of metal-organic frameworks (MOFS)- sponge-like 3d crystals with an extraordinarily large internal surface area-that feature flexible gas-adsorbing pores.
This flexibility gives these MOFS a high capacity for storing methane, which in turn has the potential to help make the driving range of an adsorbed-natural-gas (ANG) car comparable to that of a typical gasoline-powered car."
and reduce the cooling effects upon discharging the gas from the ANG tank, "says Jeffrey Long,
"Long is the corresponding author of a Nature paper that describes this work entitled,"Methane storage in flexible metal-organic frameworks with intrinsic thermal management."
ANG has the potential to store high densities of methane within a porous material at ambient temperature and moderate pressures
and desorbing the gas from the adsorbent has proven to be difficult. The key to the success of the MOFS developed by Long,
Mason and their colleagues is stepped a"adsorption and desorption of methane gas.""Most porous materials that would be used as adsorbents exhibit classical Langmuir-type isotherm adsorption,
where the amount of methane adsorbed increases continuously but with a decreasing slope as the pressure is raised so that,
upon discharging the methane down to the minimum delivery pressure, much of it remains in the tank,
because the gas must force its way into the MOF crystal structure, opening and expanding the pores.
This means the amount of methane that can be delivered to the engine, i e.,, the usable capacity, is higher than for traditional, non-flexible adsorbents."
when methane is delivered to accelerate the vehicle.""Crystallites that experience higher external pressures will have a greater free energy change associated with the phase transition
Combined gas adsorption and in situ powder X-ray diffraction experiments performed under various pressures of methane at 25°C (77°F) showed that there is minimal adsorption of methane by the cobalt-bpd MOF at low pressures,
When the methane pressure decreased to between 10 bar and 5 bar the framework fully converted back to the collapsed phase,
pushing out all of the adsorbed methane gas. Long says that it should be possible to design MOF adsorbents of methane with even stronger gas binding sites and higher energy phase transitions for next generation ANG vehicles.
He and his group are working on this now and are also investigating whether the strategy can be applied to hydrogen,
"Carbon dioxide is 15 percent of the gas coming off a power plant, so a carbon-capture unit is going to be said big
"From flue gas to submarines Power plants that capture CO2 today use an old technology whereby flue gases are bubbled through organic amines in water, where the carbon dioxide binds to amines.
The liquid is heated then to 120-150 degrees Celsius (250-300 degrees Fahrenheit) to release the gas, after
which can be a problem in flue gas. And it just happens we got the right length in the amine to make these one-dimensional chains that bind CO2IN a cooperative manner."
as they use the rare gas xenon as a propellant, which also needs pressurization for storage.
the researchers flowed methane through a tube furnace at 1, 000 degrees C over a copper foil that catalyzed its decomposition into carbon and hydrogen.
and react to make a precursor compound that is deposited on a substrate by an argon carrier gas.
Some rely on gas-filled chambers; others work only in narrow frequency bands, limiting their utility. Synthetic diamonds with nitrogen vacancies (NVS) defects that are extremely sensitive to magnetic fields have held long promise as the basis for efficient, portable magnetometers.
#Scientists a step closer to developing renewable propane (Nanowerk News) Researchers at The University of Manchester have made a significant breakthrough in the development of synthetic pathways that will enable renewable biosynthesis of the gas propane.
working with colleagues at Imperial College and University of Turku, have created a synthetic pathway for biosynthesis of the gas propane.
While under ambient conditions it is a clean-burning gas, with existing global markets and infrastructure for storage,
so that their ability to carry an electric current changes in the presence of a particular gas.
spatially-explicit overview of biogenic gas emission resulting from crops used to produce biofuels. In developing this model,
But compressing gas into a high-pressure mixture takes a lot of energy. The benefit of enhanced binding is that the new catalyst requires lower pressure
and also shows the strongest methane signature ever detected on an alien planet, which should yield additional clues as to how the planet formed.
whereas others are around 700 C and features the strongest atmospheric methane signal on record.
Previous Jupiter-like exoplanets have shown only faint traces of methane, far different from the heavy methane atmospheres of the gas giants in our solar system.
"In the atmospheres of the cold giant planets of our solar system carbon is found as methane,
Since the atmosphere of 51 Eridani is also methane rich, it signifies that this planet is well on its way to becoming a cousin of our own familiar Jupiter,
pockets of water vapor or gas accumulate in them by underwater evaporation or effervescence, just like a drop of water evaporates without having to boil it.
These gas pockets deflect water, keeping the surface dry, "he said. In a study published today (Aug 18) by the journal Scientific Reports("Sustaining dry surfaces under water),
where dissolved gas was removed from the ambient liquid, and they also remained dry.""It was amazing and
allowing gas to be retained between the hairs.""These gas-retaining insects have surface properties consistent with our predictions,
allowing them to stay dry for a long time, "said Paul R. Jones, the study's first author.
alerting the wearer by turning on an LED light("Ultrasensitive and Highly Selective Graphene-Based Single Yarn for Use in Wearable Gas Sensor").
a pollutant gas commonly found in vehicle exhaust that also results from fossil fuel combustion. Prolonged exposure to nitrogen dioxide can be dangerous to human health,
and filter harmful gas from air. his sensor can bring a significant change to our daily life
unlike the gas sensors invariably developed with the existing solid substrates, says Dr. Hyung-Kun Lee,
This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen and argon gases into a tube furnace.
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
#Ultrasensitive sensors made from boron-doped graphene Ultrasensitive gas sensors based on the infusion of boron atoms into graphene--a tightly bound matrix of carbon atoms--may soon be possible, according to an international team of researchers
but it is also a highly sensitive gas sensor. With the addition of boron atoms, the boron graphene sensors were able to detect noxious gas molecules at extremely low concentrations, parts per billion in the case of nitrogen oxides and parts per million for ammonia
the two gases tested to date. This translates to a 27 times greater sensitivity to nitrogen oxides
reported today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences("Ultrasensitive gas detection of large-area boron-doped graphene),
Once fabricated, the researchers sent boron graphene samples to researchers at the Honda Research Institute USA Inc.,Columbus, Ohio, who tested the samples against their own highly sensitive gas sensors.
"This multidisciplinary research paves a new avenue for further exploration of ultrasensitive gas sensors, "said Avetik Harutyunyan,
it is safer and simpler to take it into space than a plasma or gas.
versus the 60 percent efficiency of the gas motor. The idea of electric propulsion is nothing new;
the aluminum reacts with the sodium hydroxide to release hydrogen gas, while placing the aluminum in the liquid metal drop's rear creates differences in electrical charges across the liquid metal.
This technique flows a mixture of methane, hydrogen, and argon gases into a tube furnace.
At high temperatures, methane decomposes into carbon atoms that settle onto the germanium's surface to form a uniform graphene sheet.
#A better way to pack natural gas into fuel tanks A new and innovative way to store methane could speed the development of natural gas-powered cars that don require the high pressures
. most of them trucks and buses. But until manufacturers can find a way to pack more methane into a tank at lower pressures and temperatures,
UC Berkeley chemists have developed now a porous and flexible material so-called metal-organic framework (MOF) or storing methane that addresses these problems.
when the methane is extracted to run the engine, but expands when the methane is pumped in at only moderate pressure,
within the range produced by a home compressor. ou could potentially fill up at home, said Jeffrey Long,
The flexible MOF can be loaded with methane the main ingredient of natural gas, at 35 to 65 times atmospheric pressure (500 to 900 psi),
Next-gen NG vehicles Long said that next-generation natural gas vehicles will require a material that binds the methane and packs it more densely into the fuel tank, providing a larger driving range.
One of the major problems has been finding a material that absorbs the methane at a relatively low pressure,
for gas molecules to stick to the internal surfaces of the poresnd store them at high density,
is that they do not heat up as much as other methane absorbers, so there is less cooling of the fuel required. f you fill a tank that has adsorbent, such as activated charcoal,
when the methane binds it releases heat, he said. ith our material, some of that heat goes into changing the structure of the material,
The flexible MOF material could perhaps even be placed inside a balloon-like bag that stretches to accommodate the expanding MOF as methane is pumped in
along with serving to increase natural gas-powered vehicle driving range within the limited cargo space. atural gas storage in porous materials provides the key advantage of being able to store significant amounts of natural gas at low pressures
than compressed gas at the same conditions, said Veenstra, the principal investigator of this ARPA-E project. he advantage of low pressure is the benefit it provides both onboard the vehicle and off-board at the station.
Long has been exploring MOFS as gas adsorbers for a decade, hoping to use them to capture carbon dioxide emitted from power plants or store hydrogen in hydrogen-fueled vehicles,
or to catalyze gas reactions for industry. Last year, however, a study by UC Berkeley Berend Smit found that rigid MOFS have limited a capacity to store methane.
Long and graduate student and first author Jarad Mason instead turned to flexible MOFS noting that they behave better
when methane is pumped in and out. The flexible MOFS they tested are based on cobalt and iron atoms dispersed throughout the structure, with links of benzenedipyrazolate (bdp).
Most people know the ice, liquid and gas phases, and some are familiar with the different magnetic phases that store data in our electronic devices
while flowing nitrogen gas is known to extract oxygen atoms from the bismuth vanadate, creating"defects."
and accounts for a significant portion of U s. methane emissions. Landfills are the third largest source of methane in the United states. Furthermore,
experts have projected that reducing food losses by just 15 percent would provide enough food for more than 25 million Americans every year,
By reducing wasted food in landfills, we cut harmful methane emissions that fuel climate change, conserve our natural resources,
Immediately the water in the acid solution began to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas.
they'd actually managed to ionise the gas into plasma.""This method is probably an easy and original way to make a plasma,
and theyl be installing six new gas engines to replace existing boilers, which will provide cheaper, cleaner power for their trains.
Low temperature plasmas are formed by applying a high electric field across a gas using an electrode, which breaks down the gas to form plasma.
This creates a complex, unique reactive environment containing high concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS).
The process generates an extremely high particle concentration, enabling a high production speed but with low gas consumption.
and changing the air to a different gas could enable even lower operation powers. An advantage of this"one-color"approach to generating terahertz radiation is the fact that the terahertz waves propagate in a different direction to the laser beam.
but with different materials, it starts with a powdery precursor, forms a gas and sprinkles single atoms onto a substrate, one layer at a time.
"Nitric oxide is formed a gas from arginine that relaxes blood vessels and lowers arterial blood pressure. The destruction of arginine by arginase reduces nitric oxide levels, leading to the constriction of blood vessels and high blood pressure."
production of methane emissions and odors) make necessary to search for other waste management routes. It is highlighted the thermal treatment through pyrolysis for large scale production of biochar
"Another interesting case is gas phase samples, "Li says.""Due to the almost 1, 000-fold shorter wavelength of electrons compared to X-rays,
Synthesis of graphene via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) of methane gas onto a copper substrate is the most common way of producing the quantity
genetic changes that contributed to large epidemics of group A streptococcus (GAS).""These findings now give us the opportunity to begin to develop new translational medicine tools
"According to the World health organization, GAS causes more than 600 million cases of human disease every year. The majority of cases are group A streptococcus pharyngitis, more commonly known as strep throat.
was that changes in the genetic make-up of the GAS pathogen had underpinned new epidemics. To address this hypothesis
the researchers found they could ionize the gas into a plasma that glowed a soft blue light."
and the water in the hydrochloric acid solution started to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas.
At first the researchers believed that the drop might be resting on a cushion of hydrogen gas from the breakup of water
farming and even oil and gas exploration are highly vulnerable to wear and tear, Erdemir said. His new technology could help preserve all this equipment."
investigates the synthesis of valuable organic molecules directly from calcium carbide, without separation and storage of acetylene gas.
storing, and handling of acetylene gas. The developed process gives a vivid example of successful replacement of dangerous and difficult to handle acetylene gas by a simple and inexpensive calcium carbide.
oil and gas pipelines and nuclear plants has been developed by researchers at the University of Strathclyde with inspiration from the natural world.
pockets of water vapor or gas accumulate in them by underwater evaporation or effervescence, just like a drop of water evaporates without having to boil it.
These gas pockets deflect water, keeping the surface dry, "he said. In a study published today (Aug 18) by the journal Scientific Reports,
where dissolved gas was removed from the ambient liquid, and they also remained dry.""It was amazing and
allowing gas to be retained between the hairs.""These gas-retaining insects have surface properties consistent with our predictions,
allowing them to stay dry for a long time, "said Paul R. Jones, the study's first author.
generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas. The photocathode recombines the protons and electrons to form hydrogen gas.
A key part of the JCAP design is the plastic membrane, which keeps the oxygen and hydrogen gases separate.
in which the liquid partially floats on a layer of air or gas, and Wenzel, in which the droplets are in full contact with the surface,
which exhibit a spontaneous, partial reappearance of the trapped gas phase upon liquid depressurization. This phenomenon appears to be influenced by the kinetics of gas-liquid exchange.
These results have profound implications for the understanding and the design of nanosized multiphase (liquid/vapor) systems, including more effective superhydrophobic coatings.
Peidong Yang, a professor of chemistry at Berkeley and co-director of the school's Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, leads a team that has created an artificial leaf that produces methane, the primary component of natural gas
a professor of chemistry at Berkeley and co-director of the school's Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, leads a team that has created an artificial leaf that produces methane,
shows considerable protection against malaria when displayed on Archaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles. A vaccine based on this motif could confer protection against all malaria parasites.
Shiladitya Dassarma's laboratory at the University of Maryland School of medicine, Baltimore, USA, who has developed Archaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles (GVNPS.
which are the basic charges to make the building blocks of ionic devices such as to name only a few can be, fuel cells, electrolysis cells, batteries, gas sensors,
#A new look at superfluidity MIT physicists have created a superfluid gas, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate, for the first time in an extremely high magnetic field.
Within this magnetic field, the researchers could keep a gas superfluid for a tenth of a second just long enough for the team to observe it.
In the end, the researchers were able to keep the superfluid gas stable for a tenth of a second.
Alexanderalus via Wikimedia, CC BY-SA 3. 0in this process scientists start with methane, which adsorbs to the germanium surface
when they were exploring dramatically slowing the growth rate of the graphene crystals by decreasing the amount of methane in the chemical vapour deposition chamber.
Cassie, in which the liquid partially floats on a layer of air or gas, and Wenzel, in which the droplets are in full contact with the surface,
Most atmospheric carbon dioxide is produced from fossil fuel combustion, a waste known as flue gas. But converting the carbon dioxide into a harmless compound requires a durable
Flue gas would be passed through the solvent, with the carbonic anhydrase converting the carbon dioxide into bicarbonate.
and utilize them to pull carbon dioxide out of flue gas, he said t
#Bioengineers cut in half time needed to make high-tech flexible sensors Bioengineers at the University of California,
In the same way that gas must be in the fuel tank in order to power the car's engine proteins need to be in a specific compartment to properly exercise their functions.
#Carbonate rocks are unrecognized methane sink Since the first undersea methane seep was discovered 30 years ago scientists have analyzed meticulously
and measured how microbes in the seafloor sediments consume the greenhouse gas methane as part of understanding how the Earth works.
The sediment-based microbes form an important methane sink preventing much of the chemical from reaching the atmosphere
and contributing to greenhouse gas accumulation. As a byproduct of this process the microbes create a type of rock known as authigenic carbonate
which while interesting to scientists was thought not to be involved in the processing of methane. That is no longer the case.
A team of scientists has discovered that these authigenic carbonate rocks also contain vast amounts of active microbes that take up methane.
This goes to show how the global methane process is still rather poorly understood Thurber added.
Methane-derived carbonates represent a large volume within many seep systems and finding active methane-consuming archaea and bacteria in the interior of these carbonate rocks extends the known habitat for methane-consuming microorganisms beyond the relatively thin layer of sediment that may overlay a carbonate mound said Marlow
a geobiology graduate student in the lab of Victoria Orphan of Caltech. These assemblages are also found in the Gulf of mexico as well as off Chile New zealand Africa Europe
because the rock-based microbes potentially may consume a huge amount of methane. The microbes were less active than those found in the sediment
Studies have found that approximately 3-6 percent of the methane in the atmosphere is from marine sources
--and this number is so low due to microbes in the ocean sediments consuming some 60-90 percent of the methane that would otherwise escape.
Now those ratios will have to be reexamined to determine how much of the methane sink can be attributed to microbes in rocks versus those in sediments.
We found that these carbonate rocks located in areas of active methane seeps are themselves more active Thurber said.
when methane becomes available. In some ways these rocks are like armies waiting in the wings to be needed called upon
when to absorb methane. The ocean contains vast amounts of methane which has long been a concern to scientists.
Marine reservoirs of methane are estimated to total more than 455 gigatons and may be as much as 10000 gigatons carbon in methane.
A gigaton is approximate 1. 1 billion tons. By contrast all of the planet's gas and oil deposits are thought to total about 200-300 gigatons of carbon.
Story Source: The above story is provided based on materials by Oregon State university y
#Tool enhances social inclusion for people with autism The University of Alicante has developed together with centres in the UK Spain
and Bulgaria a tool designed to assist people with autism spectrum disorders by adapting written documents into a format that is easier for them to read
but is visible from the gas around it. The gas is being acted upon by the black hole's very strong gravitational field.
The wavelengths that make Sagittarius A*visible are scattered by interstellar gas along the line of sight in the same way that light is scattered by fog On earth.
This will be important for future research on the gas near this black hole. This work is a good example of the synergy between different modern research infrastructures technologies and science ideas.
In the atmosphere the electrons ionize gas molecules leading to the production of ozone-depleting catalyst gases.
If we were not using argon as protective inert gas it would be fully possible to synthesize this advanced catalyst in my own kitchen!
The authors consider wind solar hydraulic nuclear coal and gas as potential energy sources. In their model the energy demand and availability are cast as random variables.
Bacteria decompose the mixture and produce among others the energy-rich gas of methane. It is used then for the gas stoves in the kitchen of the hospital.
Via a pipeline system the gas is passed directly on to the gas stoves of the neighboring houses.
methane Rice university scientists have created a highly sensitive portable sensor to test the air for the most damaging greenhouse gases.
and laser pioneer Frank Tittel and his group uses a thumbnail-sized quantum cascade laser (QCL) as well as tuning forks that cost no more than a dime to detect very small amounts of nitrous oxide and methane.
and found it capable of detecting trace amounts of methane, 13 parts per billion by volume (ppbv),
"Methane and nitrous oxide are both significant greenhouse gases emitted from human activities, "Tittel said.""Methane is emitted by natural sources, such as wetlands,
and human activities, such as leakage from natural gas systems and the raising of livestock.""Human activities such as agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, wastewater management and industrial processes are increasing the amount of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere.
The warming impact of methane and nitrous oxide is more than 20 and 300 times, respectively, greater compared to the most prevalent greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.
For these reasons, methane and nitrous oxide detection is crucial to environmental considerations.""The small QCL has only become available in recent years,
and is far better able to detect trace amounts of gas than lasers used in the past.
When light at a specific wavelength is absorbed by the gas of interest, localized heating of the molecules leads to a temperature
and pressure increase in the gas.""If the incident light intensity is modulated, then the temperature and pressure will be said as well,
That signal is proportional to the gas concentration.""The unit can detect the presence of methane or nitrous oxide in as little as a second,
he said. To field test the device, the Rice team installed it on a mobile laboratory used during NASA's DISCOVER-AQ campaign, which analyzed pollution on the ground and from the air last September.
"This was a milestone for trace-gas sensing, "Ren said.""Now we're trying to minimize the size of the whole system."
The scientists can use gas-based samples rather than high concentrations in solution and the technique is much more detailed by looking at energies involved scientists can see many other things about the molecule,
Most of the material is gas, but about 1%of this mass (quite a lot in astronomical terms) takes the form of tiny dust grains made predominantly of silicates (sand is also silicates),
They are essential to the chemistry that takes place in the interstellar medium by providing gas molecules with a surface on
In the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco city in Tianjin, China, Itron deployed one network that runs three meters--water, electricity and gas.
Council Lead Partner Itron, meanwhile, completed installation of smart water, heat and gas meters and communication modules as well as its fixed network for Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco city in Tianjin, China.
commonly called fracking, is a technique drillers use to reach vast tracts of previously untouchable gas trapped in shale.
Environmental concerns posed by fracking like the release of methane and groundwater contamination have escalated with the advent of the natural gas boom in the U s. The huge amount of water used in fracking has become a particularly touchy subject in drought-ridden areas where some 55 percent of the wells fracked
000 oil and shale gas wells between January 2011 and May 2013.##GE said it will work with Statoil to evaluate
Give us gas and oil's $12b, and we'll cool planet Siemens: 880m euros'worth of wind power orders since July Google invests $75 million in U s. wind far r
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