#There's water on Mars, NASA confirms There's water on Mars, and it flows there today.
In an eagerly anticipated news event, NASA revealed this morning the evidence of liquid, flowing seasonal water on the Red planet.
Water often signals life, so this new discovery gives hope to the search for life in our solar system.
Data from various probes and rovers like Curiosity and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have provided researchers with evidence concluding that there is flowing water on present-day Mars. Scientists understand that Mars was once Earthlike with large
amounts of water on the surface. Something unknown happened in the planet's history causing it to change.
However today's revelation confirms that Mars has harbored water in the past, and that water exists there today.
Now, scientists can pursue the implications of what flowing water means in relation to the planet's history
and what it could also mean for the potential for life. Michael Meyer of the Mars Exploration Program at NASA explained,
"We found the active process on Mars today that shows that water was a likelihood."
"He continued with a description of the geological features that caused scientists to suspect water prior to the confirmation of its presence.
To show how researchers came to their conclusions, Meyer explained the significance of"recurring slope linea."
"These RSLS point to the existence of water due to the way they behave. He said,
"There has been no evidence for water until for now.""The news was published based on research today in Nature Geoscience,
Scientists also have an understanding of the composition of the water. Findings show that hydrated salts are present on the surface of Mars. Hydrated salts would mean that the water on Mars is briny.
According to Popular Science, the salt in the water allows it to remain liquid at lower temperatures.
Mary Beth Wilhelm of NASA's Ames Research center explained that the evidence of water means many things,
not the least of which is that microbial life is possible. Also, water on Mars could aid in the human exploration of the planet.
Water on Mars would be a crucial resource for astronauts visiting the planet or for long-term colonists.
Of course scientists will need to study the nature of the water to know the full implications.
Researchers have many exciting challenges ahead of them, and one is to determine where the water comes from.
Could there be an underground Martian aquifer? Researchers note that there is potential for the Curiosity rover to travel to an RSL
The discovery of liquid water on Mars leads to more intriguing questions and mysteries. If there has been did life on mars,
These new findings about liquid water on Mars make scientists and space exploration enthusiasts thirsty for more information n
Water from the blood is the catalysis that sets it fizzing. f you can get the particles in the general area of the wound,
excess water is released which reacts with titanium oxysulfate to form a solid shell of titanium hydroxide with a thickness of 3 to 4 nanometers.
Imagine two river crossings, one with tightly-packed stepping-stones, and the other with large gaps between stones.
"While lotus leaves repel water and self-clean when it rains, a moth's eyes are antireflective because of naturally covered tapered nanostructures where the refractive index gradually increases as light travels to the moth's cornea,
a surface must achieve a water droplet contact angle exceeding 150 degrees. ORNL's coating has a contact angle of between 155 and 165 degrees,
so water literally bounces off, carrying away dust and dirt. This property combined with the suppression of light reflection from a glass surface is improved critical for performance in numerous optical applications,
New, stable photocathode with great potential Many of us are familiar with electrolytic splitting of water from their school days:
researchers from North carolina State university and the University of North carolina-Chapel hill show that magnetic nanoparticles encased in oily liquid shells can bind together in water,
much like sand particles mixed with the right amount of water can form sandcastles.""Because oil and water don't mix,
the oil wets the particles and creates capillary bridges between them so that the particles stick together on contact,
Hydrogels are polymers that can maintain large quantities of water within their networks. Because of this, they can swell
which are able to change shape as the amount of water within them changes in response to environmental conditions.
and excrete water to either expand or shrink in volume. The unique property of the hydrogel developed by the RIKEN team is that it acts like an artificial muscle,
or excreting water. The secret to the new hydrogel's property is electrostatic charge. Using a method that they published earlier this year
and in a liquid environment, showing that it doesn't require the uptake of water.
the group designed an L-shaped piece of polymer that can actually walk, in a water environment,
a cost-effective method of producing fuels using only sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, mimicking the natural process of photosynthesis in plants
safe, integrated solar-driven system for splitting water to create hydrogen fuels.""This result was a stretch project milestone for the entire five years of JCAP as a whole,
The photoanode uses sunlight to oxidize water molecules, generating protons and electrons as well as oxygen gas.
when exposed to water, so cannot be used to directly generate fuel. A major advance that allowed the integrated system to be developed was previous work in Lewis's laboratory,
The photoanode requires a catalyst to drive the essential water-splitting reaction. Rare and expensive metals such as platinum can serve as effective catalysts,
This catalyst is among the most active known catalysts for splitting water molecules into oxygen
to create a fully integrated single material that serves as a complete solar-driven water-splitting system.
or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments a
while water has a refractive index of 1. 33 -which is why a straw appears to bend
when you put it in a glass of water. Photonic devices require a high contrast between its component materials,
or being washed by water. Its physical resistance against the diffusion of body liquids and prevention of inconsistency in the structure are among the other advantages of the paste.
#Magnetic Nanosorbents Eliminate Fluoride from Water Researchers from Tehran University of Medical sciences used low-cost and available raw materials for the laboratorial production of nanosorbents with high efficiency in elimination of fluoride from contaminated water.
Presence of high concentration of fluoride in water reservoirs, specially in drinking water, results in serious hygiene concerns.
Adsorption is one of the effective and economic methods to eliminate high concentrations of fluoride from water.
Results showed that the synthesized composite can be used as an effective sorbent to purify water contaminated by fluoride due to its simple and quick separation, high efficiency and the lack of the creation of secondary pollution in the solution.
expelled into the sea.""Carbon dioxide is 15 percent of the gas coming off a power plant,
whereby flue gases are bubbled through organic amines in water, where the carbon dioxide binds to amines.
the process also saves the huge energy costs of heating the water in which amines are dissolved.
because they are one of the best compounds for selectively binding CO2 in the presence of water,
When the humidity drops, the spore shrinks as water is pushed out. As it shrinks, the quantum dots come closer together,
than a sensor made with the most advanced man-made water-absorbing polymers. There was also better sensitivity in extreme low-pressure, low-humidity situations."
#Desalination with nanoporous graphene membrane Less than 1 percent of Earth's water is drinkable. Removing salt and other minerals from our biggest available source of water--seawater--may help satisfy a growing global population thirsty for fresh water for drinking, farming, transportation, heating, cooling and industry.
But desalination is an energy-intensive process, which concerns those wanting to expand its application.
The results are published in the March 23 advance online issue of Nature Nanotechnology("Water Desalination Using Nanoporous Single-layer graphene"."
""Our work is a proof of principle that demonstrates how you can desalinate saltwater using freestanding,
"Current methods for purifying water include distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation, or heating a mixture to extract volatile components that condense,
Without these holes, water cannot travel from one side of the membrane to the other.
The water molecules are simply too big to fit through graphene's fine mesh. But poke holes in the mesh that are just the right size
and water molecules can penetrate. Salt ions, in contrast, are larger than water molecules and cannot cross the membrane.
The porous membrane allows osmosis, or passage of a fluid through a semipermeable membrane into a solution in which the solvent is concentrated more."
"If you have saltwater on one side of a porous membrane and freshwater on the other,
and you push the water from the saltwater side to the freshwater side--that's the reverse osmosis process,
It takes significant pressure to push water from the saltwater side to the freshwater side."
so separated water would drive faster through the membrane under the same conditions, the scientists reasoned."
The prepared membrane separated two water solutions--salty water on one side, fresh on the other.
while water flowed through it from one chamber to the other. The membrane allowed rapid transport of water through the membrane and rejected nearly 100 percent of the salt ions, e g.,
, positively charged sodium atoms and negatively charged chloride atoms. To figure out the best pore size for desalination,
and water dwelling purple bacteria Rhodopseudomonas palustris with magnetite and controlled the amount of light the cultures were exposed to.
Water is replaced by nanotubes It has been known for decades that plants have the extraordinary ability to register extremely fine temperature differences
#Smart micelles for marine environments martmaterials that alter their structure in response to specific, controllable stimuli have applications in various fields, from biomedical science to the oil industry.
when moved from water to an electrolyte solution, such as salt water("Dual hydrophilic and salt responsive schizophrenic block copolymers synthesis and study of self-assembly behavior").
"The material could help improve coatings used to protect surfaces from the build up of biological contaminants, particularly surfaces under the sea.
which mixes well with water, and the halophilic polysulfabetaine (PSB), which has a preference for salt solution. e created salt-responsive block copolymers that self-assemble in water to form either onventionalor nversemicelles, states Vasantha.
The conventional micelles form in deionized water and have a core of halophilic PSB with a hydrophilic PEG shell.
However, the team showed that the micelles reassemble themselves when immersed in salt solution; PEG formed the core,
which means it is potentially useful for dynamic marine environments. The researchers mixed the block copolymers with primer to create a nontoxic coating to replace traditional antifouling paint.
because the additives in the coatings break down rapidly in sea water. Vasantha team applied the new coating to glass slides
which they then immersed in the sea for two weeks. he antifouling behavior of coatings is tested normally in laboratory experiments,
#Membrane transport-A molecular'straw'Getting water across lipid membranes is not easy. In nature, molecules called aquaporins, discovered in the 1990s, move water from one side of a biological membrane to another,
but the molecules are fragile and bulky. Now, researchers from the A*STAR Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology have synthesized a much smaller molecule,
For some years, Huaqiang Zeng of the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology has led a team aiming to produce tubular molecules that could pipe water across membranes.
unfortunately, this tube was not particularly good at holding water in its central tunnel. Undeterred, Zeng team set out to modify that molecule.
but this time it comfortably held a tringof water molecules. he continuous one-dimensional ater chaintrapped by the molecules is indispensable for mediating water transport across a lipid membrane,
But early experiments attempting to use osmotic pressure to drive water through the trawinto a membrane-bound compartment (vesicle) drew a blank. e repeatedly failed to demonstrate the water-transporting ability of the molecule
whether a proton gradient could induce water transport. We were surprised very to find that it could.
including seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. He says that osmotic agents often have to be at concentrations exceeding 100 millimolar to drive water movement in forward osmosis nanofiltration. f a proton gradient is used as the driving force instead,
the concentration difference needed would be exceedingly small.""Zeng says.""This would translate into huge energy savings on an industrial scale. l
which can zip through water 10 times its body length within one second, in an ultra-efficient manner.
Inspired by the speed at which cephalopods like the octopus, flee from danger by inflating its mantle cavity with water to a bluff-body shape
The 27-cm long robot is inflated with water and once released, rapidly deflates by shooting the water out through an aperture at its base to power its propulsion.
As the rocket contracts, it can achieve more than 2. 6 times the thrust of a rigid rocket doing the same manoeuvre,
When a fish escapes by swimming fast, it bends its body and zooms through the water, losing some energy to the surrounding water
Professor of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering and Director of the Center for Ocean Engineering at MIT, explained:
or quickly evade hazardous situations such as a sharp temperature rise in mid-ocean ridges. For instance, these octopus robots could follow dolphins for quick observation,
or inspect thermal vents safely in the mid-ocean ridges. Mr Vignesh Subramaniam, research engineer with CENSAM, added:
#Engineers invent two-dimensional liquid (Nanowerk News) Where water and oil meet, a two-dimensional world exists.
Their soft nanoparticles stick to the plane where oil and water meet, but do not stick to one another.
"The researchers created a 2-D liquid consisting of nanoparticles at the interface between a drop of oil and the surrounding water.
The researchers created a 2-D liquid consisting of nanoparticles at the interface between a drop of oil and the surrounding water.
These ligands have a water-loving head and an oil-loving tail, and the way they are attached to the central particle allows them to contort themselves so both sides are happy
the researchers dripped a particle-containing an oil droplet out of a pipette into water.
This work is a significant advance towards developing more efficient electrocatalysts for water-splitting reactions and fuel generation.
which is the crucial cathodic reaction in water-alkali electrolyzers, which generate hydrogen by splitting water.
The HER activity for highly crystalline Pt3nit-skin nanoframe surface was enhanced by almost one order of magnitude relative to Pt/C. Utilizing the spontaneous structural evolution of a bimetallic nanoparticle from solid polyhedra to hollow nanoframes with controlled size, structure,
but lets water through (Nanowerk News) The unassuming piece of stainless steel mesh in a lab at The Ohio State university doesn't look like a very big deal,
Water passes through the mesh but oil doesn't, thanks to a nearly invisible oil-repelling coating on its surface.
In tests, researchers mixed water with oil and poured the mixture onto the mesh. The water filtered through the mesh to land in a beaker below.
The oil collected on top of the mesh and rolled off easily into a separate beaker when the mesh was tilted.
which is covered in a coating invented at The Ohio State university, captures oil (red) while water (blue) passes through.
superoleophobic coatings prepared by layer-by-layer technique for anti-smudge and oil-water separation"and"Nanomechanical behavior of Mos2 and WS2 multi-walled nanotubes and Carbon nanohorns").
whose bumpy surfaces naturally repel water but not oil. To create a coating that did the opposite,
When floated on water the particles form a sheet; when the water evaporates, it leaves the sheet suspended over a hole.
Its almost like a drumhead, says Xiao-Min Lin, the staff scientist at the Center for Nanoscale Materials who led the project.
when floated on water they try to avoid contact with it, so they end up distributing themselves in a nonuniform way across the top and bottom layers of the nanoparticle sheet.
You use one type of molecule that hates water and rely on the water surfaces to drive the molecules to distribute non-uniformly,
or you could use two different kinds of molecules. The key is that the molecules have to distribute non-uniformly.
and insolubility in water--properties that allow the body to clear the drug too quickly,
forming a water-soluble nanoparticle with the drug hidden in its core. These nanoparticles are highly soluble in blood
It enough a single pulse of laser, with a duration of several picoseconds the time of a single oscillation in a polar molecule, like water.
Imagine two river crossings, one with tightly-packed stepping-stones, and the other with large gaps between stones.
when submerged in water. The valleys in the surface roughness typically need to be less than one micron in width, the researchers found.
Understanding how the surfaces deflect water so well means the valuable feature could be reproduced in other materials on a mass scale, potentially saving billions of dollars in a variety of industries,
pockets of water vapor or gas accumulate in them by underwater evaporation or effervescence, just like a drop of water evaporates without having to boil it.
These gas pockets deflect water, keeping the surface dry, "he said. In a study published today (Aug 18) by the journal Scientific Reports("Sustaining dry surfaces under water),
"Patankar and his co-authors explain and demonstrate the nanoscale mechanics behind the phenomenon of staying dry underwater.
In their experiments, the researchers used a variety of materials with and without the key surface roughness and submerged them in water.
Samples with the nanoscale roughness remained dry for up to four months the duration of the experiment.
In this work, we looked for properties that manipulate the water phase changes we know.""The researchers also report that nature uses the same strategy of surface roughness in certain aquatic insects, such as water bugs and water striders.
When submerged, water tends to cling to the top of the spikes, while air and water vapor accrue in the pores between them.
The combination of trapped air and water vapor within these cavities forms a gaseous layer that deters moisture from seeping into the surface below."
"When we looked at the rough surfaces under the microscope, we could see clearly the vacant gaps--where the protective water vapor is said,
"Patankar. Historically, scientists had understood not how to keep water vapor from succumbing to condensation within the pore,
which can cause water to wet the surface. But the Northwestern team found the molecular key:
They demonstrated that when the valleys are less than one micron in width, they can sustain the trapped air as well as vapor in their gasified states,
which are highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, in water. Lead researcher Dr Zo Waller, from UEA's school of Pharmacy, said:"
#Water heals a bioplastic (w/video) A drop of water self-heals a multiphase polymer derived from the genetic code of squid ring teeth,
"What's unique about this plastic is the ability to stick itself back together with a drop of water,
but not with water.""A squid ring teeth derived plastic being cut in two and self healing with water and pressure.
Demirel and his team looked at the ring teeth of squid collected around the world--in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, near Hawaii,
Argentina and the Sea of japan--and found that proteins with self-healing properties are ubiquitous. However, as they note in a recent issue of Scientific Reports("Segmented molecular design of self-healing proteinaceous materials),
Using warm water at about 113 degrees Fahrenheit--slightly warmer than body temperature--and a slight amount of pressure with a metal tool,
"If one of the fiber-optic cables under the ocean breaks, the only way to fix it is to replace it,
To achieve this, the researchers reacted glycerol with water, to provide the element hydrogen, and a magnesium oxide (Mgo) catalyst.
and water over such a simple catalyst gave such valuable products and interesting chemistry.""This research has the potential to transform the way in
what we believe is a large iceberg, Surendranath adds, since the basic ingredient is dirt cheap material that we are modifying using well-known chemistry.
Lewis is a Core Faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard university and the Hansjörg Wyss Professor of Biologically Inspired Engineering at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS.
Lewis and her team designed a new multimaterial printhead based on active mixing, Her team included Thomas Ober, former Postdoctoral Research Scholar at the Wyss Institute and SEAS;
In addition to Hardin, the work included Ober, former SEAS Postdoctoral Research Fellow and current Wyss Staff Scientist Alexander Valentine,
or water and therapeutic drug monitoring at home, a feature which could drastically improve the efficient of various class of drugs and treatments a
and electricity at a low cost from fuel found in water. Both heating generators and generators for electricity could be developed within a few years,
Heavy hydrogen is found in large quantities in ordinary water and is easy to extract. The dangerous handling of radioactive heavy hydrogen (tritium) which would most likely be needed for operating large-scale fusion reactors with a magnetic enclosure in the future is therefore unnecessary."
even after exposure to water. When wiped repeatedly with a towel, the new sunblock was removed entirely.
using high efficiency solar cells to power water electrolysis("A 24.4%solar to hydrogen energy conversion efficiency by combining concentrator photovoltaic modules and electrochemical cells").
A team led by Cockrell School of engineering associate professor Christopher Ellison found that a synthetic coating of polydopamine--derived from the natural compound dopamine--can be used as a highly effective, water-applied flame retardant for polyurethane foam.
The polydopamine was coated onto the interior and exterior surfaces of the polyurethane foam by simply dipping it into a water solution of dopamine for several days.
or ions in solution, are surrounded by a shell of water molecules that stick to the ion,
which require large amounts of pressure to push water through. f these were replaced with graphene,
the pressure required to push water through would be among the lowest imaginable, if not the lowest, says Wanunu,
The nanosheet layers include a water-repelling core (yellow), peptoid backbones (white), and charged sidechains (magenta and cyan).
Surrounding water molecules are red and white. The scientists discovered a design rule that enables a recently created material to exist.
they contain water pockets, and they are potentially porous when it comes to water and ions.
These insights are intriguing on their own, but when the scientists examined the structure of the nanosheetsbackbone,
like an ice cube does to water. Next, the crystal drug is placed into a fat and protein coat, similar to
The steel of today is as prone as ever to the corrosive effects of water and salt and abrasive materials such as sand.
researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of engineering and Applied sciences (SEAS) have demonstrated a way to make steel stronger, safer and more durable.
The team solved this by using an electrochemical technique to grow an ultrathin film of hundreds of thousands of small and rough tungsten-oxide islands directly onto a steel surface."
"If one part of an island is destroyed, the damage doesn't propagate to other parts of the surface because of the lack of interconnectivity between neighboring islands,
"said Alexander B. Tesler, former postdoctoral fellow AT SEAS, current research fellow at Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and the paper's first author."
"This island-like morphology combined with the inherent durability and roughness of the tungsten oxide allows the surface to keep its repellent properties in highly abrasive applications,
including water, oil, highly corrosive media, biological fluids containing bacteria and blood. Not only did the material repel all the liquid
principal investigator of the Laboratory for Water and Surface Analysis. Those answers could have implications for important issues such as seeding rain clouds and protecting the environment.
called Ih or"ice one h,"is made up of water molecules in a hexagonal crystal shape in an orderly,
which checked its fire, water, wind, impact, acoustic and permeability resistance. The fire test was the most demanding. e had many concerns about it,
The water test checked the tightness of the technological units. ain water must not touch the inner side of the façade,
A Layered Manganese Oxide To Capture Sunlight for Water-Splitting Catalysis"),Assistant professor of Chemical engineering Jose L. Mendoza-Cortes details how this new material efficiently captures sunlight and then,
how the energy can be used to break down water into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). This process is known as oxidation,
when a plant uses light to break down water and carbohydrates, which are the main energy sources for the plant.
and it could turn rain water into energy with the help of the sun."But, unlike many other energy sources,
Mendoza-Cortes, a computational and theoretical chemist, said the challenge he faced was designing something that didn't rust from the process of breaking down water that also trapped the energy
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