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futurity_medicine 00055.txt

#Ebola family is at least 16 million years old University at Buffalo rightoriginal Studyposted by Charlotte Hsu-Buffalo on October 26 2014the family of viruses to which Ebola and its lethal relative Marburg belong likely existed in the Miocene epoch at least 16 to 23 million years ago. At that time the evolutionary lines leading to Ebola and Marburg had diverged already according to research that adds to scientists developing knowledge about known filoviruses. Experts once believed filoviruses came into being some 10000 years ago coinciding with the rise of agriculture. The new study pushes back the family s age to the time when great apes arose.####Filoviruses are far more ancient than previously thought##says lead researcher Derek Taylor professor of biological sciences at University at Buffalo.####These things have been interacting with mammals for a long time several million years.####Knowing more about Ebola and Marburg s comparative evolution could##affect design of vaccines and programs that identify emerging pathogens##researchers write in the journal Peerj. The research does not address the age of the modern-day Ebola virus. Instead it shows that Ebola and Marburg are each members of ancient evolutionary lines and that these two viruses last shared a common ancestor sometime prior to 16 to 23 million years ago. Taylor and coauthor Jeremy Bruenn professor of biological sciences research viral##fossil genes##â##chunks of genetic material that animals and other organisms acquire from viruses during infection. In the new study the authors report finding remnants of filovirus-like genes in various rodents. One fossil gene called VP35 appeared in the same spot in the genomes of four different rodent species: two hamsters and two voles. This means the material was acquired likely in or before the Miocene epoch prior to when these rodents evolved into distinct species some 16-23 million years ago. In other words it appears the known filovirus family is at least as old as the common ancestor of hamsters and voles.####These rodents have billions of base pairs in their genomes so the odds of a viral gene inserting itself at the same position in different species at different times are very small##Taylor says.####It s likely that the insertion was present in the common ancestor of these rodents.####The genetic material in the VP35 fossil was more closely related to Ebola than to Marburg indicating that the lines leading to these viruses had begun already diverging from each other in the Miocene. The new study builds on Taylor s previous work which used viral fossil genes to estimate that the entire family of filoviruses was more than 10 million years old. However those studies used fossil genes only distantly related to Ebola and Marburg which prevented the researchers from drawing conclusions about the age of these two viral lines. The new findings fill this viral##fossil gap##to allow scientists to explore Ebola s historical relationship with Marburg. The first Ebola outbreak in humans occurred in 1976 and scientists still know little about the virus history. The same dearth of information applies to Marburg which was recognized in humans in 1967 and implicated in the death of a Ugandan health worker this month. Understanding the virus ancient past could aid in disease prevention Taylor says. If a researcher were trying to create a single vaccine effective against both Ebola and Marburg it could be helpful to know that their evolutionary lineages diverged so long ago. Knowing more about filoviruses in general could provide insight into which host species might serve as##reservoirs##that harbor undiscovered pathogens related to Ebola and Marburg Taylor says.####When they first started looking for reservoirs for Ebola they were crashing through the rainforest looking at everythingâ##mammals insects other organisms. The more we know about the evolution of filovirus-host interactions the more we can learn about who the players might be in the system.####Source: University at Buffaloyou are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noderivs 3. 0 Unported license e

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