#Scientists Map 3d Atomic Structure of Brain Signaling Scientists have revealed never-before-seen details of how our brain sends rapid-fire messages between its cells.
#Researchers Apply Nanopore Gene Sequencing to Proteins University of Pennsylvania researchers have made strides toward a new method of gene sequencing a strand of DNA bases are read as they are threaded through a nanoscopic hole.
The Penn team technique stems from Drndic work on nanopore gene sequencing, which aims to distinguish the bases in a strand of DNA by the different percent of the aperture they each block as they pass through a nanoscopic pore.
Different silhouettes allow different amounts of an ionic liquid to pass through. The change in ion flow is measured by electronics surrounding the pore;
Drndic and her colleagues have experimented with applying the technique to other biological molecules and nanoscale structures.
Using the Drndic group silicon nitride nanopores which can be drilled to custom diameters, the research team set out to test their technique on GCN4-p1,
#MRI SCANNERS can Non-Invasively Steer Cells with Nanoparticles to Tumour Sites Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI SCANNERS have been used since the 1980s to take detailed images inside the body-helping doctors to make a medical diagnosis
which have been injected with tiny super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOS), to both primary and secondary tumour sites within the body.
#Universitat Jaume I Patents Graphene-Based Catalysts for Energy conversion and Storage Researchers at the Universitat Jaume I have developed materials based on graphene that can catalyse reactions for the conversion and storage of energy.
The technology patented by the UJI combines graphene and organometallic compounds in a single material without altering the most interesting properties of graphene,
such as its electrical conductivity. The technology, developed by the Group of Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis (QOMCAT) of the UJI, is of great interest to the energy industry
since it uses graphene for the first time as a support of organometallic compounds. These hybrid materials have catalytic properties
An easy and affordable system that allows that all the technology that is currently based on graphene can be converted easily using these new materials.
The combined effect of those patterns leads to final images with 62-nanometer resolution--better than standard SIM and a threefold improvement over the limits imposed by the wavelength of light."
Betzig's team also reports in the Science paper that they can boost the spatial resolution of SIM to 84 nanometers by imaging with a commercially available microscope objective with an ultra-high numerical aperture.
#Researchers Develop New Microscopic Imaging Techniques to help Advance Next-Generation Nanotechnology The research focuses on leveraging powerful tabletop microscopes equipped with coherent beams of extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) light.
more energy-efficient nanocircuit designs. etter imaging techniques are critical for all areas of science and advanced technology,
Boulder. abletop microscopes are needed for iterative design and optimization across a broad range of nanoscience and nanotechnology applications,
Although 10 nanometer (nm) spatial resolution was demonstrated, 25 nm is typical nowhere near the wavelength limit, according to the research team.
The team deep-ultraviolet and EUV laser-like source technology could be used for defect detection or other nanometrology applications either as a stand-alone solution or as an inline tool.
The EUV microscope could also provide high-contrast, low-damage, full-field, real-time imaging of functioning circuits and nanosystems,
among other fabrication application usages. any industries that harness nanotechnologies can benefit from better microscopes for iterative and smart designs,
Senior Science Director of Nanomanufacturing Materials and Processes at SRC. he resolution will only continue to improve as the illumination wavelengths decrease. w
A research group led by Tetsushi Taguchi, a MANA Scientist at the Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA),
Amorphous Nanoparticles from Wide Material Range Before Ibuprofen can relieve your headache, it has to dissolve in your bloodstream.
Researchers from Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied science (SEAS) have developed a new system that can produce stable, amorphous nanoparticles in large quantities that dissolve quickly.
But that not All the system is so effective that it can produce amorphous nanoparticles from a wide range of materials,
These unstructured, inorganic nanoparticles have different electronic, magnetic and optical properties from their crystalized counterparts, which could lead to applications in fields ranging from materials engineering to optics.
Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and Applied Physics and an associate faculty member of the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, describes the research in a paper published today in Science. his is a surprisingly simple way to make amorphous nanoparticles from almost any material,
The droplets are dried completely between one to three microseconds from the time they are sprayed, leaving behind the amorphous nanoparticle.
At first, the amorphous structure of the nanoparticles was said perplexing Esther Amstad, a former postdoctoral fellow in Weitzlab and current assistant professor at EPFL in Switzerland.
These factors prevent crystallization in nanoparticles, even in materials that are highly prone to crystallization, such as table salt.
The amorphous nanoparticles are exceptionally stable against crystallization lasting at least seven months at room temperature. The next step, Amstad said,
is to characterize the properties of these new inorganic amorphous nanoparticles and explore potential applications. his system offers exceptionally good control over the composition,
#Inner Space of Carbon nanotubes Could act as a Template for Synthesis of Linear-Chain Nanodiamonds The inner space of carbon nanotubes can act as a template for the synthesis of nanodiamond-like carbon chains.
this templated polymerization approach paves the way for the design of novel one-dimensional nanomaterials. Nanosized materials such as nanowires offer unique properties that are completely distinct from those of the bulk materials.
However, one-dimensional nanostructures are difficult to synthesize. In an international cooperation Hisanori Shinohara from Nagoya University in Japan and his colleagues have developed a method that uses carbon nanotubes as a reaction vessel for the templated polymerization of linear-chain nanomaterials.
The idea was that during polymerization, the small precursor molecules would naturally adopt the one-dimensional structure of the tubes
only if their inner diameter is small enough. Larger diameters would offer too much space so that the polymerization could terminate
Shinohara and his colleagues were able to synthesize a one-dimensional nanodiamond polymeric structure by a relatively simple annealing technique.
This molecule was brominated at either side so that, upon addition of iron nanoparticles, the bromine would be abstracted and a diradical formed.
and with each other inside the carbon nanotubes, "the authors write. And:""Depending on the inner diameter of the carbon nanotubes,
the inserted species can either be transformed into the linear-chain polymers or into amorphous carbon."
the formed carbon nanotubes filled with the nanodiamondoid polymer look like macaroni filled with spaghetti. In order to extract the inner polymer,
#Researchers Demonstrate Breakthrough Method for Getting Nanoparticles to Self-Assemble The medium is the message.
An innovative method they have demonstrated now for getting nanoparticles to self-assemble focuses on the medium in
This approach is an elegant alternative to present methods that require nanoparticles to be coated with light-sensitive molecules;
uncoated nanoparticles into a light-sensitive medium would be simpler, and the resulting system more efficient and durable than existing ones.
The nanoparticles then react to the change in acidity in their environment: It is this reaction that causes the particles to aggregate in the dark
This means that any nanoparticles that respond to acid a much larger group than those that respond to light can now potentially be manipulated into self-assembly.
By using light a favored means of generating nanoparticle self-assembly to control the reaction,
when and where the nanoparticles will aggregate. And since nanoparticles tend to have different properties
if they are floating freely or clustered together, the possibilities for creating new applications are nearly limitless.
For one, the particles do not seem to degrade over time a problem that plagues the coated nanoparticles. e ran one hundred cycles of writing
and rewriting with the nanoparticles in a gel-like medium what we call reversible information storage
although we used gold nanoparticles for our experiments, theoretically one could even use sand, as long as it was sensitive to changes in acidity.
In addition to durable ewritable paper, Klajn suggests that future applications of this method might include removing pollutants from water certain nanoparticles can aggregate around contaminants
#Nanoscientists Convert Sunlight into Liquid fuel Using Nature and Technology Imagine creating artificial plants that make gasoline
By combining nanoscience and biology, researchers led by scientists at University of California, Berkeley, have taken a big step in that direction.
Peidong Yang, a professor of chemistry at Berkeley and co-director of the school's Kavli Energy Nanosciences Institute, leads a team that has created an artificial leaf that produces methane
the primary component of natural gas, using a combination of semiconducting nanowires and bacteria. The research, detailed in the online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in August, builds on a similar hybrid system, also recently devised by Yang and his colleagues,
#Microfluidics Technology-Based Lab-on-a-chip Device Could Reduce Cost of Sophisticated Tests for Diseases Rutgers engineers have developed a breakthrough device that can significantly reduce the cost of sophisticated lab tests for medical disorders
#Translational Grant for Interaction Study of Laser radiation with Circulating Tumor Cells and Melanin Nanoparticles University of Arkansas for Medical sciences (UAMS) researcher Vladimir Zharov, Ph d.,D. Sc.
Zharov is director of the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center at the UAMS Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute and a professor in the UAMS College of Medicine Department of Otolarynology-Head and Neck Surgery.
and superficial veins and can heat the natural melanin nanoparticles in melanoma circulating tumor cells (CTCS).
The thermal expansion of these nanoparticles generates sound that can be detected with an ultrasound transducer attached to the skin.
This can improve the detection of CTCS by 1000-fold. he goal of this translational research grant is for patients to benefit from the knowledge obtained during our study of the interaction of laser radiation with circulating tumor cells and nanoparticles
Zharov said. any years ago we discovered that laser-induced high local temperature can evaporate liquid surrounding light-absorbing nanoparticles
and thus create vapor nanobubbles, Zharov said. Fast expansion and collapse of these nanobubbles significantly increases the sound10-50 fold
and mechanically kills CTCS so that it requires just a few laser pulses or even a single pulse without harmful effects on normal cells.
Natural melanin nanoparticles will be used as biomarkers to diagnose and as targets for therapy. Because not all melanoma cells highly express melanin
laser and nanotechnological methods to increase diagnostic and therapeutic efficiency. The researchers also discovered that many standard medical procedures especially vigorous manipulation of the tumor,
and then eradicate the CTCS by well-timed therapy including nanobubble-based treatment. A similar approach can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the different types of treatment for cancer by counting the CTCS before, during and after therapy.
Zharov team has demonstrated already that laser-induced nanobubbles significantly decrease the level of CTCS, leading to a decrease in the chances of cancer spreading to other organs. urther study could determine
However, much about this nanoscale process has remained veiled by the limits of current microscopy. Optical approaches cannot resolve objects below certain wavelength limits,
which at less than 200 nanometers (nm) in size fall below the wavelength limit of what is observable using visible light.
The researchers, led by Elena Batrakova, an associate professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy's Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery,
"said Alexander Kabanov, director of the nanotechnology center.""We will continue our translational efforts at CNDD,
#Platelet-Mimicking Nanoparticles Could Effectively Deliver Drugs to Targeted Sites Nanoparticles disguised as human platelets could greatly enhance the healing power of drug treatments for cardiovascular disease and systemic bacterial infections.
These platelet-mimicking nanoparticles, developed by engineers at the University of California, San diego, are capable of delivering drugs to targeted sites in the body--particularly injured blood vessels,
led by nanoengineers at the UC San diego Jacobs School of engineering, was published online Sept. 16 in Nature.""This work addresses a major challenge in the field of nanomedicine:
targeted drug delivery with nanoparticles, "said Liangfang Zhang, a nanoengineering professor at UC San diego and the senior author of the study."
"Because of their targeting ability, platelet-mimicking nanoparticles can directly provide a much higher dose of medication specifically to diseased areas without saturating the entire body with drugs."
"The study is an excellent example of using engineering principles and technology to achieve"precision medicine,
"said Shu Chien, a professor of bioengineering and medicine, director of the Institute of Engineering in Medicine at UC San diego,
The ins and outs of the platelet copycats On the outside, platelet-mimicking nanoparticles are cloaked with human platelet membranes,
which enable the nanoparticles to circulate throughout the bloodstream without being attacked by the immune system. The platelet membrane coating has another beneficial feature:
and certain pathogens such as MRSA bacteria, allowing the nanoparticles to deliver and release their drug payloads specifically to these sites in the body.
Enclosed within the platelet membranes are made nanoparticle cores of a biodegradable polymer that can be metabolized safely by the body.
The nanoparticles can be packed with many small drug molecules that diffuse out of the polymer core and through the platelet membrane onto their targets.
To make the platelet-membrane-coated nanoparticles, engineers first separated platelets from whole blood samples using a centrifuge.
the platelet membranes were broken up into much smaller pieces and fused to the surface of nanoparticle cores.
The resulting platelet-membrane-coated nanoparticles are approximately 100 nanometers in diameter, which is one thousand times thinner than an average sheet of paper.
This cloaking technology is based on the strategy that Zhang's research group had developed to cloak nanoparticles in red blood cell membranes.
The researchers previously demonstrated that nanoparticles disguised as red blood cells are capable of removing dangerous pore-forming toxins produced by MRSA, poisonous snake bites and bee stings from the bloodstream.
Platelet copycats at work In one part of this study, researchers packed platelet-mimicking nanoparticles with docetaxel,
Researchers observed that the docetaxel-containing nanoparticles selectively collected onto the damaged sites of arteries
platelet-mimicking nanoparticles can also greatly minimize bacterial infections that have entered the bloodstream and spread to various organs in the body.
Researchers injected nanoparticles containing just one-sixth the clinical dose of the antibiotic vancomycin into one of group of mice systemically infected with MRSA bacteria.
"Our platelet-mimicking nanoparticles can increase the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics because they can focus treatment on the bacteria locally without spreading drugs to healthy tissues
"We hope to develop platelet-mimicking nanoparticles into new treatments for systemic bacterial infections and cardiovascular disease
#Coated Silica Nanoparticles Could be used for Restorative Treatment of Sensitive Teeth Researchers at the University of Birmingham have shown how the development of coated silica nanoparticles could be used in restorative treatment of sensitive teeth
Previous attempts have used compounds of calcium fluoride, combinations of carbonate-hydroxypatite nanocrystals and bioactive glass, but all have seen limited success as they are liable to aggregate on delivery to the tubules.
"These silica particles are available in a range of sizes, from nanometre to sub-micron,
an explosion in research in micro and nanotechnologies has led to the development of a variety of techniques that allows control of matter at microscopic levels never before seen,
and Noel Elman, with the Massachusetts institute of technology Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies o
#Physicists Induce Stable Ferroelectricity in Strontium Titanate Nanosheets A team of physicists has defied conventional wisdom by inducing stable ferroelectricity in a sheet of strontium titanate only a few nanometers thick.
The discovery could forge pathways to find new materials for nanotechnology devices, said Alexei Gruverman,
a University of Nebraska-Lincoln physics and astronomy professor who worked on the research. It also contradicts the expected behavior of ferroelectric materials,
Gruverman and his team at UNL used piezoresponse force microscopy, a nanoscale testing technique that Gruverman pioneered,
However, the materialstendency to lose ferroelectric stability as they become thinner has limited their usefulness in nanoelectronics.
Many scientists have been investigating techniques to create ferroelectric materials that can still be useful at nanometer scale dimensions.
and Gruverman is a pioneer in nanoscale studies of ferroelectric materials. A second UNL group involved in these studies,
#Nanopore Method Improves Accuracy of DNA Sequencing EPFL scientists have developed a method that improves the accuracy of DNA sequencing up to a thousand times.
which uses nanopores to read individual nucleotides, paves the way for better-and cheaper-DNA sequencing.
However,"nanopore sequencing"is prone to high inaccuracy because DNA usually passes through very fast. EPFL scientists have discovered now a viscous liquid that slows down the process up to a thousand times,
The breakthrough is published in Nature Nanotechnology. Reading too fast DNA is a long molecule made up of four repeating different building-blocks.
In nanopore sequencing, DNA passes through a tiny pore in a membrane, much like a thread goes through a needle.
This is already an innovation over attempts in the field that use graphene: DNA is a fairly sticky molecule
and Mos2 is considerably less adhesive than graphene. The team then created a nanopore on membrane, almost 3 nm wide.
The next step was to dissolve DNA in a thick liquid that contained charged ions and whose molecular structure can be tuned fine to change its thickness, or"viscosity gradient".
Finally, the team tested their system by passing known nucleotides, dissolved in the liquid, through the nanopore multiple times.
which is promising for sequencing with solid-state nanopores, "says Jiandong Feng. The scientists also predict that using high-end electronics
By combining ionic liquids with nanopores on molybdenum disulfide thin films, they hope to create a cheaper DNA sequencing platform with a better output.
-and nanopore technology can deliver
#Researchers Develop Stretchable, Transparent Conductor with Gold Nanomesh Researchers have discovered a new stretchable, transparent conductor that can be folded
or stretched and released, resulting in a large curvature or a significant strain, at least 10,000 times without showing signs of fatigue.
The work, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pairs gold nanomesh with a stretchable substrate made with polydimethylsiloxane
The substrate is stretched before the gold nanomesh is placed on it-a process known as"prestretching "-and the material showed no sign of fatigue
The gold nanomesh also proved conducive to cell growth, indicating it is a good material for implantable medical devices.
"We weaken the constraint of the substrate by making the interface between the Au (gold) nanomesh and PDMS slippery,
and expect the Au nanomesh to achieve superstretchability and high fatigue resistance, "they wrote in the paper."
"the Au nanomesh does not exhibit strain fatigue when it is stretched to 50 percent for 10,000 cycles."
that, along with the fact that the stretchability of gold nanomesh on a slippery substrate resembles the bioenvironment of tissue
or organ surfaces, suggest the nanomesh"might be implanted in the body as a pacemaker electrode,
using gold nanomesh, in a paper published in Nature Communications in January 2014. This work expands on that,
a UCLA professor of physics and astronomy and a member of UCLA California Nanosystems Institute, is published Sept. 21 in the online edition of the journal Nature Materials.
#New Nanosheet-Based Photonic crystal Changes Color in Response to Moisture LMU chemists have developed a photonic crystal from ultrathin nanosheets
which are extremely sensitive to moisture. hese photonic nanostructures change color in response to variations in local humidity.
It is this extreme sensitivity to local moisture that makes the nanostructure so interesting for use in ouchlessscreens. ontactless control is a particularly attractive option for next-generation positioning interfaces such as ticket machines or cash dispensers,
Unparalleled sensitivity and response time Photonic crystals are arranged periodically nanostructures which have the ability to reflect, guide and confine light.
Lotsch and her team have developed now photonic crystals based on nanosheets of phosphatoantimonic acid. The new nanomaterial is extremely moisture sensitive and at the same time chemically stable,
transparent and easy to fabricate into nanosheets. In comparison with other vapor sensors based on nanosheets, the new photonic architecture displays markedly increased response times, higher sensitivity and long-term stability. his unique combination of properties enables it to track
and color-code finger movements in real time, says Pirmin Ganter, who also works in Bettina Lotsch group.
In addition, the new system is stable on exposure to air, and therefore functions not just under controlled conditions in the laboratory but also in the constantly varying environment of the real world.
which can be used to channel molecules into specific positions to create new nanostructures and materials.
resulting in amphiphilic building blocks in the form of a permanent nanostructure. The research is an example of how liquid crystal research is taking us from the nano to macro world,
#Self-Assembled DNA NANOSTRUCTURES Could Be used as Smart Drug-Delivery Vehicles Researchers from Aalto University have published an article in the recent Trends in Biotechnology journal.
The article discusses how DNA molecules can be assembled into tailored and complex nanostructures, and further, how these structures can find uses in therapeutics and bionanotechnological applications.
In the review article, the researchers outline the superior properties of DNA NANOSTRUCTURES, and how these features enable the development of efficient biological DNA-nanomachines.
Moreover, these DNA NANOSTRUCTURES provide new applications in molecular medicine, such as novel approaches in tackling cancer.
Tailored DNA structures could find targeted cells and release their molecular payload (drugs or antibodies) selectively into these cells."
and simulate DNA NANOSTRUCTURES are extremely powerful and user friendly, and thus, researchers can easily construct their own DNA-objects for various uses.
The big boom in the field of structural DNA NANOTECHNOLOGY happened in 2006, when Paul Rothemund introduced a technique dubbed'DNA origami'.
Versatile DNA NANOSTRUCTURES The most important feature of a DNA-based nanostructure is its modularity. DNA structures can be fabricated with nanometer-precision,
and most importantly, other molecules such as RNA, proteins, peptides and drugs can be anchored to them with the same resolution.
the researchers from Aalto University and University of Jyväskylä have shown recently how DNA origamis can be used in efficient fabrication of custom-shaped metal nanoparticles that could be used in various fields of material sciences.
since programmed DNA-nanorobots could detect various agents from the blood stream, and immediately start the battle against disease.
Groundbreaking approach to create nanomaterials The research group lead by Professor Mauri Kostiainen works extensively with DNA NANOSTRUCTURES,
The researchers have coated DNA NANOSTRUCTURES with virus capsid proteins in order to significantly improve their transport to human cells;
In addition, the group has designed a modular DNA-based enzymatic nanoreactor that can be exploited in diagnostics at the molecular scale level v
Having shown the technology works-Professor Lithgow believes other labs working on diverse processes in human cell biology will mimic these experiments to determine how their chosen nanomachines operate.
#Researchers Build Optical Rectennas Using Carbon nanotubes and Tiny Rectifiers Optical rectennas, antenna-rectifier diodes that convert light into DC current, have been built using multiwall carbon nanotubes with integrated nanoscale rectifiers.
The produced optical rectennas hold promise as photodetectors that do not require cooling and energy harvesters that could be used for conversion of waste heat to electricity.
The carbon nanotubes in the devices function as antennas for capturing light. When the light waves strike the nanotube antennas,
an oscillating charge is created that travels through the rectifier devices. A small direct current (DC) is created
Georgia Tech Using nanometer scale components, researchers have demonstrated the first optical rectenna, a device that combines the functions of an antenna and a rectifier diode to convert light directly into DC current.
-Prof Baratunde Cola, Georgia Tech The team employed nanoscale fabrication techniques alongside metallic multiwall carbon nanotubes to build devices that utilized light's wave nature rather than its particle nature.
the researchers grew forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on a conductive substrate. Atomic layer chemical vapour deposition was used to in sulate the nanotubes with a coating of aluminum oxide.
Optically transparent thin calcium layers were deposited then using physical vapor deposition over the nanotube forest.
A potential difference of 2ev was achieved which is sufficient for ejecting electrons out of the carbon nanotube antennas upon the absorption of visible light Light in the form of oscillating waves interacts with nanotubes after going through the calcium-aluminum electrode.
The nanotube tips have metal-insulator-metal junctions that work as rectifiers. These rectifiers switch on and off at time intervals in the femtosecond range.
This means the electrons flow in one direction towards the top electrode. The 10nm diode functions at such a high frequency due to the ultra-low capacitance,
that usually means a nanoscale antenna coupled to a metal-insulator-metal diode. The closer you can get the antenna to the diode
allowing multiple conduction channels in the carbon nanotubes, and reducing the structural resistance. e think we can reduce the resistance by several orders of magnitude just by improving the fabrication of our device structures,
#Quantity, Dimensions of Carbon black Nanoparticles Crucial for Lithium-Ion Battery Function A Stanford undergraduate has contributed to a discovery that confounds the conventional wisdom in lithium-ion battery design,
Prior to the team's research, the quantity and dimensions of the carbon black nanoparticles weren't considered particularly crucial to a battery's function."
Among other things, that required the evaluation of nanometer scale images of the battery materials obtained through Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's synchrotron
#Nanostructure Changes Colour When Finger Comes Near Touchscreens suffer from mechanical wear over time and are a transmission path for bacteria
scientists at Stuttgart Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and LMU Munich have developed now nanostructures that change their electrical and even their optical properties as soon as a finger comes anywhere near them.
Scientists of the Nanochemistry group led by Bettina Lotsch at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart
A sandwich nanomaterial structure exposed to moisture also changes its colour However the scientists aren interested
Taking phosphatoantimonate nanosheets as their basis the Stuttgart scientists then developed a photonic nanostructure which reacts to the moisture by changing colour. f this was built into a monitor,
the users would then receive visible feedback to their finger motionexplained Katalin Szendrei, also a doctoral student in Bettina Lotsch group.
To this end, the scientists created a multilayer sandwich material with alternating layers of ultrathin phosphatoantimonate nanosheets and silicon dioxide (Sio2) or titanium dioxide nanoparticles (Tio2.
But scientists had observed never before such a large colour change as they now have in the lab in Stuttgart. he colour of the nanostructure turns from blue to red
The sandwich structure consisting of phosphatoantimonate nanosheets and oxide nanoparticles is highly stable from a chemical perspective
and responds selectively to water vapour. A layer protecting against chemical influences has to let moisture through The scientists can imagine their materials being used in much more than just future generations of smartphones, tablets or notebooks. ltimately,
It important, for example, that the nanostructures can be produced economically. To minimize wear, the structures still need to be coated with a protective layer
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