Each of Jiang's half-millimeter diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
Each of Jiang's half-millimeter diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone.
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The rapid freezing method is able to prevent the water in the tissue from forming crystals,
Water crystals can severely damage the tissue by rupturing its cells. But in this high-pressure freezing method, the water turns into a kind of glass, preserving the original structures and architecture of the tissue.
The next step is embed to the frozen tissue in resin. This requires removing the glass-water and replacing it first with acetone
which is still a liquid at the low temperatures of cryofixation, and then, over a period of days, with resin;
and gently push out the glassified water from the brain. The real brainafter the brain was embedded cryofixed
Pollock has competed in ultra-endurance races across deserts, mountains and the polar ice caps. He also won silver and bronze medals in rowing at the Commonwealth Games and launched a motivational speaking business. tepping with the stimulation
And on top of that was water, into which the scientists injected the molecules that spontaneously form the toxic aggregates. s aggregates grow on the membrane,
the aggregates appear as tiny bright spots in a sea of black: bright where the liquid crystal has been disturbed to let light pass. he liquid crystal is actually reporting what happening to the aggregates at the interface,
or for drug researchers to put the amyloid proteins in water, inject their drug, and study how the drug influences the growth of the aggregates over time
and Simulation (HI-SEAS) before pressing on toward Mars, which NASA hopes to reach sometime in the 2030s.
The first HI-SEAS experiment involved studies about cooking on Mars, and was followed by a four-month and an eight-month cohabitation mission.
#Drought prompts 25 per cent water cut in California They have been measuring the snowpack at Phillips in the Sierra nevada mountains in California on the first day of April every year since 1941.
and declare he was imposing a 25-percent cut in water use across the state. California is running out of water.
This January was its driest since records began over a century ago, according to Jay Famiglietti of NASA's Jet propulsion laboratory in California.
which provides a third of the state's water, began in 2011. It is a record-breaker
Underground water is being pumped dry, especially in the agricultural heartlands of the Central Valley, where farmers are allowed to pump as much as they want.
And the Colorado river which waters much of southern California, has been suffering from 14 years of low flow.
Its two great reservoirs, Lake Powell and Lake Mead, are at their lowest levels since the Hoover dam was built on the river 80 years ago.
Climatologists predict that persistent"megadroughts"are going to be a feature of climate change in the American West.
And California, with the West's largest population and the country's biggest agricultural output from irrigated fields,
Large farms in the state have already been forced to cut water use. Water, they used to say out West, flows uphill to money.
But no longer, it seems t
#Human cruise control app steers people on their way For a few days last summer, a handful of students walked through a park behind the University of Hannover in Germany.
#Pumping CO2 into frack wells could prevent water contamination Sometimes two problems can cancel each other out.
MRI usually works by measuring water content, but with modification it can be made to measure the movement of water molecules.
This allows them to pick up on movements in tissues when they are shaken up. Shake it up
The water content of our cells doesn tend to vary much, but the mechanical properties do.
One of these involved the rats being placed in a pool of water with a hidden escape platform.
#Octopus Genome Offers Insights Into One Of Ocean's Cleverest Oddballs Scientists have sequenced just the first genome of an octopus,
and zip through the water using jet propulsion! Plus, they're surprisingly smart. Scientists want to understand all this at the level of DNA.
And she expects to get some help by comparing the octopus to other strange ocean creatures such as the cuttlefish
and their electrons like a ship through water, producing a wake of oscillating electrons. This electron wave creates a trailing wave-shaped electric field structure on which the electrons surf and by
By way of comparison, the system can detect that one cube of sugar was dissolved in three million liters water,
roughly the amount of water contained in 1. 2 Olympic swimming pools. One cubic millimeter of this water would be enough to carry out the test.
In the Ribolution project, funded by Fraunhofer Zukunftsstiftung, the research group is currently using the SMDM for quality control in nucleic acid analytics,
and Applied sciences (SEAS) say they have made it easier to manipulate light at the nanoscale. They have developed the first on-chip metamaterial with a refractive index of zero,
When light passes through water, for example, its phase velocity is reduced as its wavelengths are squeezed together.
Once it exits the water, its phase velocity increases again as its wavelength elongates. How much the crests of a light wave slow down in a material is expressed by the index of refraction;
#Liquid Water Likely Flows On the Salty Hills of Mars It almost as if our moon turned blood red last night to herald NASA latest Red planet news. At 11:30 EDT,
new data that suggests liquid water exists on Mars even today. This could be the first time in mission history that we have definitive reason to believe there might be microbial life on our closest neighbor.
a direct detection of water in the form of hydration of salts, Dr. Mcewen said. here pretty much has to have been liquid water recently present to produce the hydrated salt.
By ecently, Dr. Mcewen said he meant ays, something of that order. In 1972, NASA Mariner 9 spacecraft discovered evidence of erosion features on Mars that implicated the presence of water at some point in the planet past.
And in 2005 the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) aboard the European space agency Mars Express spacecraft took a photo of a water ice crater 35 meters in diameter at the Martian north pole.
Finally, in March of this year, NASA and colleagues at the European Southern Observatory (ESO) uncovered evidence of a massive ancient ocean that once covered almost half of Mars northern hemisphere.
But until now, scientists had not yet found any signs of liquid water on the present-day surface of Mars
. If liquid water does in fact reside there, it probably wouldn be pure H2o, since temperatures and atmospheric pressures are too low.
These salts, known as perchlorates, lower the freezing temperature of water. But where is the water coming from?
Chang quotes Mcewen: here are two basic origins for the water: from above or from below, Dr. Mcewen said.
The perchlorates could be acting like a sponge, absorbing moisture out of the air, but measurements indicate very low humidity on Mars only enough for 10 microns,
The other possibility is frozen that water underground might be seeping to the surface during the summer.
Whether or not the water would be too salty to support life is still in question o
#MIT Invention Turns Salt water Into Drinking water Using Solar power From plants to people, every living thing on this planet needs water.
Just look at the furor around California's new water restrictions. If a state as wealthy as California is having to get creative
in order to start saving water, you can bet that governments and municipalities with less money and clout are having to turn to even more inventive methods to get clean water without breaking the bank.
The idea was to create a system that could remove salt from water and meet three criteria:
The batteries then power a system that removes salt from the water through electrodialysis. On the most basic level, that means that dissolved salt particles,
are drawn out of the water when a small electrical current is applied. In addition to getting rid of salt
(which makes water unusable for crops and for drinking), the team also applied UV light to disinfect some of the water as it passed through the system.
Using the sun instead of fossil fuels to power a desalination plant isn't a totally new idea.
Larger solar desalination plants are being investigated seriously in areas where water is becoming a scarce resource,
While proponents hope to eventually could provide water to large numbers of people, the technology is still expensive (though prices are dropping)
The MIT/Jain team and their competitors tested their projects at the Brackish Groundwater National Desalination Research Facility in New Mexico,
removing salt from 2, 100 gallons of water each day. The next step is to test it in an even harsher environment,
the system could provide enough water to irrigate a small farm m
#Navy Makes Armor Clear As Clay It a transparent armor so good it might turn the phrase lass cannonon its head.
protecting the components inside a directed energy weapon from the ravages of sea or sand while still letting the laser shine through.
Hundreds of thousands of people need food, water, shelter, or some combination of the three, not to mention the numerous people who desperately need medical care.
because there's only water in every couple of villages, or you're mapping pharmacies because people need malaria meds. You feel like you've spent time in these places after spending hours digitizing aerial imagery.
The concept uses a sensor to detect an explosion in water or air--say, an IED on the side of the road--then estimates the time and location of the explosion.
Next, the signal from the sensor triggers a laser (or a blast of electricity or microwave energy) that heats up a section of air or water
#Super-Strong Material Inspired By Squid Teeth Is Self-Healing A team of researchers led by engineers from Penn State university has created the first material that heals itself in the presence of water, according to a study published yesterday in Scientific Reports.
could be used to repair devices in water-filled environments that are difficult to access, such as the human body,
or the bottom of the sea. The researchers had been studying squids'ring teeth, which are uniquely strong
and can change phase from liquid to solid in the presence of water. After testing ring teeth samples from several species of squid found all over the world
then put the two pieces back together with a drop of water. They found that the material healed best at 113 degrees Fahrenheit
Veikko Sariola et al, Scientific Reports, 2015 A team of researchers led by engineers from Penn State university has created the first material that heals itself in the presence of water, according to a study published yesterday in Scientific Reports.
could be used to repair devices in water-filled environments that are difficult to access, such as the human body,
or the bottom of the sea. The researchers had been studying squids'ring teeth, which are uniquely strong
and can change phase from liquid to solid in the presence of water. After testing ring teeth samples from several species of squid found all over the world,
then put the two pieces back together with a drop of water. They found that the material healed best at 113 degrees Fahrenheit, a little warmer than the temperature of the human body,
Material that heals itself in the presence of water could extend the usability of biomedical implants
or hard-to-access fiber optic cables on the ocean floor that need repairs. Of course, this material is nowhere near ready for that application,
whether the constant presence of water degrades the plastic ability to heal itself. The researchers next plan to study how their technology could help heal wounds n
And while these molecules aren harmful in water, they smell earthy and musty, respectively, which can make water taste just gross enough to be off-putting.
Water quality experts have to test water samples in a lab to determine whether these molecules are in drinking water, a process that is expensive and time-consuming.
In tests, the researchers found that their device could detect GSM and MIB concentrations as low as 10 nanograms per liter of water,
But the researchers think their device could be used to detect many other contaminants in water or air.
#Sierra nevada Snowpack Is At Its Lowest Level In 500 Years With record-setting temperatures and the first ever mandatory statewide water restriction,
As of April 1st, 2015, the snowpack in the Sierra nevada mountains--which provides 30 percent of the state spring and summer water--is at its lowest level in 500 years.
The snowpack that builds up in the Sierra nevadas in the winter later provides much-needed water for both humans and ecosystems during the drier summer months.
when scientists measured the volume of water in the snowpack, it was 95 percent lower than the historical average--coinciding with the hottest January-March period in California's recorded history.
it a further blow to the state to find its primary natural water storage system in critical condition.
Along with setting sweeping water restrictions, the state is helping its citizens by providing various tips
and tactics on how to cut their water use and stretch their resources. The drought in California is not just a state issue
Vinduino As California fourth straight year of drought forces farmers to cut back on water use,
And while the Internet of things has brought a number of water-conscious smart irrigation products into the agricultural market,
Vinduino is Reinier van der Lee open-source solution to the challenge of cutting back on water use by 25 percent a voluntary measure that, for Van der Lee Vineyard
water pressure sensors and data loggers for controlling and monitoring the vineyard irrigation system. In prototype stage is networked a,
Vinduino uses three sensors at different depths to get a better handle on the way water moves through the soil at each measurement point.
directly in water kept nutrient-rich by fish. Using the technique, the farm yields both fishes and plants for harvest.
A major advantage of vertical farming is the sips of water it needs. Farmedhere for example, uses just 3 percent of water traditional farming methods might use.
Because the farms are enclosed, pesticides are unnecessary while the LED LIGHTS make sure there is enough unlightall-year round.
There, it is mixed with water to create steam that turns energy-generating turbines. The HTF is made up of a synthetic thermal oil solution that is pumped towards a heat tank containing molten sands that can store heat energy for three hours
This could one day include water desalination, in a country that is increasingly being hit by drought as the climate warms.
#Organic framework serves as catalyst for the photocatalytic conversion of water into hydrogen Humanity's need for energy is ever-increasing.
In contrast, water and sunlight are available in vast abundance. Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research in Stuttgart and from LMU Munich have created now a material that uses light to produce the versatile energy source hydrogen from water.
This polymeric photocatalyst is chemically stable. Moreover, the rate of hydrogen production can be tuned fine by means of small structural modifications of the catalyst.
Finding a photocatalyst capable of splitting water is not an easy task. What is needed is a substance that directly uses the energy of sunlight to split the hydrogen-oxygen bonds in water.
In laboratories, this has been achieved with certain substances; however, the yield is often low and everyday industrial use is still a long way off.
which are transferred to the protons in the water moleculend thereby create elementary hydrogen. The COFS created in Stuttgart meet all the prerequisites.
From the lab bench to practical applications Despite the early success, these materials are still far from being considered for industrial hydrogen generation using water and sunlight.
water and a simple carbon-based material. Hydrogen obtained in such an environmentally friendly way could be used in many different applications.
The compound is repelled by water at neutral ph, which allows it to easily diffuse through cellular and nuclear membranes,
and augmented with cobalt atoms has proven to be an effective, durable catalyst for the production of hydrogen from water, according to scientists at Rice Univ. The Rice lab of chemist James Tour and colleagues at the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Catalysts can split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen atoms, a process required for fuel cells.
the amount of electricity it needs to begin separating water into hydrogen and oxygen. The new catalyst is mixed as a solution
or basic water. his is an extremely high-performance material, Tour said. He noted platinum-carbon catalysts still boast the lowest onset voltage. o question, theye the best.
like an ice cube does to water. Next, the crystal drug is placed into a fat and protein coat, similar to
#Researchers observe phase transition thought impossible An ultra-pure material taken to pressures greater than that in the depths of the ocean
"It is something like changing water from liquid to ice; except the two phases we saw were very different from one another."
but it is worth the effort to discover new phenomena involving the entire sea of electrons acting in concert.
which is 10 times the pressure one would feel in the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana trench.
Platinum is an extremely efficient catalyst for splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen but its high-cost and scarcity limit its widespread use for hydrogen production and in hydrogen fuel cells.
With the addition of water and the use of lithium iodide as a'mediator',their battery showed far less of the chemical reactions
inexpensive fuel from water An inexpensive method for generating clean fuel is the modern-day equivalent of the philosopher's stone.
One compelling idea is to use solar energy to split water into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen and then harvest the hydrogen for use as fuel.
But splitting water efficiently turns out to be not so easy. Now two scientists at the Univ. of Chicago's Institute for Molecular Engineering (IME) and the Univ. of Wisconsin have made an important contribution to the effort,
and offering new conceptual tools that can be applied more broadly in the quest to split water with sunlight.
which an electrode used for splitting water absorbs solar photons while at the same time improving the flow of electrons from one electrode to another.
where they will be available for the water-splitting reaction. Equally important, but a separate problem entirely, the electrons need to move easily from the electrode to a counter-electrode,
Finally, that nitrogen lowered the energy needed to kick electrons into the state in which they were available to split water.
The center fosters scientific collaborations aimed at coming up with a device to split water."
limiting their use to waters at least 30 meters deep. The THAWT (Transverse Horizontal Axis Water turbine) technology
by contrast, is designed for deployment in shallower, lower velocity, tidal waters. Developed by Oxford university's Department of Engineering science in conjunction with Kepler Energy,
as the water flows past the fence a head of water is produced that increases the turbine's efficiency.
"Kepler says their design has minimal moving parts in the water, while its generator and other electrical equipment are installed in dry columns,
"The water flows at right angles to the axis of the turbine so, as the turbine turns, lift is generated by these blades,
According to Dixon,"the rotor is suited to lower velocity, shallower waters, which are areas where you can't put conventional axial flow turbines,
and if you make them very big in diameter they're going to stick out of the water.
has been proposed for installation in the Bristol Channel, a major inlet and river estuary between England and Wales.
if the tides flowing in and out of the channel are harnessed correctly, they could supply up to five percent of the energy requirements of the UK."
or six hundred megawatts and just to visualize that that's like one small nuclear reactor's worth of electricity being generated from the tides in the Bristol Channel,
tidal lagoon system, consisting of circular retaining walls embedded with turbines which capture the tide's energy."
"A lagoon generates maximum at the turn of the tide when a tidal turbine like ours is actually static, not turning,
so together they constructively interfere, as the scientists would say. Very effective...it's very advantageous to have said both
and £130 ($157 USD to $203 USD) per MWH for the 10 kilometer fence proposed for the Bristol Channel in the future, markedly cheaper than lagoons.
The developers say the system could be used in waters off France and many Asian countries, such as Japan, China, the Koreas, Indonesia, India,
or a cold glass of water from a hot cup of coffee. This will take time.
Below, the researchers have installed a new type of electrolyte that replaces the lithium-cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate of regular battery electrolytes with water."
and by adding the water-based electrolyte. Called an aqueous solar flow battery, this world-first design could be the basis of an entirely new class of batteries,
"This has been replaced with water as the solvent and lithium iodide as the salt, which offers low-cost, high-energy storage capabilities."
particularly in dry years where our hydro-lake levels are said low Bridges.""But significant market investment in other forms of renewable energy in recent years, particularly in geothermal, means that a coal backstop is becoming less of a requirement."
The two remaining coal-burning generators are located at Genesis Energy's Huntly Power station in Waikato on the country's North Island.
when you sprinkle water on your pan to see if it's hot enough to cook with
-if the water droplets skitter across the pan, you're good to go, and that's the Leidenfrost effect in action.
Immediately the water in the acid solution began to break down into hydrogen and oxygen gas.
The researchers initially thought that the drop might be floating on top of the hydrogen gas from the breakup of the water.
which effectively mimics plant-based photosynthesis by using solar energy to convert water into hydrogen. The process,
and oxygen by running an electric current through water, could be used to inexpensively power our homes
and cars in just a few years, say the researchers. lectrochemical splitting of water could provide a cheap,
It an inexpensive metal and it produces a very, very stable action in its water electrolysis cell.
Another innovation is that the Monash system can run on river water, which the researchers say will allow it to be implemented easily in a number of geographic locations.
#This new technology converts sea water into drinking water in minutes Purifying dirty water is a notoriously difficult and expensive process-even in California, financial pressures affect
which is why a newly invented and ultra-cheap water cleaning process is looking so promising.
Developed by a team of researchers at Alexandria University in Egypt, the procedure uses a desalination technique called pervaporation to remove the salt from sea water
The technique not only desalinates the seawater, it's capable of removing sewage and dirt from it too.
The researchers combined expertise in oceanography, chemical engineering, agricultural engineering and biosystems engineering to come up with the solution
and their work has now been published in the journal Water Science and Technology.""The technology implemented in the study is much better than reverse osmosis,
a professor of water contamination at Egypt National Research Centre, told Scidev. net.""It can effectively desalinate water with high concentration of salt like that of the Red sea, where desalination costs more and yields less."
"Unfortunately for those who are waiting for this type of technology, a lot of work is required before it can be put into action:
What's certain is that a new procedure like this could have a huge impact on the lives of millions of people-according to Water. org,
Just like water has a gaseous, liquid, and solid state, this magnet material displays physical phase transitions when gradually cooled right down to almost freezing."
and the magnetic arrangement appeared to undergo another change-it was frozen almost, just like water.
She then used these silk-stabilised chemicals to design a paper-based test that requires only a serum sample (the clear part of the blood after the red blood cells have been removed) and water to run.
water is added to the chemicals, so they flow down to the center of the test paper,
when only the corner of it is dipped in water. The chemicals, serum sample, and water then combine in the right order
and timing to give a positive or negative readout for the presence of Ebola proteins.
you can see the addition of the water at specific intervals, and how the chemicals come together to create a positive yellow reading:
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