itself covering a complex body contour,
and create a skin-like display? As detailed in the cover article of the June issue of the journal Nature Communications("Polarization-independent actively tunable colour generation on imprinted plasmonic surfaces),
full-color tunable display. His method is groundbreaking. It a leap ahead of previous research that could produce only a limited color palette.
And the display is only about few microns thick, compared to a 100-micron-thick human hair.
Such an ultrathin display can be applied to flexible materials like plastics and synthetic fabrics. The research has major implications for existing electronics like televisions,
computers and mobile devices that have considered displays thin by today standards but monstrously bulky in comparison.
But the potentially bigger impact could be whole new categories of displays that have never been thought of. our camouflage
your clothing, your fashion items all of that could change, Chanda said. hy would I need 50 shirts in my closet
Researchers used a simple and inexpensive nano-imprinting technique that can produce the reflective nanostructured surface over a large area. his is a cheap way of making displays on a flexible substrate with full-color generation,
and even computers that harness quantum mechanical effects,"said Abram Falk, the lead author of the report on the research,
#High-performance microscope displays pores in the cell nucleus with greater precision An active exchange takes place between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm:
When the new iphone came out, customers complained that it could be bent--but what if you could roll up your too big 6 Plus to actually fit in your pocket?
Consumers also demand phones to be lighter, faster, smaller, more flexible, wearable, bendable, etc. Yet silicon is also rigid--one can't bend your smart phone or computer.
These physical limitations have driven the race for new materials that can be used as semiconductors in lieu of silicon.
In addition, the researchers anticipate that it could also lead to important improvement for devices that monitor the environment."
the common computer chip material (Nature Communications, "Experimental evidence of new tetragonal polymorphs of silicon formed through ultrafast laser-induced confined microexplosion").
The work will be of interest to those considering graphene elements in flexible touchscreens or memories that store bits by controlling electric dipole moments of carbon atoms
Advanced models allow researchers to convert AFM data into properties about the cells internal scaffolding,
and models convert the data to reveal information about the materials composition. Previous applications of AFM microscopy to study live cells provided feedback on the amplitude and frequency of the vibrating cantilever,
like a landline phone connection, rather than sending a broadcast signal, researchers at University of Michigan Life sciences Institute and University of Texas Southwestern Medical center have discovered.
#Better memory with faster lasers DVDS and Blu-ray disks contain so-called phase-change materials that morph from one atomic state to another after being struck with pulses of laser light, with data"recorded"in those two atomic states.
Using ultrafast laser pulses that speed up the data recording process, Caltech researchers adopted a novel technique, ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC),
In doing so, they discovered a previously unknown intermediate atomic statene that may represent an unavoidable limit to data recording speeds.
By shedding light on the fundamental physical processes involved in data storage the work may lead to better, faster computer memory systems with larger storage capacity.
The research, done in the laboratory of Ahmed Zewail, Linus Pauling Professor of Chemistry and professor of physics, will be published in the July 28 print issue of the journal ACS Nano("Transient Structures and Possible Limits of Data
Recording in Phase-change Materials"."When the laser light interacts with a phase-change material, its atomic structure changes from an ordered crystalline arrangement to a more disordered,
These two states represent 0s and 1s of digital data.""Today, nanosecond lasersasers that pulse light at one-billionth of a secondre used to record information on DVDS and Blu-ray disks,
by driving the material from one state to another, "explains Giovanni Vanacore, a postdoctoral scholar and an author on the study.
The speed with which data can be recorded is determined both by the speed of the laserhat is,
the researchers believe that it represents a physical limit to how quickly the overall transition can occurnd to how fast data can be recorded,
"Despite revealing such limits, the research could one day aid the development of better data storage for computers,
Right now, computers generally store information in several ways, among them the well-known random-access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM.
RAM, which is used to run the programs on your computer, can record and rewrite information very quickly via an electrical current.
whenever the computer is powered down. ROM storage, including CDS and DVDS, uses phase-change materials and lasers to store information.
Although ROM records and reads data more slowly, the information can be stored for decades. Finding ways to speed up the recording process of phase-change materials
and understanding the limits to this speed could lead to a new type of memory that harnesses the best of both worlds.
and then rewrite a DVD. Although these applications could mean exciting changes for future computer technologies,
and an Argonaute protein at its core and cleaves the target RNA. However, there were no suitable tools to directly monitor the RNAI reaction
a multipurpose sensor Glass fibres can do more than transport data. A special type of glass fibre can also be used as a high-precision multipurpose sensor,
as researchers at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) in Erlangen have demonstrated now("Flying particle sensors in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre").
which can literally sense different physical quantities such as electric field, temperature or vibrations through the inside of this hollow-core photonic crystal fibre.
which flies through the hollow channel in the interior of a photonic crystal fibre to measure different physical quantities, for example the electric field along the optical fibre.
The glass fibres which we owe particular thanks to for high rates of data transmission and thus a fast Internet, have an inner channel made of glass with a high refractive index, surrounded by a cladding of glass with a low refractive index.
The difference in refractive index ensures that the light beam is reflected at the interface to the cladding.
It thus remains trapped in the core like water in a pipe and follows the glass fibre,
More precisely, they trap light in the inner channel similar to the different types of glass in conventional optical fibres.
however, enable several applications that are not possible with conventional optical fibres. The fact that the fibres have a hollow core was a crucial aspect for the team.
As the air-filled cavity cannot be darkened by radioactive radiation the researchers see PCFS as an interesting alternative to conventional fibre-optic sensors in order to ultimately measure radioactivity as well.
whether hollow-core photonic crystal fibres are suitable as sensors by initially using the fibres to measure electric fields, vibrations and temperatures.
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