that must be reconsidered in light of the presence of something science insisted did not exist t
by using the molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) method*3. Then they carefully investigated the electronic structure of grown films by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES)* 4 Fig. 2. In the ARPES measurement,
tuned to the daily cycle of light and dark, sends out signals that synchronize the molecular clocks ticking away in almost every cell and tissue of the body.
Described in The Optical Society (OSA) journal, Optics Express, the new approach involves bouncing laser light off individual bacteria under the microscope,
"Employing laser holographic techniques, we achieved rapid and label-free identification of bacterial species at the single bacterium level with a single-shot measurement,
in order to measure light scattering patterns of individual bacteria, which can then be used to identify bacteria species for rural areas
fingerprint-like light scattering pattern for any given bacterial cell. They then applied software they designed to the analysis,
This was the first time anyone had applied machine learning to Fourier Transform light scattering data, Park said. They are now looking to extend their initial work to see
The researchers then beamed light through the holes to create the logo using no ink--only the interaction of the materials and light.
This allowed researchers to create different colors in the reflected light and thereby accurately reproduce the S&t athletic logo with nanoscale color palettes.
the group said it had employed ultrafast femtosecond lasers to produce a three-dimensional single crystal capable of guiding light waves through glass with little loss of light.
The article, published May 19, is titled"Direct laser-writing of ferroelectric single-crystal waveguide architectures in glass for 3d integrated optics."
The group says its achievement will boost ongoing efforts to develop photonic integrated circuits (PICS) that are smaller, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than current networks that use discrete optoelectronic components--waveguides, splitters, modulators, filters
to prevent light from scattering as it is being transmitted and, second, to transmit and manipulate light signals fast enough to handle increasingly large quantities of data.
Glass, an amorphous material with an inherently disordered atomic structure, cannot meet these challenges, the researchers say.
therefore essential for 3d laser-fabrication of PICS to achieve its full potential.""To pattern crystals in glass, the Lehigh-led group employed femtosecond lasers,
whose speed and precision make them useful for cataract and other eye surgeries. A femtosecond is one-quadrillionth,
Pulses emitted by femtosecond lasers last between a few femtoseconds and hundreds of femtoseconds. Scientists have been attempting for years to make crystals in glass in order to prevent light from being scattered as light signals are transmitted,
says Jain. The task is complicated by the"mutually exclusive"nature of the properties of crystal and glass.
"We have made the equivalent of a wire to guide the light. With our crystal, it is possible to do this in 3d
so that the wire--the light--can curve and bend as it is transmitted. This gives us the potential of putting different components on different layers of glass."
and for steering light from one place to another as a supermarket scanner does. Ferroelectric crystals can also transform light from one frequency to another.
This makes it possible to send light through different channels.""""Other groups have made crystal in glass
but were not able to demonstrate quality, "says Jain.""With the quality of our crystal, we have crossed the threshold for the idea to be useful.
"The femtosecond laser provides several critical advantages, say Dierolf and Jain. The high intensity of the laser pulse enables nonlinear optical absorption.
The precise focus enables researchers to control where the laser is focused and where light is absorbed."
"We can heat the glass only locally, "says Jain, "creating the desired conditions and causing the glass to melt,
or almost melt, until it is transformed into a crystal.""The unique focus of the femtosecond laser also makes it possible to"write"the crystal inside the glass and not on its surface."
"We don't want to write on the surface, only deep inside the glass,"says Jain.""Somehow, you have to get the laser inside the glass before you turn it on.
We do that by exploiting a property of the femtosecond lasers--that only at the focal point of the laser is there sufficient intensity to cause the change you want."
"The nonlinear absorption of light, says Dierolf, depends on the intensity of light in selected areas."
"If you double the intensity of the laser, you might get 20 to 100 times more absorption.
You can do this with femtosecond pulses that are very intense for a very short period of time.
Kyoto has a special lab for this. We have received now a CREF Critical Research Equipment Fund grant from Lehigh to set up that kind of facility here."
and ultrafast heat current created by picosecond--one trillionth of a second--pulses of laser light,"Cahill added."
and National institutes of health in America has shed new light on how immune cells are programs to either repair
"Extremely compact devices such as this promise a revolution in our ability to manipulate photons coming from synchrotron light sources,
Only the light that is diffracted from the mirror goes on to hit the sample, and by adjusting the speed at
you will see flashes of light every time the wheel is at the perfect spot for sunlight to hit it.
and its applications in wider fields at next-generation light sources,"said Tetsuya Ishikawa, the director of the RIKEN SPRING-8 Center in Japan.
These include newly planned light source facilities such as the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade.""Such small sources and tiny MEMS devices form an ideal combination to make 3-D X-ray ultrafast movies with nanometer resolution,"added Jin Wang, a senior scientist at the APS and one
the full performance at wavelength of a wedged MLL has been characterized and was found to agree well with calculations.
The need for this optics technology will grow with the construction of the next-generation of light sources
New synchrotron light sources using multi-bend achromat technology and X-ray Free electron lasers create much brighter X-rays with higher fluxes.
Wedged MLLS are expected to enable the maximization of this technology at the atomic scale. Array"This has been a highly collaborative effort between two U s. Department of energy national laboratories to make these lens,
lead author and physicist at the National Synchrotron Light source II at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Currently, two types of diffractive X-ray optics tools are used:
traditional Fresnel zone plates made with lithography-based fabrication processes, and flat-zone MLLS. The initial tests on the first iteration of the new wedged MLL lens design demonstrated a factor of three improvement in overall efficiency at low energies over zone plates and a factor of five improvement in peak
when it is irradiated with light of a certain wavelength. When the chain reaction has run for a
Jeon's group, their light-emitting mechanisms were studied carefully by Prof. Cho's group with their transient spectroscopic technique,
as well as miniature NS honeycomb cells, from nylon using selective laser sintering for experimentation. NS honeycombs can be made from a variety of materials to suit distinct applications.
so Cape town has a definite winter with low levels of the ultraviolet B wavelengths needed to produce precursor vitamin D3.
and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as UV curing and disinfection. A further application field is plant lighting, for
and manufactured a module enabling irradiation with UV-B light of a specific wavelength. In this particular case, LEDS emitting at a wavelength around 310 nm are used to stimulate health-promoting secondary metabolites in plants.
The optical power can be adjusted flexibly between 0 and 100%.%The novel concept was tested successfully in experiments at the Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ.
Arrayat the fair, the FBH exhibits novel dual-wavelength diode lasers that are suitable for use in miniaturized, portable laser measurement systems for Raman spectroscopy applications.
The laser sources alternatingly emit light from only one chip at two different stabilized wavelengths, which are defined by gratings implemented into the semiconductor chip.
Wavelength selection is realized by separately addressable sections within the laser. The innovative diode laser chip is ideally applicable for SERDS (Shifted Excitation Raman Difference Spectroscopy),
enabling to measure Raman spectra under real-world conditions even in highly fluorescent environments and when exposed to daylight.
Moreover, SERDS improves the detection limit by one order of magnitude compared to standard Raman spectroscopy. With these FBH tiny monolithic light sources on chip level, a compact SERDS measurement head that is only as small as a laser pointer was realized for the first time.
This device is the basis for a unique miniaturized and versatile SERDS spectroscopy system, enabling in-situ measurements in various security and health relevant fields including biology, medicine, food control, and pharmacy.
Applications in absorption spectroscopy and for generating terahertz radiation are also conceivable. Arrayfiber-coupled demonstrators newly developed at FBH for industrial use aim at integrating laser radiation with high spectral brightness into various systems
thus enabling easier usage. Now, efficient and compact laser sources are at hand emitting in the near-infrared on multi-watt level (CW operation) with a narrow-band spectrum and a stigmatic, nearly Gaussian laser beam
which is independent of the optical power level. Such sources are demanded highly for the pumping of solid-state lasers and frequency doubling.
On a footprint of less than 10 cm2, the micro module integrates a 1064 nm distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) tapered laser,
a micro-optical assembly designed to maintain brightness and mounted with sub-micrometer precision and temperature-stabilizing components.
The module is equipped also with a single-mode fiber output with standard FC/APC connector.
Arraythe institute develops highly brilliant diode lasers in a great variety of designs and packages, covering the wavelength range from 630 nm to 1180 nm.
Single emitters with a stripe width of 90 m, for example, reach peak brilliance results with 3. 5 W/mm-mrad.
For rapid prototyping applications the FBH has developed DBR ridge waveguide (RW) lasers with 24 individually addressable emitters featuring a wavelength spacing>0. 3 nm and a spectral width<1 pm.
#Miniscule mirrored cavities connect quantum memories The enhanced interactions between light and atoms and the extended spin-coherence times are essential steps toward realizing real-world quantum memories and, hence, quantum computing systems,
Nanoscale mirrored cavities that trap light around atoms in diamond crystals increase the quantum mechanical interactions between light and electrons in atoms.
and the Center for Functional Nanomaterials at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory, has demonstrated a new process to construct such diamond nanocavities in
The fabrication of the optical cavities relied on a new silicon hard-mask fabrication process that applies mature semiconductor fabrication methods for patterning high-quality photonic devices into unconventional substrates.
and the Diamond Light source in Oxfordshire, England. In the process, they discovered why the electrons are so fast and mobile.
This is a procedure where the inside of the body is examined using a probe with a light source and video camera at the end via the mouth and down the gullet.
#Sweeping lasers snap together nanoscale geometric grids Now, scientists at the U s. Department of energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have developed a new technique to rapidly create nano-structured grids for functional materials with unprecedented versatility."
and x-ray scattering at the National Synchrotron Light source--both DOE Office of Science User Facilities.
Here, an intensely hot laser swept across the sample to transform disordered polymer blocks into precise arrangements in just seconds."
"Our laser technique forces the materials to assemble in a particular way. We can then build structures layer-by-layer,
"Arrayfor the first step in grid construction, the team took advantage of their recent invention of laser zone annealing (LZA) to produce the extremely localized thermal spikes needed to drive ultra-fast self-assembly.
The sweeping laser's heat causes the elastic layer to expand--like shrinkwrap in reverse
"The direction of the laser sweeping across each unassembled layer determines the orientation of the nanowire rows,
"We shift that laser direction on each layer, and the way the rows intersect and overlap shapes the grid.
size, and structure to facilitate desired interactions with light, electrical or magnetic fields, or chemical environment to provide unique functionality in a wide range of applications from energy to medicine.
Now, a team of scientists of the Laser spectroscopy Division of Prof. Theodor W. Hänsch (Director at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and Chair for Experimental Physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich) has developed a technique where an optical microcavity is used to enhance the signals
and at the same time achieves an optical resolution close to the fundamental diffraction limit. The possibility to study the optical properties of individual nanoparticles
This enhances the interaction between the light and the sample, and the signal becomes easily measurable,
Laser light is coupled into the resonator through this fibre. The plane mirror is moved point by point with respect to the fibre
Then, the corresponding quantities depend on the orientation of the polarization of light with respect to the symmetry axes of the particle."
from the characterization of nanomaterials and biological nanosystems to spectroscopy of quantum emitters. e
#Nanostructure design enables pixels to produce two different colors depending on polarization of incident light Through precise structural control,
A*STAR researchers have encoded a single pixel with two distinct colors and have used this capability to generate a three-dimensional stereoscopic image.
'Having previously used plasmonic materials to generate color prints at the optical diffraction limit by carefully varying the nanostructure size and spacing,
"We decided to extend our research to prints that would exhibit different images depending on the polarization of the incident light,
More broadly, by using the ABE fermentation as an example, the work further sheds light on systems biology toward an integrated and quantitative understanding of complex microbial physiology
The light operates continuously and requires no operator, kills bacteria in the air and on all surfaces,
This High-Intensity Narrow Spectrum (HINS) light is absorbed by molecules within bacteria, producing a chemical reaction that kills the bacteria from the inside
Because the light is visible, it is lethal to pathogens but is safe for use in the presence of patients and staff."
and neodymium using one of the world's fastest lasers, housed in the UW-Madison geoscience department.
Bursts of light less than one-trillionth of a second long vaporized thin sections of the sample without heating the sample itself."
"Heating with traditional lasers gave spurious results.""It took three years to perfect the working of the laser and associated mass spectrometry instruments,
Li says. Previous probes of the source of banded iron had focused on iron isotopes.""There has been debate about
The MSU researchers found that by shooting an ultrafast laser pulse into the material, its properties would change
By varying the wavelengths and intensities of the laser pulses, the researchers were able to observe phases with different properties that are captured on the femtosecond timescale.
"The laser pulses act like dopants that temporarily weaken the glue that binds charges and ions together in the materials at a speed that is ultrafast and allow new electronic phases to spontaneously form to engineer new properties,
Polyu researchers have developed a simplified method for direct analysis of edible oils using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). In the new MALDI-MS
The research, published today in Nature Photonics, was led by Zhenda Xie, a research scientist in the lab of Chee Wei Wong,
The result greatly extends from wavelength multiplexing, the method for carrying many videos over a single optical fiber."
"Essentially, we're leveraging wavelength division multiplexing concepts at the quantum level.""Potential applications for the research include secure communication and information processing, in particular for high-capacity data transfer with minimal error.
"With the help of state-of-the-art high-speed single photon detectors at NIST and support from Dr. Franco Wong, Dr. Xie was able to verify the high-dimensional and multi-degrees-of-freedom entanglement of photons.
along with an international team, have come up with an ingenious way of creating therapeutic heat in a light, flexible design.
when electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object is absorbed by the Q-Eye sensor, even down to the level of very small packets of quantum energy (a single photon).
The work sheds new light onto at least one biological process that mediates neuropathic pain, Inceoglu said.
"Because our membrane is so light, it has an extremely wide frequency response and is able to generate sharp pulses
One advance was the demonstration, by strictly chemical means, of three-dimensional lithography. Existing lithographic techniques create features over flat surfaces.
This method also applies to the 3d lithography of many other semiconductor compounds.""This is a fundamentally new mechanism for etch mask
in collaboration with Michael Thompson, associate professor of materials science and engineering, got around this issue by using extremely short melt periods induced by a laser.
if the silicon is heated by laser pulses just nanoseconds long. At such short time scales, silicon can be heated to a liquid,
But nanofabrication techniques like photolithography, in which a polymeric material is written with a structure that is etched into the silicon,
They first used a carbon dioxide laser in Thompson's lab to"write"the nanoporous materials onto a silicon wafer.
Writing lines in the film with the laser, the block copolymer decomposed, acting like a positive-tone resist,
They showed how a single nanoresonator can manipulate light to cast a very large"reflection."
"Making an object look 10,000 times larger than its physical size has lots of implications in technologies related to light,
Much like sound, light can resonate, amplifying itself as the surrounding environment manipulates the physical properties of its wave energy.
which the wavelength of light is much larger than in a vacuum, which allows light waves to resonate more powerfully.
The device condenses light to a size smaller than its wavelength meaning it can gather a lot of light energy,
and then scatters the light over a very large area, harnessing its output for imaging applications that make microscopic particles appear huge."
"We are developing photodetectors based on this technology and, for example, it could be helpful for photographers wanting to shoot better quality pictures in weak light conditions,
In addition, Yu envisions simply letting the resonator emit that energy in the form of infrared light toward the sky,
"This research opens up a new way to manipulate the flow of light, and could enable new technologies in light sensing and solar energy conversion,
#Better memory with faster lasers By studying the effect of femtosecond laser pulses on the types of materials used to make DVDS,
When the laser light interacts with a phase-change material, its atomic structure changes from an ordered crystalline arrangement to a more disordered,
"Today, nanosecond lasers--lasers that pulse light at one-billionth of a second--are used to record information on DVDS and Blu-ray disks,
The speed with which data can be recorded is determined both by the speed of the laser--that is,
by the duration of each"pulse"of light--and by how fast the material itself can shift from one state to the other.
Thus, with a nanosecond laser,"the fastest you can record information is one information unit
people have started to use femtosecond lasers, which can potentially record one unit every one millionth of a billionth of a second.
when it is hit by a femtosecond laser pulse. In UEC, a sample of crystalline Gete is bombarded with a femtosecond laser pulse,
followed by a pulse of electrons. The laser pulse causes the atomic structure to change from the crystalline to other structures
and then ultimately to the amorphous state. Then, when the electron pulse hits the sample, its electrons scatter in a pattern that provides a picture of the sample's atomic configuration as a function of the time.
the structural shift in Gete caused by the laser pulses. However, they also saw something more:
regardless of the laser speeds used.""Even if there is a laser faster than a femtosecond laser,
there will be a limit as to how fast this transition can occur and information can be recorded, just because of the physics of these phase-change materials,
ROM storage, including CDS and DVDS, uses phase-change materials and lasers to store information. Although ROM records
#Potential of blue LEDS as novel chemical-free food preservation technology A team of scientists from the National University of Singapore (NUS) has found that blue light emitting diodes (LEDS) have strong antibacterial
While LEDS are most commonly known as an energy saving light source, they have also been known to have an antibacterial effect.
Bacterial cells contain light sensitive compounds that adsorb light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-430 nm),
or by using very close distance of less than 2 cm between the bacterial suspension and LED light source.
#Noninvasive device could end daily finger pricking for people with diabetes A new laser sensor that monitors blood glucose levels without penetrating the skin could transform the lives of millions of people living with diabetes.
uses a small device with low-powered lasers to measure blood glucose levels without penetrating the skin.
"At the heart of the new technology is a piece of nano-engineered silica glass with ions that fluoresce in infrared light when a low power laser light hits them.
corresponding to red light of a wavelength of 700 nanometers. As more layers were added, the optical gap decreased.
For instance, for five layers, the optical gap value was 0. 8 electron volts, a infrared wavelength of 1550 nanometres.
For very thick layers, the value was around 0. 3 electron volts, a mid-infrared wavelength of around 3. 5 microns.
The work is based on an X-ray laser experiment at the Department of energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
The study has been hailed by researchers familiar with the work as one of the most important scientific results to date using SLAC's Linac Coherent light Source LCLS), a DOE Office of Science User Facility that is one of the brightest
X-ray laser Best Tool for Tiny Samples Xu said he first learned about the benefits of using SLAC's X-ray laser for protein studies in 2012.
"The network of silver nanowires is so fine that almost no light for solar energy conversion is lost in the cell due to the shadow,
On the contrary, she hopes"it might even be possible for the silver nanowires to scatter light into the solar cell absorbers in a controlled fashion through
more portable and many times faster by accelerating the heating and cooling of genetic samples with the switch of a light.
This turbocharged thermal cycling, described in a paper in the journal Light: Science & Application, greatly expands the clinical
Once the light is off, the oscillations and the heating stop. Gold, it turns out,
because it is so efficient at absorbing light. It has added the benefit of being inert to biological systems,
The light source was an array of off-the-shelf LEDS positioned beneath the PCR wells. The peak wavelength of the blue LED light was tuned 450 nanometers
to get the most efficient light-to-heat conversion. The researchers were able to cycle from 131 degrees to 203 degrees Fahrenheit 30 times in less than five minutes.
and also that in light of the new findings the textbooks might need some revising t has become increasingly clear that the central nervous system is immune different rather than immune privileged,
For the resonance to work, the thickness of this matched layer and the plasma sheath must be smaller than the wavelengths of the radio signals used for communication, the scientists noted.
ove uses infrared light to illuminate your eye, regardless of eye color, Lochlainn Wilson, Fove CTO, tells Tech in Asia. he iris reflects the same light pretty much across all of humanity.
There are little cameras looking at your eye, but theye not visible, and they track your eye movements.
"Catching Your Eye Fove's eye-tracking technology employs infrared lasers that bounce light off the wearer's retinas to determine how the eyes are angled.
and Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography integration at multiple levels. The 7nm chips are the result of the first program out of IBM's 2014 US$3 billion investment in research--a five-year investment that aims to push the limits of chip technology to meet the needs of cloud computing
Another problem concerns EUV lithography.""Current-generation technology is so well known, so well integrated, and so cheap that the marginal cost to use something else is higher than its marginal value,
EUV lithography"will require a top-to-bottom change in the fab--basically a brand new factory with machines that don't exist even in prototypes yet,
or use a laser. It is capable of working 10 times faster and with more accuracy than a surgeon hands when performing intricate procedures.
Wavelengths are not to scale. Schematic diagram of a gas-filled pressure vessel. The red-to-blue shading represents the temperature gradient in the gas, with the higher (red) temperatures near the top.
Wavelengths are not to scale. Accurate calibrations of gas flow meters issues are of urgent interest to meter manufacturers and calibration labs, with potential impact throughout the natural gas industry.
#Laser-generated surface structures create extremely water-repellent metals Super-hydrophobic properties could lead to applications in solar panels,
sanitation and as rust-free metals Scientists at the University of Rochester have used lasers to transform metals into extremely water repellent,
Guo and his colleague at the University Institute of Optics, Anatoliy Vorobyev, describe a powerful and precise laser-patterning technique that creates an intricate pattern of micro
This work builds on earlier research by the team in which they used a similar laser-patterning technique that turned metals black.
Guo adds that one of the big advantages of his team process is that he structures created by our laser on the metals are intrinsically part of the material surface.
Unlike Guo laser-treated metals, the Teflon kitchen tools are not super-hydrophobic. The difference is that to make water to roll off a Teflon coated material
but ultra-short laser pulses to change the surface of the metals. A femtosecond laser pulse lasts on the order of a quadrillionth of a second
but reaches a peak power equivalent to that of the entire power grid of North america during its short burst.
therefore make them very efficient at absorbing light. The combination of light-absorbing properties with making metals water repellent could lead to more efficient solar absorbers solar absorbers that don rust
and do need not much cleaning. Guo team had blasted previously materials with the lasers and turned them hydrophilic,
meaning they attract water. In fact, the materials were so hydrophilic that putting them in contact with a drop of water made water run phill.
Guo team is now planning on focusing on increasing the speed of patterning the surfaces with the laser,
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