Antibody

Antibody (585)
Antigen (151)
Immunity (99)
Immunization (32)
Immunology (64)

Synopsis: Health: Immunology: Antibody:

000 times thinner than a human hair and are coated with antibodies that recognize circulating tumor cells.

By adding antibodies to this process, these sensors could then clearly identify the disease'biomarkers'the telltale signs of diseased cells.

The process of deriving antibodies from these cells is high-tech-and highly expensive. By contrast, the antibodies produced by PHARMA-PLANTA were derived from tobacco plants grown in greenhouses in Germany,

harvested after 45 days and shredded. According to Professor Rainer Fischer, Director of the institute where the GM tobacco was grown, this much simpler,

the new antibody successfully completed its Phase 1 trial, ascertaining its safety, at the end of 2011. It is now set to move into the next phase of testing,

They coated solid microneedles with an antibody-based drug that prevents the growth of blood vessels

##The best diagnostic tools currently use antibodies to sense things like hormones or viruses in a patient s bloodstream.

##The antibody-based tests are exquisitely sensitive and we can t compete with that sensitivity yet##says Keith Pardee a postdoctoral fellow in Collins lab coauthor of the Cell paper and a Wyss Institute research scientist.##

##But to make a custom antibody it costs between $4000 and $30000 and it will take between four and six months.##

surface by a coating of virus-specific antibodies. Interference of light reflected from the surface is modified by the presence of the particles producing a distinct signal that reveals the size and shape of each particle.

To create that trigger researchers followed a process known as molecular evolution to develop an antibody that could be attached to the hydrogel particles to change their form

The resulting antibody has a high affinity for the polymerized form of fibrin and a low affinity for the precursor material.##

producing antibodies that dampen the damaging health effects dust-mite allergens generally cause. In lab tests, the Cpg-antigen package, at 300 nanometers in size, was absorbed 90 percent of the time by immune cells.

Packages with Cpg yielded greater production of the desirable antibodies, while lung inflammation was lower than particles that did not contain Cpg. his is exactly

This test looks for either how much of an antibody is contained within the sample or how much protein is bound by an antibody;

if HIV positive antibodies to HIV bind to the antigens on the plate. For this test the team was able to perform an objective read-out similar to an ELISA assay but without the spending the typical $18450 equipment cost involved.

And the dongle is small and light enough to fit in the palm of one#s hand making its use in remote or mobile clinics far more practical.

are compounds far smaller than less common biological medicines like antibodies. They are developed using libraries of thousands or millions of known chemical substances.

In the current study, the researchers used high-affinity antibodies to abelthe cannabinoid receptors so they could be seen using various microscopy techniques

But it will spur the immune system to produce antibodies that would protect them from the real virus. In 2001,

using an antibody that binds to the chosen targets. This antibody is linked to a fluorescent dye,

as well as a chemical anchor that can attach the dye to the polyacrylate chain. Once the tissue is labeled,

several detection zones snag any antibodies in the blood that reveal the presence of a particular disease.

A new test surveys the antibodies present in a person bloodstream to reveal a history of the viruses theye been infected with throughout their life.

Many tests look for antibodies, proteins the immune system produces to recognize invaders, while others hunt for the virus own genetic material.

or absence of longer-lasting antibodies that can linger for decades after an infection. Researchers led by biologist Stephen Elledge of Brigham

each of them representing a section of a virus that an antibody might recognize. When the proteins are added to a drop of blood,

antibodies attach to matching fragments; researchers can isolate the antibodies and, from the fragments they paired up with,

determine which viruses someone has been infected with and what antibodies their body generated in response. The new test, dubbed Virscan,

llows scientists to ask questions that just couldn be asked before, Elledge says. ou can compare groups of peopleoung

most people had antibodies for about 10 previous viral infections, although those with HIV and who lived outside the United states averaged more.

Surprisingly, many people had generated the exact same antibodies to infections; researchers believed people's immune responses to be more diverse,

Racaniello points out that Virscan didn identify as many people as he would expect with antibodies for noroviruses and rotaviruses,

because antibodies for these viruses don stick around for as long as otherslthough researchers have shown that, in general, most antibodies last a lifetimer because of technical caveats of the test.

Elledge admits that, for now, Virscan might miss some viruses, because theye too small or contain certain modifications that the fragment library can include. e know that wee probably missing a little bit,

Cancer cells are so diverse that certain ones might not bear the antibody to which a molecular label is supposed to attach.

which includes antibodies peptides RNA and DNA to human patients. In a study appearing in the journal Integrative biology the researchers used this technology to identify materials that can efficiently deliver RNA to zebrafish and also to rodents.

they created an antibody mimic that has 130 amino acids, as well as a 113-amino-acid enzyme produced by bacteria.

but it could be possible to test samples for certain proteins using antibodies, say the researchers,

who are now developing such antibodies. hat could become part of a kit that doctors would use to distinguish a patient who has a tumor that going to metastasize,

To create the test strips the researchers first coated nitrocellulose paper with antibodies that can capture the peptides.

and are exposed to several invisible test lines made of other antibodies specific to different tags attached to the peptides.

or tagging them with antibodies specific to immune cells in the lymph nodes. However these strategies have had limited only success,

#Creating synthetic antibodies MIT chemical engineers have developed a novel way to generate nanoparticles that can recognize specific molecules, opening up a new approach to building durable sensors for many different compounds

To create these ynthetic antibodies, the researchers used carbon nanotubes hollow, nanometer-thick cylinders made of carbon that naturally fluoresce

such as natural antibodies, that bind to a particular target. When the target is encountered, the carbon nanotube fluorescence brightens

or diabetes in living systems. his new technique gives us an unprecedented ability to recognize any target molecule by screening nanotube-polymer complexes to create synthetic analogs to antibody function,

Synthetic antibodies The new polymer-based sensors offer a synthetic design approach to the production of molecular recognition sites enabling, among other applications, the detection of a potentially infinite library of targets.

Moreover, this approach can provide a more durable alternative to coating sensors such as carbon nanotubes with actual antibodies,

does not require the use of antibodies or equivalent molecules to achieve specific molecule recognitions

During this process, the researchers can also load a fluorescent probe such as an antibody at one end of the dumbbell.

Once the urine is collected the protein fragments can be identified by treating the sample with antibodies specific to peptide tags included in the fragments.

However testing samples with antibodies is much simpler and cheaper the researchers say. Rapid screeningbhatia says she envisions two possible applications for this kind of test.

which target-seeking antibodies can be conjugated for assaying A1at (see image). The researchers first tested the immunoassay on a series of standard solutions containing A1at antigens at various concentrations in the range 10 to 1, 000 nanograms per milliliter.

or an antibody antigen reaction that only has expression for that specific cancer such as breast or prostate cancer.

And more immediately they're already used in medical detectors for example the pregnancy tests you buy over-the-counter work use gold nanoparticles attached to antibodies.

and particles in the air and enzymes molecules and antibodies in the body that could indicate diabetes cancer and other diseases.

prompting it to release large amounts of antibodies that can attack and kill the parasite.

#Magnetic nanoparticles break the capacity barrier for antibody purification Monoclonal antibodies represent the largest and fastest-growing segment of international biopharma.

At present therapeutic antibodies are purified generally by a technique known as protein A affinity chromatography. The process yields a high purification factorypically 99 per centut it is slow thereby creating a severe productivity bottleneck.

The overall purification process requires unpurified antibodies to pass through columns packed with the media in multiple cycles that can take up to a week.

which causes the antibodies to be deposited on the surface of starch-coated magnetic nanoparticles (see image).

and the purified antibodies recovered by removing the polyethylene glycol. The high capacity of our nanoparticle method makes it much faster than column chromatography explains Gagnon.

Polyethylene glycol has been used for decades to process antibodies but it has achieved never the level of purity needed for clinical therapeutics.

the same level achieved by protein A a single follow-on polishing step using a multimodal chromatography column further purified the antibodies to clinical quality standards.

It was made by inkjet printing of an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) and subsequent functionalization of the insulator with specific antibodies.

and are programed chemically with an antibody receptor in such a way that they are capable of specifically attracting the protein markers circulating in blood.

The researchers demonstrated that it is possible in principle to coat the structures with interesting biomedical materials by connecting antibodies to the surface of the spiral motors.#

#Designer antibodies may rid body of AIDS virus Anti-HIV drugs have extended life for millions of people,

Two new studies show that artificial antibodies could edirectthe immune response to these latently infected cells

But this new work ups the ante by designing so-called bispecific antibodies that both promise to reverse latency

Both groups designed artificial versions of antibodies, the Y-shaped molecules made by the immune system to target pathogens.

With natural antibodies, both rmsof the Y clasp the same target. But the arms of bispecific antibodies each grab a unique protein.

In this case both teams designed their antibodies to clasp an HIV protein and CD3, a receptor found on the surface of white blood cells.

The bispecific antibodies focus on the CD3 receptor for two reasons. One is that HIV hides its DNA inside white blood cells,

or T lymphocytes, that have CD3 receptors. The other is that a second type of CD3-studded lymphocyte known as a killer T cell destroys HIV-infected cells.

The bispecific antibody first binds to CD3 on cells that harbor latent HIV. This prompts the cells to divide, an ctivationprocess that wakes up the sleeping virus. New HIV proteins are produced subsequently that migrate to the surface of the cell.

the bispecific antibody grabs a killer T cell that has a CD3 receptor and, with its second arm, finds a recently activated cell that has HIV proteins on its surface.

But neither team has shown yet that their bispecific antibodies can actually reduce reservoirs of HIV in monkeys

says draining a reservoir ultimately may require combining bispecific antibodies with other latency reversing approaches and immune system stimulators like anti-HIV vaccines.

UCSF Deeks cautions that anti-CD3 antibodies can cause too much activation of T cells, leading to a massive inflammatory reaction that damages organs and can even cause death.

in one 1999 study of anti-CD3 antibodies used to purge reservoirs in three HIV-infected people,

But the anti-CD3 antibodies in the earlier study had both arms, Mascola notes, which led to far more activation than the single arm in the new bispecific antibodies.

He further points out that two cancer bispecific antibodies on the market both have anti-CD3 arms. he key is to find the right balance between CD3 activation and toxicity,

Mascola says. hat the real challenge here. c

#Researchers create a sonic tractor beam Using a simple set of loudspeakers, scientists have figured out a way to levitate

and frees it from the use of radioisotopes or antibodies.""""The free flow of information between departments at the University of Bath promoted this collaboration

The microfluidic device tests for the presence of the parasites'P23 antigen, a major molecular target of host antibody responses against the pathogen's infective stages.

#New antibody may fight HIV better Scientists have identified a novel antibody that could more effectively detect and neutralise HIV virus in an infected patient.

Proteins called broadly neutralising antibodies (bnabs) are a promising key to the prevention of infection by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

These antibodies may protect a patient's healthy cells by recognising a protein called the envelope spike, present on the surface of all HIV strains and inhibiting, or neutralising

Currently, this antibody treatment must be combined with chemotherapy to increase the proportion of patients it helps.

because the amount of antibody could be decreased by two-thirds and the amount of chemotherapy by at least half.

It specifically affects antibody-producing white blood cells found in the bone marrow, called plasma cells. For the study, the researchers compared the cellular chemistry of bone marrow

The targeted 3dna approach is similar to that of an antibody drug conjugate (ADC), but delivers 100 times more of the drug to the targeted cells than an ADC

"Since the antibody has broad utility and 3dna nanocarriers can deliver a variety of drug cargoes,

Nanobodies are very similar to antibodies, which recognize and bind to antigens.""However, nanobodies are much smaller, more stable, easier to produce,

Tailored DNA structures could find targeted cells and release their molecular payload (drugs or antibodies) selectively into these cells."

Many of the methods routinely used in the biosciences are based on the specific modification of proteins, in particular antibodies,

For example, chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer are linked often chemically to antibodies that recognize antigens found only on the surface of the target tumor.

and stable derivatives of antibodies that we have used using with great success in our laboratory for many years,

One obvious and highly promising application is in the production of so-called antibody-drug conjugates (ADCS) for use in tumor therapy.

"But the relative lack of efficient ways to attach chemotherapeutic drugs to antibodies currently represents a major technological bottleneck,

#Nanoscale DNA Machine Could Detect HIV Diagnostic Antibodies New research may revolutionize the slow, cumbersome and expensive process of detecting the antibodies that can help with the diagnosis of infectious and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and HIV.

An international team of researchers have designed and synthetized a nanometer scale DNA"machine "whose customized modifications enable it to recognize a specific target antibody.

Their new approach, which they described this month in Angewandte Chemie, promises to support the development of rapid,

low-cost antibody detection at the point-of-care, eliminating the treatment initiation delays and increasing healthcare costs associated with current techniques.

The binding of the antibody to the DNA machine causes a structural change (or switch

and is rapid-acting within five minutes-enabling the targeted antibodies to be detected easily, even in complex clinical samples such as blood serum."

so that it can detect a huge range of antibodies, this makes our platform adaptable for many different diseases"."

""Our modular platform provides significant advantages over existing methods for the detection of antibodies,"added Prof.

a collaboration of Indian and American scientists have identified a malarial parasite protein that can be used to develop antibodies

antibodies against this small fragment can potentially have a dual benefit by blocking the multiplication cycle of the parasite in humans,

antibodies directed against it are likely to protect against all species of the parasite, "says Sneha Dutta,

and amount of specific antibodies reacting to the toxins.""Having an early diagnosis means patients can avoid years of invasive tests and visits to specialists that often leave them with more questions than answers,

The blood tests identified the two antibodies associated with IBS--anti-Cdtb and anti-vinculin--with greater than 90 percent certainty.

developed by Pimentel to detect both anti-Cdtb and anti-vinculin antibodies in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.

#Detecting HIV diagnostic antibodies with DNA nanomachines New research may revolutionize the slow, cumbersome and expensive process of detecting the antibodies that can help with the diagnosis of infectious and autoimmune diseases.

New research may revolutionize the slow, cumbersome and expensive process of detecting the antibodies that can help with the diagnosis of infectious and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and HIV.

An international team of researchers have designed and synthetized a nanometer scale DNA"machine "whose customized modifications enable it to recognize a specific target antibody.

Their new approach, which they described this month in Angewandte Chemie, promises to support the development of rapid,

low-cost antibody detection at the point-of-care, eliminating the treatment initiation delays and increasing healthcare costs associated with current techniques.

The binding of the antibody to the DNA machine causes a structural change (or switch),

and is rapid-acting within five minutes-enabling the targeted antibodies to be detected easily, even in complex clinical samples such as blood serum."

so that it can detect a huge range of antibodies, this makes our platform adaptable for many different diseases"."

""Our modular platform provides significant advantages over existing methods for the detection of antibodies,"added Prof.

and the other--based on an antibody called VRC07--powerfully binds to more than 90 percent of HIV strains.

#Breakthrough in rare disease that causes growth of second skeleton Scientists have developed a potential antibody treatment for the rare genetic disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), in

They injected an antibody that blocks Activin-A into mice that had been engineered genetically to have symptoms similar to FOP.

as a biotechnology company with expertise in developing antibodies, they are in a position to act on it

and antibodies using the tech. The team still has to contend with a host of regulatory issues,

and antibodies using the tech. The team still has to contend with a host of regulatory issues

Dr. Goberdhan's and Prof Harris's groups collaborated to develop an antibody that could be used to highlight PAT4 in human tissue samples.

A later step will be combining the proteins with antibodies produced by the human immune system to test for reactions.

researchers from the University of Montreal describe a novel way to detect large molecules like antibodies in blood using a quick,

"What these tests are looking for is antibodies proteins that are generated by the body in response to viruses or bacteria.

if you have the antibody. And in principle, you can detect any antibody you want.""Electrical current Vallée-Belisle and his team, working with a chemist from the University of Rome, came up with a way to detect antibodies by having them bind to loose, single strands of DNA.

Those single strands then attempt to pair up with nearby complementary strands to form the characteristic DNA double helix.

The researchers designed the single DNA strands so that if no antibodies are present when they bind with their complementary pairs, a detectable electrical current flows.

But if antibodies are present and attached to the loose strands, the current drops. The drop is so precisely measurable that the test can even be used to determine how much antibody is in a sample

instead of simply indicating its presence or absence. They call the process"electrochemical steric-hindrance hybridization assay,

"or eshha, because it takes advantage of how the DNA molecules react in the presence of other larger particles, an effect known as"steric hindrance."

"Biochemistry professor Kevin Plaxco of the University of California at Santa barbara, who supervised Vallée-Belisle's previous postdoctoral work and who is himself an expert in electrochemical methods to detect antibodies,

There are currently point-of-care antibody tests on the market for diagnosing HIV within minutes,

quantifiable data on how much antibody was found. That might not be needed for HIV, but it could be useful for doctors treating autoimmune diseases,

STD screening in minutes The Montreal researchers'method would also allow for simultaneous testing for the presence of more than a dozen different antibodies,

and will soon publish research showing they can also detect three of the various HIV antibodies.

After that, they're also aiming to detect antibodies for syphilis and herpes. One of the big advantages of their method is its cost:

The most common approach is to make a sandwich of a"primary"antibody specific for a certain protein on a cell

and a"secondary"antibody connected to fluorophores. But if a protein is expressed at a low level,

In those cases, many fluorophores are attached to the secondary antibody to amplify the signal. However, there's a limit to that strategy

The bottlebrush structure could then serve as a new type of secondary antibody that could bind to thousands of fluorophores,

which to make antibodies for pharmaceutical use e

#Researchers develop deep-learning method to predict daily activities Researchers from the School of Interactive Computing

#Engineering Therapeutic Proteins into Antibodies Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have devised an improved method for building proteins into larger proteins such as antibodies.

and its antibody host, selecting the rare ones that allow the inserted protein to fold

In one proof-of-principle demonstration, the team edited the genetic code of a standard human antibody to replace one of its target-grappling elements structure that normally would bind to a virus

if it were part of a larger structure such as an antibody.""The major challenge for Dr. Lerner, Peng and their colleagues was to design leptin into an antibody in such a way that it would fold up into a functional structure

despite being bound to its host protein at either end. Designing simple, highly flexible"junction"segments to join leptin to an antibody could work a recent paper (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/25605877) by a group including TSRI's Peter Schultz, Ph d,

. Scripps Family Chair Professor of Chemistry, described such a feat. But Dr. Lerner's team reasoned that a selection-based design of these junctions would be a more general approach to making useful protein-in-protein molecules.

Using their established techniques for generating large libraries of variant antibodies the team made nearly 30 million versions of the leptin-in-antibody protein,

each version having a different amino-acid sequence for its junction segments. To find the rare versions that enabled leptin to fold up

and function properly, the researchers used a selection system that they had developed previously for finding therapeutic antibodies in large antibody libraries.

First they employed viral vectors to insert the leptin-in-antibody DNA into test cells that contain leptin receptors.

When one of the resulting leptin-in-antibody proteins successfully activated a leptin receptor in its test cell,

The cells whose beacon signals rose above a certain threshold were analyzed for the leptin-in-antibody DNA they contained,

until the process yielded the leptin-in-antibody protein that did best at activating the leptin receptor.

As is often the case for antibodies the leptin-in-antibody protein effectively could not cross from the bloodstream into the brain

and thus could not hit all of leptin's neuronal targetsnd so its effects at reducing eating

But, in principle, antibodies can be modified to enable them to cross the blood-brain barrier more easily, and the team is working on that now.

the researchers also used it to"selection-design"an antibody that incorporates the growth and reproductive hormone FSH,

The resulting FSH-in-antibody protein showed activity against the FSH receptor that was virtually the same as the natural hormones.

The team is now working to improve their FSH-and leptin-in-antibody proteins, and to design entirely new protein-in-antibody molecules l

#Expanding the Super-Resolution Arsenal Technological advances in the field of microscopy and imaging have seen a flurry of activity over the past several years,

antibody-like proteins they call monobodies. The investigators were able to change the specificity of an enzyme,

Goberdhan team created an antibody that let them see levels of PAT4 in human tissues.

so we are getting a targeting effect using the nanoparticle that you couldn get with a soluble antibody,

They said that the antibodies used in the original study were not specific, meaning that they reacted to other proteins in the blood besides irisin.

The drug-loaded nanocapsule is coated with an antibody that specifically targets activated platelets, the cells that form blood clots,

#Detecting HIV diagnostic antibodies with DNA nanomachines A nanoscale machine composed of synthetic DNA can be used for the rapid,

cumbersome and expensive process of detecting the antibodies that can help with the diagnosis of infectious and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and HIV.

"whose customized modifications enable it to recognize a specific target antibody. Their new approach, which they described this month in Angewandte Chemie,

low-cost antibody detection at the point-of-care, eliminating the treatment initiation delays and increasing healthcare costs associated with current techniques.

The binding of the antibody to the DNA machine causes a structural change (or switch),

and is rapid-acting within five minutes-enabling the targeted antibodies to be detected easily, even in complex clinical samples such as blood serum."

so that it can detect a huge range of antibodies, this makes our platform adaptable for many different diseases"."

""Our modular platform provides significant advantages over existing methods for the detection of antibodies,"added Prof.

The light-generating DNA antibody detecting nanomachine is illustrated here in action, bound to an antibody o

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