The ultrahigh-resolution images provide information on the distribution of charges in the electron shells of single molecules and even atoms.
a single electron jumps from the tip of the microscope to the sensor molecule or back.
A shift in one direction or the other corresponds to the presence or absence of an additional electron
but rather two electric fields that act on the mobile electron of the molecular sensor: the first is the field of a nanostructure being measured,
The cloak is a thin Teflon sheet (light blue) embedded with many small, cylindrical ceramic particles (dark blue.
because they are made with metal particles, which absorb light. The researchers report that one of the keys to their cloak's design is the use of nonconductive materials called dielectrics,
which many small cylindrical ceramic particles were embedded, each with a different height depending on its position on the cloak."
"By changing the height of each dielectric particle, we were able to control the reflection of light at each point on the cloak,
We were able to demonstrate that a thin cloak designed with cylinder-shaped dielectric particles can help us significantly reduce the object's shadow.""
and environmentally benign method to combat bacteria by engineering nanoscale particles that add the antimicrobial potency of silver to a core of lignin,
The remaining particles degrade easily after disposal because of their biocompatible lignin core, limiting the risk to the environment.
says that the particles could be the basis for reduced risk pesticide products with reduced cost and minimized environmental impact.
We are now working to scale up the process to synthesize the particles under continuous flow conditions s
harnessing its output for imaging applications that make microscopic particles appear huge.""The device makes an object super-visible by enlarging its optical appearance with this super-strong scattering effect,
"Microcavity To produce the room-temperature condensate, the team of researchers from Polytechnique and Imperial College first created a device that makes it possible for polaritons-hybrid quasiparticles that are part light
Konstantinos Daskalakis, Imperial College London) Quantum objects visible to the naked eye Quantum mechanics tells us that objects exhibit not only particle-like behaviour,
with bosons, particles of a particular type that can be combined in large numbers in the same quantum state,
A trap for half-light, half-matter quasiparticles Placing particles in the same state to obtain a condensate normally requires the temperature to be lowered to a level near absolute zero:
the team of researchers from Polytechnique and Imperial College first created a device that makes it possible for polaritons-hybrid quasiparticles that are part light
Toward future polariton lasers and optical transistors In a condensate, the polaritons all behave the same way, like photons in a laser.
The research team foresees that the next major challenge in developing such applications will be to obtain a lower particle-condensation threshold
"One fascinating aspect, for example, is the extraordinary transition between the state of non-condensed particles and the formation of a condensate.
including the nucleus. In the PNAS paper, the scientists explain how they used Sticky-flares to quantify?
most notably their inability to track RNA location and enter the nucleus. The Northwestern team believes Sticky-flares are poised to become a valuable tool for researchers who desire to understand the function of RNA in live cells s
carrying electrons with almost no resistance even at room temperature, a property known as ballistic transport. Graphene's unique optical, mechanical and electrical properties have lead to the one-atom-thick form of carbon being heralded as the next generation material for faster, smaller, cheaper and less power-hungry electronics."
the jolt of energy can kick one of its electrons up to an excited state and create a charge distribution imbalance.
At the higher energy electron band, there's now an excess of negative charge due to the addition of an electron.
Meanwhile, at the lower energy electron band, there's an excess of positive charge (known as a"hole) "because an electron has left.
In this excited, unbalanced state, Tio2 can catalyze oxidation and reduction of materials around it. The excited electron will have a tendency to leave the Tio2 to reduce something nearby,
while the hole will help another substance to oxidize by accepting one of its electrons.
However pure Tio2 has a large bandgap--that is, it takes a great deal of energy to excite electrons from one level to another--and only displays photocatalytic properties under ultraviolet light.
Plus, the excited electron tends to quickly fall back down and recombine with the hole, giving the catalyst little time in its excited state to induce a reaction.
In order to turn Tio2 nanoparticles into a better photocatalyst, the researchers made several modifications. First, they added silver to the surface of the nanoparticles,
When light strikes Tio2 and excites one of its electrons the silver will pull that electron away
so that it can't fall back down into the hole. The hole can then more readily assist in an oxidation reaction.
which energetic electrons at the surface of a material vibrate at a specific frequency and enhance light absorption over a narrow range of wavelengths.
Like the silver, the addition of RGO helped the hole to persist by accepting excited electrons from Tio2.
maybe they could use our particles as well, Brandl says. hen we came up with the idea to use our particles to remove toxic chemicals, pollutants,
or hormones from water, because we saw that the particles aggregate once you irradiate them with UV light.
A trap for ater-fearingpollution The researchers synthesized polymers from polyethylene glycol, a widely used compound found in laxatives, toothpaste,
the stabilizing outer shell of the particles is shed, and now nrichedby the pollutants they form larger aggregates that can then be removed through filtration, sedimentation,
Against such a background, recently neutron capture therapy (1) has been drawing attention. By irradiating the affected area with a pinpoint light beam, ultrasonic waves,
and thermal neutrons, which can be administered safely to living organisms, specific chemical compounds (neutron sensitizer elements) are activated
and kill the cancer cells. This therapy has a lower burden on patients. However, the technological development to deliver the neutron sensitizer molecules to cancer cells has been a great challenge.
A research team led by Professor Kazunori Kataoka, Department of Bioengineering, School of engineering, The University of Tokyo (concurrently serving as the Director of the Innovation Center of Nanomedicine,
or magnevist) broadly used as an MRI contrast agent to the affected area("Hybrid Calcium phosphate-Polymeric Micelles Incorporating Gadolinium Chelates for Imaging-Guided Gadolinium Neutron capture Tumor Therapy").
Moreover, when the Team applied the nanomachine to cancer neutron capture therapy, they confirmed a remarkable curative effect.
This nanomachine therapy enables an imaging-guided thermal neutron irradiation treatment; thus it can be expected to lead to a reliable cancer treatment with no missed cancer cells.
low-power electronics that use electron spin rather than charge to carry information. Typically when referring to electrical current,
an image of electrons moving through a metallic wire is conjured. Using the spin Seebeck effect (SSE),
it is possible to create a current of pure spin (a quantum property of electrons related to its magnetic moment) in magnetic insulators.
"Spin is a quantum property of electrons that scientists often compare to a tiny bar magnet that points either"up"or"down."
One such method is to separate the flow of electron spin from the flow of electron current,
scientists have kept typically electrons stationary in a lattice made of an insulating ferromagnetic material, such as yttrium iron garnet (YIG.
At its most basic level, your smart phone's battery is powering billions of transistors using electrons to flip on and off billions of times per second.
But if microchips could use photons instead of electrons to process and transmit data, computers could operate even faster.
the free electrons on its surface begin to oscillate together in a wave. These oscillations create their own light,
which reacts again with the free electrons. Energy trapped on the surface of the nanocube in this fashion is called a plasmon.
in turn, produce a directional, efficient emission of photons that can be turned on and off at more than 90 gigahertz."
lack of efficiency and inability to direct the photons, "said Gleb Akselrod, a postdoctoral research in Mikkelsen's laboratory."
"The group is now working to use the plasmonic structure to create a single photon source--a necessity for extremely secure quantum communications--by sandwiching a single quantum dot in the gap between the silver nanocube and gold foil.
and electrons that propagate along a surface of a metal strip. At the end of the strip they are converted back to light once again.
Some of the amphiphilic polycarbonates made by this method are able to aggregate into particles or micelles in a self-organization process.
Exposing the material to a pulsing laser light causes electrons to move from one energy level called the valence band to a higher energy level called the conduction band.
As the electrons move to the conduction band they leave behind"holes"in the valance band,
and eventually the electrons recombine with these holes. The switching speed of transistors is limited by how fast it takes conventional semiconductors such as silicon to complete this cycle of light to be absorbed,
excite electrons, produce holes and then recombine.""So what we would like to do is speed drastically this up,
patterns or elements that enable unprecedented control of light by harnessing clouds of electrons called surface plasmons.
Electrons are diffracted differently in the crystalline structure of a compound of germanium, antimony and tellurium (GST) than in the amorphous one.
Itinerant binding electrons change the state Since the structural change would have to happen so rapidly,
As the images of the electron diffraction (grey rings) show, the crystalline structure is maintained here.
In order to understand what precisely happens here, it is helpful to take a look at the arrangement of the electrons in crystalline GST,
where individual electrons in addition to electron pairs bind the individual atoms together. These electrons are confined not to a bond between two atoms.
The electronic loners rather participate in multiple bonds simultaneously: they are bonded resonantly, as physicists say.
The resonantly bonded electrons dictate the optical properties of crystalline GST, however, they can be moved quite easily to conventionally bonded states.
He and his colleagues tracked the structural change with short bursts of electrons, which race through a crystal differently than through irregularly structured materials.
Since the researchers also sent the electrons after the exciting laser pulse with a different delay
We want to investigate which states the electrons arrive at as they are excited and how the energy can flow away in sandwich structures,
The findings, published today in Science("Crystallization by particle attachment in synthetic, biogenic, and geologic environments"),have implications for decades-old questions in science
"We show how these crystals can be built up into complex structures by attaching particles as nanocrystals, clusters,
Many scientists have contributed to identifying these particles and pathways to becoming a crystal our challenge was to put together a framework to understand them."
or use computer simulations to visualize how particles can form and attach. The international group met for a three-day workshop in Berkeley, California,
"In animal and laboratory systems alike, the process begins by forming the particles. They can be small molecules, clusters, droplets, or nanocrystals.
All of these particles are unstable and begin to combine with each other and with nearby crystals and other surfaces.
Study authors say much work needs to be done to understand the forces that cause these particles to move and combine.
"Particle pathways are tricky because they can form what appear to be crystals with the traditional faceted surfaces
"I was surprised at how widespread a phenomenon particle-mediated crystallization is and how easily one can create a unified picture that captures its many styles. s
and the tangles known as tau aren't the only factors that lead to Alzheimer's. There are probably several different paths to dementia,
#Physicists discover long-sought'pentaquark'particle CERN's Large hadron collider announced Tuesday that researchers discovered a remarkable class of particles known as pentaquarks that could reshape scientists'understanding about the properties of matter.
According to Syracuse physicist Sheldon Stone, graduate student Nathan Jurik was studying the decay of a different particle
"Atoms, and the protons and neutrons that make up their nuclei, are familiar terms in science.
But quarks are even smaller particles--the building blocks of protons, neutrons and other subatomic particles known as baryons.
Baryons, including protons and neutrons, are composed of three quarks. A pentaquark is something different--a"composite state"that groups four quarks and one antiquark, the associated antimatter particle for a quark.
Studying composite states can give scientists additional insight into the properties of ordinary baryons.""Benefitting from the large data set provided by the LHC,
and the excellent precision of our detector, we have examined all possibilities for these signals, and conclude that they can only be explained by pentaquark states,
whose research group was a leader in the analysis."More precisely the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark."
"The discovery was made by the CERN Large hadron collider b-quark (LHCB) experiment group, one of several ongoing particle physics experiments at the laboratory.
LHCB studies antimatter and its relationship to matter. The group has submitted a paper reporting its findings to the journal Physical Review Letters.
"The pentaquark is not just any new particle, "said LHCB spokesperson Guy Wilkinson.""It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over fifty years of experimental searches.
the protons and neutrons from which we're all made, is constituted.""Years'worth of other experiments searching for pentaquarks have proved inconclusive,
LHCB's research looked for the particles from many perspectives, with all results pointing to the same conclusion.
known as Lambda b."While existence of pentaquarks was speculated on since the beginning of the quark model in 1964,
and will lead to a better understanding of quark formations created by nuclear forces, with possible implications in astrophysics."
quarks are bound together in pentaquarks--loosely or tightly. The answer to that question will play a key role in determining
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by the target object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of a single photon.
The electrons in the silicon layer are isolated so from the silicon lattice they become highly sensitive to incoming radiation.
what happened after the Big bang, recently found signs of the pentaquark in a powerful proton collision.
what we see could be due to something else other than the addition of a new particle that was observed not before.
Quarks are fundamental units of matter and make up everything that exists. There are six types: up, down, strange, charm,
When Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig created the quark model in the 1960s, they suggested the existence of the pentaquark,
which is created when five quarks combine. About a decade ago, several different teams thought they had found the elusive particle,
but each claim was shown eventually to be incorrect. Ian Sample, of The Guardian, explains their discovery further:
esearchers on the LHCB team found evidence for pentaquarks after studying the disintegration of an unstable ball of three quarks called a Lambda baryon.
The exotic pentaquarks they observed are made up of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark and one anti-charm quark.
but this could provide additional information about particles that underpin all matter. Physicists expect to find more pentaquarks in the future
Researchers from Stanford university created this wonder by using magnetized particles flowing through a network of channels.
potentially offering advantages over laser-scanning confocal, two-photon and light-sheet microscopy. Developed by Columbia University professor Dr. Elizabeth Hillman and graduate student Matthew Bouchard,
Confocal and two-photon microscopes can image a single plane within a living sample, but cannot generate 3-D images quickly enough to capture events like neurons firing.
it cannot penetrate tissue as deeply as two-photon microscopy. The new technique could be combined with optogenetics and other tissue manipulations,
conventional MRI, the radiotracer carbon-13 (C-13) pyruvate and hyperpolarized MRI at a resolution of 2. 5 mm, Medipix positron detector, luminescence sensor,
Direct positron imaging is a nuclear medicine technique that allows researchers to gain physiological information from radiolabeled imaging agents that bind to targets in the body.
"At the highest temperatures, the electron temperature is much higher than that of acoustic vibrational modes of the graphene lattice,
the color of fluorescence shifts into the highly desirable, blue spectral range and the capacity to transport electrons is improved substantially.
"To study this, the researchers developed ultrafast electron crystallography (UEC), which allowed them to observe directly the transitioning atomic configuration of a prototypical phase-change material, germanium telluride (Gete), under femtosecond laser pulses.
The technique directs a pulse of electrons at the material after each laser pulse to create pictures of the sample's atomic configuration over time.
With the new graphene coating, the diamond particles could roll far more easily over a larger diamond-like surface that the researchers used as a testing ground.
When infrared laser light strikes the tiny spirals, it is absorbed by electrons in the gold arms.
These arms are so thin that the electrons are forced to move along the spiral. Electrons that are driven toward the center absorb enough energy
so that some of them emit blue light at double the frequency of the incoming infrared light.
because the polarization pushes the electrons toward the center of the spiral. Counterclockwise polarized light,
because the polarization tends to push the electrons outward so that the waves from all around the nano-spiral interfere destructively. he combination of the unique characteristics of their frequency doubling
and spin microscopic particles suspended in water. The research by academics from the University of Bristol's Department of Mechanical engineering and Northwestern Polytechnical University in China, is published in Physical Review Letters.
what happens to the particles depends strongly on their size. Bruce Drinkwater, Professor of Ultrasonics in the Department of Mechanical engineering and one of the authors of the study
their electrons buddy up and move through the material without encountering any sort of resistance. More specifically, Lexus'use of liquid nitrogenhich has a temperature of-321 degrees Fahrenheitells us that they're using a high-temperature superconductor like yttrium barium copper oxide,
The finding is surprising because electrons in insulators, such as glass, are stuck largely in one place, yielding high resistance to the flow of electricity.
On the other hand, electrons in conducting materials such as metals flow freely over long distances. So how can you possibly get electrons behaving in both ways in a single material?
One way is to have a sandwich comprising a surface that is conducting juxtaposed with a bulk that is insulating.
"which roughly represents the geometry traced by the orbits of electrons in the material. In this way, they reveal details about the movement of electrons
which is why the measurement is used typically to better understand the properties of conducting materials.
and saw rapid wiggles on the screen indicating that the electrons were travelling long distances characteristic of a metal. ou do realise,
contrary to current understanding, electrons in certain insulators can somehow behave as if they were in a metal.
According to quantum mechanics, particles can occupy two states at the same time. That is why the famous Schrödinger Cat can be both dead and alive.
Quantum physics can result in trillions of electrons in materials acting collectively to exhibit dramatically different properties from
"But that information has to be converted to electrons when it comes into your laptop. In that conversion, you're slowing things down.
"Over the past decade or so, wee ditched the old model of transmitting information via copper wires and electrons,
and we now communicate with each other via underwater optical fibres that transmit light particles-or photons-between almost every continent On earth.
which means once information is delivered to your computer or router in photon form, it has to be converted into the slower electron form
in order to be processed, which slows everything down. For this reason, scientists around the world have been working towards taking the functionality of an electronic chip
a quantum reaction occurs that results in the production of electrons. But because of all those nano-ridges, the electrons tend to recombine with the photovoltaic surface of the black silicon,
rather than flowing through the cell as electricity-a problem that's created a limit to how efficient the cells could become.
which encourages the electrons to keep moving. Publishing in Nature Nanotechnology, the researchers report that their resulting cells are the most efficient black silicon solar cells to date, capable of turning 22.1 percent of available light into electricity."
Wee already able to send data in the form of photons at incredible speeds through the optical fibres that make up our Internet,
so it can be converted into electrons and pushed through wires around our devices. This process isn't just slow
By designing very precise segments of silicon and pairing them together-according to the instructions of the algorithm-the team are able to create switches or conduits that control the flow of photons,
just like wires currently do with electrons.""Our structures look like Swiss cheese but they work better than anything we've seen before,
#Engineers have created a computer that operates on water droplets Researchers in the US have built a fully functioning computer that runs like clockwork-but instead of electrons,
#Material with superfast electrons displays mind-blowing magnetoresistance Researchers have found a material that could be used to build smaller and fast electronics in the future.
The material has such incredible magnetoresistance because of another interesting property-its electrons are superfast, with a top speed of around 300 km/s. In a magnetic field,
which causes an increasing percentage of electrons to flow in the'wrong'direction as the magnetic field becomes stronger."
"The faster the electrons in the material move, the greater the Lorentz force and thus the effect of a magnetic field,"explains Binghai Yan, one of the lead researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids
which make some of its electrons act as if they have no mass and allows them to zoom around at such incredible speeds.
The resulting particles are less than 8 nanometres thick (a human hair is around 80,000-100,000 nanometres)
"These tiny particles are camouflaged kind of, I would say, "explains bioengineering professor, Dipanjan Pan, who worked on the study alongside his colleague Rohit Bhargava.
you can pretty much make these particles at home, "says Pan in a press release.""You just mix them together
so you can do multidrug therapy with the same particles.""H/T: Techrada d
#This new insulin patch could soon replace injections for diabetics A new'smart patch'lined with painless microneedles full of insulin has been developed by researchers in the US in an effort to do away with the uncomfortable injections that have become a part of life for the millions
virus-sized particle called an exosome, which is released by the body cells into all kinds of bodily fluids,
#The LHC has discovered a brand new class of particles Just months after switching the Large hadron collider (LHC) back on at record-breaking energy levels,
researchers at CERN in Switzerland have reported the discovery of a whole new class of subatomic particles, called pentaquarks.
Not only has solved it a 50-year mystery surrounding the elusive particle, but it's providing new insight into the ways in
Quarks are the building blocks that make up composite subatomic particles, and these particles are classified depending on how many quarks they're comprised of.
For example both protons and neutrons are made up of three quarks, and are classed as baryons. But this is the first time researchers have shown that a five-quark arrangement
-or pentaquark-exists.""The pentaquark is not just any new particle, "CERN spokesperson Guy Wilkinson told the press."
"It represents a way to aggregate quarks, namely the fundamental constituents of ordinary protons and neutrons,
in a pattern that has never been observed before in over 50 years of experimental searches."
"Scientists have been looking for pentaquarks since 1964, when American physicist Murray Gell-Mann first proposed the quark model.
Although his work was on baryons, the model allowed the existence of other quark composite states,
such as a hypothetical pentaquark, which would be comprised of four quarks and an antiquark. But no one has been able to find evidence of such a state existing until now, thanks to the powerful LHCB experiment.
Physicists noticed the pentaquarks while examining the decay of a baryon known as Lamda b into three other known particles.
For the first time they also observed a transition state, in which they identified two never-before-seen particles:
Pc (4450)+ and Pc (4380+.+After studying the mass of these particles, the team concluded that they could only be explained by being in pentquark states."
"More precisely, the states must be formed of two up quarks, one down quark, one charm quark, and one anti-charm quark,"said LHCB physicist Tomasz Skwarnicki.
They were able to finally confirm this, thanks to the huge amount of data provided by the LHCB."
"It as if the previous searches were looking for silhouettes in the dark, whereas LHCB conducted the search with the lights on,
and the team is now studying the new pentaquarks further to try to work out exactly how the five quarks are bound together.
Working this out will help physicists understand more about the structure of all particles, as well as provide insight into how quarks interact."
"Studying the pentaquarks properties may allow us to understand better how ordinary matter, the protons and neutrons from which wee all made,
is constituted,"said Wilkinson s
< Back - Next >
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011