"What we were doing was the equivalent of bathing the film in acetic acid vapors--essentially exposing it to concentrated vinegar,
and PSB formed the shell to create an nversemicelle. he material is controlled easily by salt alone, rather than by a combination of several stimuli like ph, temperature or light,
so that our cells are able to produce Nootkatone from sugar, "says acib researcher Tamara Wriessnegger.
With the help of the new genes the yeast is capable to synthesize the high-prized, natural flavor (more than 4000 euros per kilo) in a cheap way and in useful quantities from sugar (one euro per kilo.
#New research could help build computers from DNA Scientists have found a way to'switch'the structure of DNA using copper salts
when biodiesel is formed from vegetable oil, and convert this into an ingredient to produce even more biodiesel.
The group measured flows of five different salt ions through several graphene sheet setups by applying a voltage and measuring the current flowing through the pores.
#Researchers create transplantation model for 3-D printed constructs Using sugar, silicone and a 3-D printer,
It's a technique pioneered by Miller in 2012--and inspired by the intricate sugar glass cages crafted by pastry chefs to garnish desserts.
Using an open-source 3-D printer that lays down individual filaments of sugar glass one layer at a time
Once the sugar hardened, they placed it in a mold and poured in silicone gel. After the gel cured, Miller's team dissolved the sugar, leaving behind a network of small channels in the silicone."
"They don't yet look like the blood vessels found in organs, but they have some of the key features relevant for a transplant surgeon,
The rats were asked to choose between two identical visual shapes by pressing their nose against one of them on a touchscreen (similar to an ipad), in exchange for rewards in the form of sugar pellets.
With time, rats learned to negotiate a trade-off between a small reward (1 sugar pellet) delivered immediately
and a large reward (4 sugar pellets) delivered after a delay. The researchers discovered that the average rat,
"Once the sugar is there, some is used straight away as energy to help the embryo grow, and the rest is reconverted to the storage molecule,
because as well as containing sugar fragments, they contain protein that can be broken down into amino acids the building blocks from
#Bionic pancreas automatically controls diabeticsblood sugar SENSOR, pump action! An app linked to a glucose sensor
Type 1 diabetes is caused by destruction of beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin to control how much sugar circulates in the blood.
children using the bionic device spent half as much time with seriously low sugar levels, just 5 minutes a night. t took time to trust the system,
one day, be grown at home and used to turn sugar into heroin which is made easily from morphine or thebaine.
one day, be grown at home and used to turn sugar into heroin which is made easily from morphine or thebaine.
By way of comparison, the system can detect that one cube of sugar was dissolved in three million liters water,
In a paper published in the journal Nature Geoscience, Dr. Alfred S. Mcewen and other scientists identified waterlogged molecules salts of a type known as perchlorates in readings from orbit. hat
a direct detection of water in the form of hydration of salts, Dr. Mcewen said. here pretty much has to have been liquid water recently present to produce the hydrated salt.
and found signs of hydrated salt at four locations. These salts, known as perchlorates, lower the freezing temperature of water.
But where is the water coming from? Chang quotes Mcewen: here are two basic origins for the water:
The idea was to create a system that could remove salt from water and meet three criteria:
The batteries then power a system that removes salt from the water through electrodialysis. On the most basic level, that means that dissolved salt particles,
removing salt from 2, 100 gallons of water each day. The next step is to test it in an even harsher environment,
and B have an extra sugar molecule bound to the surface of their red blood cells --but a transfusion of the wrong blood type can be fatal.
all because it detects that sugar molecule. Now researchers from the University of British columbia have figured out a way to change the type of blood donated by volunteers,
by using an enzyme that simply snips off that extra sugar, called an antigen. The result:
over a 72 hour period and using sugar as a food source. By further engineering the yeast they created hydrocodone, a common semisynthetic opioid.
The researchers discovered that heat-treating graphene oxide and small amounts of cobalt salts in a gaseous environment forced individual cobalt atoms to bind to the material.
#Researchers create transplantation model for 3-D printed constructs Using sugar, silicone and a 3-D printer,
It a technique pioneered by Miller in 2012nd inspired by the intricate sugar glass cages crafted by pastry chefs to garnish desserts.
Using an open-source 3-D printer that lays down individual filaments of sugar glass one layer at a time
Once the sugar hardened, they placed it in a mold and poured in silicone gel. After the gel cured, Miller team dissolved the sugar,
leaving behind a network of small channels in the silicone. hey don yet look like the blood vessels found in organs,
Auyeung said. he molten salts now being used to store solar thermal energy can only work at about 600 degrees centigrade,
This need is met using glucose (sugar) as the main source of nutrition. Cancer cells use glucose at rates tens or even hundreds of times larger than that of normal cells.
-when sugar is scarce. The researchers found that cancer cells use an enzyme known as PEPCK to reprogram cancer cell metabolism."
they found that the mosquito-borne parasite that causes malaria also produces a protein that binds to a particular type of sugar molecule in the placenta.
Researchers found that the same type of sugar molecule also is present in many types of cancer.
They realized that the sugar molecule--oncofetal chondroitin sulfate--could be a target for anticancer drugs,
""This is an extraordinary finding that paves the way for targeting sugar molecules in pediatric and adulthood human cancer,
"This has been replaced with water as the solvent and lithium iodide as the salt, which offers low-cost, high-energy storage capabilities."
Berkeley in the US announced that they'd figured out how to make'homemade'heroin using a modified form of sugar-fed yeast
They discovered that a certain type of enzyme can turn glucose sugars into morphine and were able to successfully express it in a simple form of genetically engineered yeast.
The big challenge now will be figuring out how to replace these molecules with a raw material such as sugar to make the process cheap
Developed by a team of researchers at Alexandria University in Egypt, the procedure uses a desalination technique called pervaporation to remove the salt from sea water
"It can effectively desalinate water with high concentration of salt like that of the Red sea, where desalination costs more and yields less."
and track hydrated salts in these gullies-using an image spectrometer on the MRO, the NASA team has been able to link these salts to areas where the slope gullies
(or"linae")are at their largest, and that's the evidence they needed to suggest flowing water is the cause.
This work builds upon previous studies Zhang's team has done with xylose, the most abundant simple plant pentose sugar,
Unlike other hydrogen fuel production methods that rely on highly processed sugars, the Virginia Tech team used dirty biomass--the husks and stalks of corn plants--to create their fuel.
He also confirmed the ability of this system to use both sugars glucose and xylose at the same time,
Typically in biological conversions, these two sugars can only be used sequentially, not simultaneously which adds time and money to the process.
but also avoids complicated sugar flux regulation. The team also increased enzymatic generation rates. This reaction rate is fast enough for hydrogen production in distributed hydrogen-fueling stations.
The sugars produced by these mothers, called"secretors,"are digested not by the infant, but instead nourish specific bacteria that colonize the babies'guts soon after birth.
which alters the composition of their breast milk sugars and changes how the microbial community, or microbiota, of their infants'guts develop.
"The research examining the differences in infant gut microbial populations arising from differences in human milk oligosaccharides (sugars),
Bifidobacterium are known to consume the 2'-fucosylated glycans (sugars) found in the breast milk of women with the fucosyltransferase 2 mammary gene.
They also measured the amount and type of breast milk sugars left over in the infant's feces,
even impure metallic salts can be used as a raw material, which keeps the price low. VTT has demonstrated the practical functionality of its reactor by testing the production of various nanometals, metallic compounds and carbon-coated materials.
in exchange for rewards in the form of sugar pellets. Like most humans, rats have a sweet tooth.
With time, rats learned to negotiate a trade-off between a small reward (1 sugar pellet) delivered immediately
and a large reward (4 sugar pellets) delivered after a delay. The researchers discovered that the average rat,
and helping regulate fats and sugars in the bloodstream. As these cells die off, they are replaced by healthy new hepatocytes.
As evidence of this, Ray and colleagues showed that ants were quick to associate particular hydrocarbons with a sugar reward.
and in particular the microencapsulated presentation, is antidiabetic by reducing the levels of sugar in the blood,
"In this paper, we demonstrated their efficacy on sugars, but one can envision applications of this concept with enzymes acting on other types of molecules such as lipids
Others break apart substrates into multiple products, such as ones that break down starch into sugars. Enzymes are used in a wide range of commercial applications,
One of its major uses is the production of short sugar chains that can serve as beneficial prebiotics.
This enzyme builds chains of sugar molecules by adding individual sugar units to existing chains.
However, its products are of varying length, leading low amounts of the desired short sugar chains.
The team set out to design a monobody that causes the enzyme to only act on small sugar chains.
and prevents it from accepting large sugars as a substrate--thereby forcing it to produce only short sugar chains."
"We were able to design one monobody that prevents beta-galactosidase from using certain sugars as starting material
a type of solar power based on the ability of plants to transform sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
Instead of sugars, however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
especially the catalysts that convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars at room temperatures.""This is not about mimicking nature directly
a type of solar power based on the ability of plants to transform sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars.
Instead of sugars, however, synthetic photosynthesis seeks to produce liquid fuels that can be stored for months or years and distributed through existing energy infrastructure.
especially the catalysts that convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars at room temperatures.""This is not about mimicking nature directly
when biodiesel is formed from vegetable oil, and convert this into an ingredient to produce even more biodiesel.
a particularly complex BMC that requires a series of protein-protein interactions involving at least six gene products to form a metabolic core that takes CO2 out of the atmosphere and converts it into sugar.
The group measured flows of five different salt ions through several graphene sheet setups by applying a voltage and measuring the current flowing through the pores.
and our molecules as salt and pepper shakers: We change the flavor of the DNA PROBE by salting it with a little more stoichiometry
The scientists said they altered the yeast's genetic make-up in a way that coaxed the cells to convert sugar into two opioids-hydrocodone and thebaine-in three to five days."
Smolke's team inserted DNA into the yeast that encodes instructions for the cells to make the enzymes necessary to perform the sugar conversion steps.
safe light source powered by salt and water, which can last for up to six months when used for eight hours a day.
since so many different salts can be combined with so many different solvents plus impurities play a role.
and salts, solvents, and moreave been calculated. Screening such quantities of molecules for suitable properties using traditional synthesis
and regularly monitoring the amount of sugar in their bloodstream. That last step is a crucial tool in treating the condition
of which took less than five days to convert sugar into one of two medicinal compounds: either thebaine,
so that these fast-growing cells could convert sugar into hydrocodone in just three to five days.
These genes equipped the yeast to produce all the enzymes necessary for the cells to convert sugar into hydrocodone,
In addition to bioengineering yeast to convert sugar into hydrocodone, the Stanford team developed a second strain that can process sugar into thebaine,
and cellulose, a sugar-based polymer which gives plant cell walls their structure. Dispersing a drug in a polymer matrix protects it
and our molecules as salt and pepper shakers: We change the flavor of the DNA PROBE by salting it with a little more stoichiometry
#Breeding higher yielding crops by increasing sugar import into seeds Once a mother plant releases its embryos to the outside world,
and compete successfully, the mother plant whole life is dedicated to producing sugars in its leaves,
The sugars are manufactured in the leaves when the plant turns the Sun energy into chemical energy
The amount of sugars that fill a seed directly determines the seed size. A team of scientists led by Carnegie Wolf Frommer has discovered now that a sugar-transport protein in maize
and rice called SWEET4 is both necessary for successful seed filling and shows genome changes that indicate domestication by humans.
more sugar-filled seeds such as maize kernels were more attractive to human cultivators, due to their nutritive value and their ability to produce sturdier seedlings.
Frommer and his lab have worked extensively on the family of SWEET sugar transporters, which play several key roles in plants,
and transporting sugars from the leaves to other tissues. They also discovered that SWEETS make plants susceptible to hijacking by pathogens that steal plant energy supplies before they can be transported to the seeds.
Frommer team analyzed maize genes involved in sugar-related processes to find ones that were seed urned onduring development.
which encodes a sugar transporter protein in maize, was shown to be expressed specifically in the maize seed by the group of Prem Chourey at University of Florida,
when import of sugars into a seed is maximal, between 10 and 17 days after the seed is pollinated. e believe that as early farmers selected larger seeds to eat and plant,
they unconsciously selected for increased sugar import into these seeds by SWEET4CCARNEGIE Davide Sosso, the lead author of this study,
because seeds that contained more sugars were larger and more nutritious. A major breakthrough of this study was the finding that SWEET4C is absolutely essential for seeds to be filled.
sugars were delivered not to the seeds and the backpack was empty (in science jargon: empty pericarp.
whose organs lacked a sugar molecule that normally lines their blood vessels. That molecule was the major culprit behind what called hyperacute rejection,
Removing the sugar molecule helped. But it wasn enough. Tests in monkeys showed that other forms of organ rejection still damaged the pig tissue,
and now have concluded that the streaks contain mineral salts that easily absorb moisture. Judging by images of Martian cliffs taken from orbit,
The new technology uses the method called'pervaporation'for removal of salt from water with minimal power usage.
and sugar combined with a lack of exercise or a sedentary life style. This is referred to as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD.
and high sugar combined with lack of excercise a chronic inflammatory response is triggered in the liver tissue in addition.
The researchers found that children who can not express a particular sugar molecule in the small intestine called the Lewis molecule do not become infected by the rotavirus types found in existing vaccines.
That's when they produce the equivalent of vegetable oil. But to convert them into truly viable biofuel producers we need them to grow
All of them underwent a glucose tolerance test which shows how well insulin secretion responds to excess sugar load.
#Research findings could pave way for a fructose tolerance test Increased consumption of table sugar
and sugar-sweetened beverages and both are made up of nearly equal amounts of two basic sugars glucose and fructose.
Accumulating evidence suggests that the fructose component of sugar may have a particularly deleterious effect on health explains co-senior author Mark Herman MD of the Division of Endocrinology Diabetes
which senses simple sugars and responds by activating cellular gene expression programs. Observations that fructose potently activates Chrebp in rodent livers
real butter, margarine, vegetable oil, vegetable shortening, or lard. The authors documented 847 incident GDM pregnancies during 10 years of follow-up.
Chitosan is derived from chitin a sugar found in the shells of certain crustaceans like lobsters or shrimp.
she had no idea how to remove salt from groundwater to make it more palatable, nor had she ever been to India,
t similar with things like sugars and for much bigger macromolecules such as DNA. People will be familiar with the double helix
The liver then soaks up sugar, blood-sugar concentration falls, and the pancreas steps down its activity.
The genes allow the plant to produce a more efficient enzyme for converting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into sugars and other carbohydrates.
Scientists have known long that some plants are much more efficient at turning carbon dioxide into sugar than other plants.
Researchers found just the right inducement attaching a type of sugar molecule. This approach allows for the drug to be administered with a simple injection that patients could give themselves at home.
In addition to being easier to administer the new sugar-based drugs are potentially cheaper to make.
This can be done by immersing the oxides in a bath of molten salt and running electricity through the mixture.
but the molten salts have corroded the alternatives. The key advance for Infinium was developing alternative molten salts that don react with the zirconium oxide
so that it can last long enough to be practical. This month Infinium is starting up production using a machine that will produce half a ton of rare earth metals annually.
and helps regulate the body response to sugars process that goes awry in type 2 diabetes.
What remains is a three-dimensional structure of collagen, sugars, and proteins that aren attacked by the immune system when implanted.
The researchers focused on using enzymes to attach 16 different shapes of sugar molecules to a molecule called 6-deoxyerythronolide B. Every one of these sugar molecules was adhered successfully,
The researchers focused on using enzymes to attach 16 different shapes of sugar molecules to a molecule called 6-deoxyerythronolide B. Every one of these sugar molecules was adhered successfully,
The complex sugar structure in glycoprotein can be subtly different between samples from healthy and diseased patients.
which has specific sugars in a specific location in the molecule.""Biomarkers such as glycoproteins are essential in diagnostics as they do not rely on symptoms perceived by the patient,
#Sugar trail may lead to early cancer detection NEW DELHI: In a breakthrough that could lead to a new protocol for cancer detection and treatment,
In the case of fracking, the fresh water and chemicals that are pumped into the ground to release natural gas trapped beneath rocks absorb high concentrations of salt from the soil they pass through before returning as polluted water in need of treatment.
the hormone that allows us to process the sugar we eat. Patients must prick their fingers several times a day to check blood sugar levels
"The squid feeds the bacteria sugar and amino acids and in return, the bioluminescent bacteria allow the squid to produce light,
builds on recent research by the same team that previously identified a fat-and-sugar molecule called GSL as the chief culprit behind a range of biological glitches that affect the body's ability to properly use, transport
The complex sugar structure in glycoprotein can be subtly different between samples from healthy and diseased patients.
which has specific sugars in a specific location in the molecule. Professor Mendes added""Biomarkers such as glycoproteins are essential in diagnostics as they do not rely on symptoms perceived by the patient,
the sugar part of the prostate cancer glycoprotein is reacted with a custom-designed molecule that contains a boron group at one end (the boron linkage forms a reversible bond to the sugar).
The glycoprotein is then bound to the surface via its sugar groups, before the rest of the surface is blocked with a third molecule.
Within that cast, there was a special area with boron-containing molecules that can recognise a specific set of sugars.
so there's a clear need for more accurate diagnosis. By focussing on the sugar, we appear to have hit the'sweet spot'for doing just that.
push large quantities of salt water through and the salt will be rejected on the basis of size
They have modified genetically yeast to perform the complicated chemistry needed to convert sugar to morphine.
then you are relying on microscopic yeast that turns sugars into alcohol. But by borrowing DNA from plants, scientists have been genetically engineering yeasts that can perform each of the steps needed to convert sugar into morphine.
One stage of the process-the production of an intermediary chemical called reticuline-had been a stumbling block.
which is a cheap sugar source, and have the yeast do all the chemical steps required downstream to make your target therapeutic drug."
Biofuel sweetspot"We've identified a new route of chemistry with its source from sugars in sugarcane plus some of the so-called waste material called bagasse"
Prof Bell acknowledged that certain crops as feedstock for the sugar-derived process would be problematic:"
-in order to make it available for growing sugar plantations, and you get rid of that vegetation by burning it then you are putting a big pulse of CO2 into the atmosphere."
From sugars to viral invaders to nerve impulses all cellular traffic passes through the cell membrane, and likely interacts with the proteins embedded there, such as neurotransmitter and hormone receptors.
they decided to incorporate these balls of sugar-sensing, insulin-releasing material into an array of tiny needles.
including sugars, which allow the bacteria to be controlled by the food that is eaten by the host,
but adding sugar to the mix would create soft, weak, concrete. In the end, Jonkers chose calcium lactate,
and saturated fat and focusing concern on sugar as the biggest dietary threat. The Daily mail's GP Martin Scurr predicts that advice will change here in the UK too.
'London-based cardiologist Dr Aseem Malhotra, science director of campaign Group action On Sugar, wrote in The british Medical Journal that it was time to'bust the myth of the role of saturated fat in heart disease'.
'He added that the food industry had contributed effectively to heart disease by lowering saturated fat levels in food and replacing it with sugar.
and codeine from a common sugar, boosting the prospect of'home-brew'drug supply. But whether making morphine in bubbling vats of yeast will be commercially viable-either for drug companies
In the future, though, Schoellhammer hopes he can create the needles out of crystallized sugar. The mpill took an estimated three years to go from concept to prototype
and prior attempts to use DNA to make nanoscale sculpture have required high levels of magnesium salt to keep the final shape from unraveling.
#Flavour delivery particle can cut sugar by half and is cheaper than sugar Developed by inventor
and Douxmatok CEO Avraham Baniel-who used to be part of Tate and Lyle's Splenda team-along with the Warner Babock Institute for Green Chemistry,
a carrier particle is coated with sugar molecules using non-covalent bonding. This increases the surface area meaning the same sweetness can be achieved using less sugar.
Joint CEO Eran Baniel told Foodnavigator that because Douxmatok which means twice as sweet in French
and Hebrew-uses sugar, rather than artificial or alternative sweeteners, consumers'taste expectations are satisfied and there are no aftertaste issues. ee not about reformulation.
"The sensory profile of Douxmatok is literally the same as sugar.""The carrier particle has been approved for use in food
and two issued in the EU. Taste is king for the consumer cost for the companyat a tasting session in Israel Foodnavigator tried out Douxmatok's tomato ketchup with 54%less sugar,
and this is a very important issue for the industry. f youe the same price as sugar all you get is compliments and nothing else.
and teach them how to use the technology as some culinary methods need to be adapeted-Douxmatok's sugar needs to be added to a product at very specific moments
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