| Axon (61) |  |
| Myelin (50) | |
especially if you look to map long axons or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cells,
or fine axons you want to seeithout slicing and realigning individual sectionst frees up the time of the researcher.
if you look to map long axons or sparse cell populations such as stem cells or tumor cellsshe says.
or fine axons you want to see#without slicing and realigning individual sections#it frees up the time of the researcher.
or"axons"(the cablelike part of a nerve cell that transmits electrical signals) and 256 output lines, or"neurons."
It is hoped that the cells will lay down sheaths of myelin an insulator essential for conducting nerve impulses around injured neurons,
which are cells that form the electrically insulating myelin sheath around the nerve cells. The new knowledge the project has generated can shed more light on diseases that affect the myelin
such as multiple sclerosis (MS). e could also confirm previous findings, such as that the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex are organised functionally in layers,
The researchers found that the axons, the long branches the nerve cells send out to make connections,
"It's not surprising that the axons like to grow within the tubes, "Williams said.""These are exactly the types of spaces where they grow in vivo.
since they are directly in contact with the axon, we will be able to study signal conduction much better than conventional methods,
assistant professor of child psychiatry at Washington University School of medicine in St louis. White matter tracts in the brain are made of axons that connect brain regions to form networks.
The work was led by scientists at UB Hunter James Kelly Research Institute (HJKRI) who conduct research to better understand myelin,
The researchers study how damage to myelin occurs and how that damage may be repaired. The institute, part of UB New york state Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life sciences, was established in 1997 by Buffalo bills Hall of fame quarterback Jim Kelly
He died in 2005 at the age of 8. The researchers explained that cellular interactions that trigger the production of myelin are especially hard to pinpoint.
That because the crucial point of contact between two types of cells the connection between axons
which support neurons is hidden essentially. yelin is made by a glial cell wrapping around an axon cell,
explained M. Laura Feltri, M d.,senior author on the paper and an HJKRI researcher and professor of biochemistry and neurology in the Jacobs School of medicine and Biomedical sciences at UB. o study myelin,
The glial cell wraps like a spiral around the axon, so every time you try to study the region of contact between the two cells,
she added. n Krabbe, for example, the problem is not just that there isn sufficient myelin,
are necessary for the production of myelin. The discovery will help improve the understanding of and development of new treatments for myelin diseases.
It also will make it easier to study all kinds of cellular interactions not just those in the brain. sing this method,
Feltri explained. t provides a glimpse into the social life of cells. his work has important implications for diseases of myelin such as Krabbe disease,
and protect axons that can measure up to one meter in length, extending far away from the glial cell. his has profound implications for glial disease like Krabbe, Charcot-Marie Tooth, peripheral neuropathies or Multiple sclerosis,
As well as neurons and their signal-carrying projections-axons and dendrites-the'brain'also contains support and immune cells.
taken up by other neurons, transported up and down axons, and then released again.""Previous research has shown that tau tangles first appear in a structure located deep within the brain called the entorhinal cortex,
which axons-the fibers that carry signals from one neuron to another-can extend. The team found that applying this rare form of tau from the brains of the mouse model to neurons in the first chamber resulted in the protein's being taken up by those neurons and
within five days, being present at the ends of first-chamber-neuron axons and in neurons in the second chamber.
A few days later, tau was detected at the end of axons extending from the second to the third chamber,
#Where Glia Meets Axon: New Technique to Better Understand Myelination Since the early part of the 20th century,
scientists have been trying to better understand the intricacies surrounding neuronal development. In particular, the process by which glial cellspecifically, Schwann cellsreate their fatty insulating layer that encircles the axons of peripheral neurons.
While the interactions between these two cell types hold the key to healthy brain function and cognition,
The cellular interactions that trigger the production of myelin are especially hard to pinpoint since the point of contact is buried essentially between the intertwined myelin layers and neuronal plasma membrane."
"Myelin is made by a glial cell wrapping around an axon cell, "explained senior author M. Laura Feltri, M d.,professor of biochemistry and neurology in the Jacobs School of medicine and Biomedical sciences at UB."
"To study myelin, you really need to study both cells. The glial cell wraps like a spiral around the axon, so every time you try to study the region of contact between the two cells,
you end up studying the whole combination. It's very hard to look just at the interface."
"This work may help to provide much-needed insight into demyelinating diseases such Krabbe Leukodystrophy, MS,
"In Krabbe's, for example, the problem is not just that there isn't sufficient myelin,
The findings from this study were published recently in Nature Communications through an article entitled patial mapping of juxtacrine axo-glial interactions identifies novel molecules in peripheral myelination.
are necessary for the production of myelin.""Using this method, we can isolate the portion of a cell that comes in contact with another cell,
Y-shaped sensory and motor branch axon bundles found in the sciatic nerve has been achieved.""The exciting next step would be to implant these guides in humans rather than rats,
a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.
a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.
and Netrin-1 Guides Commissural Axons"),could eventually help develop tools to repair nerve cells following injuries to the nervous system (such as the brain and spinal cord).
as well as their long extensions known as axons. During development, axons must follow specific paths in the nervous system
in order to properly form neural circuits and allow neurons to communicate with one another. IRCM researchers are studying a process called axon guidance to better understand how axons manage to follow the correct paths."
"To reach their target, growing axons rely on molecules known as guidance cues, which instruct them on which direction to take by repelling
or attracting them to their destination, "explains Dr. Charron, Director of the Molecular biology of Neural development research unit at the IRCM.
Over the past few decades, the scientific community has struggled to understand why more than one guidance cue would be necessary for axons to reach the proper target.
In this paper, IRCM scientists uncovered how axons use information from multiple guidance cues to make their pathfinding decisions.
"We found that the steepness of the gradient is a critical factor for axon guidance;
the steeper the gradient, the better the axons respond to guidance cues, "says Tyler F. W. Sloan, Phd student in Dr. Charron's laboratory and first author of the study."
"In addition, we showed that the gradient of one guidance cue may not be steep enough to orient axons.
In those instances, we revealed that a combination of guidance cues can behave in synergy with one another to help the axon interpret the gradient's direction."
that is to say they can study the developing axons outside their biological context.""This new method provides us with several benefits
conduct longer-term experiments to observe the entire process of axon guidance, and obtain extremely useful quantitative data,
"A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in axon guidance will offer new possibilities for developing techniques to treat lesions resulting from spinal cord injuries,
kick-starting a chain reaction that resulted in inflammation and myelin damage. Myelin is the protective sheath that insulates nerve fibers in the brain,
and it is the primary site of injury in MS. What more, the scientists were able to pinpoint a specific protein in the blood, the blood-clotting factor fibrinogen,
When these peripheral immune cellsacrophages and T cellsntered the brain, they attacked myelin. ur results provide the first evidence that blood promotes T cell responses against the brain,
which is sufficient to cause myelin destruction, we also identified fibrinogen as the critical protein driving this process.
stopping the microglia from signaling to the peripheral immune cells and averting myelin damage and inflammation.
kick-starting a chain reaction that resulted in inflammation and myelin damage. Myelin is the protective sheath that insulates nerve fibers in the brain
and it is the primary site of injury in MS. Image is for illustrative purposes only. hese findings question a long-held paradigm that myelin-specific T cells initiate inflammation in the brain through activation of microglia
and brain macrophages, says Scott Zamvil, MD, Phd, a professor of neurology at the University of California,
and results from aberrant immune cells destroying the protective coating, called myelin, around nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Without myelin, neural signals cannot be transmitted properly along nerves; over time, a patient's ability to walk, hold a cup
Current multiple sclerosis therapies aim to slow further myelin destruction by the immune system, but the Case Western Reserve team used a new approach to create new myelin within the nervous system.
Their work offers great promise of developing therapies that reverse disabilities caused by multiple sclerosis or similar neurological disorders."
and direct them to form new myelin. Our ultimate goal was to enhance the body's ability to repair itself."
both drugs prompted native OPCS to regenerate new myelin.""It was a striking reversal of disease severity in the mice,
a number of other disorders involve myelin loss or dysfunction including cerebral palsy, age-related dementia, optic neuritis and schizophrenia.
Any drugs developed that enhance myelination in multiple sclerosis also hold promise for benefiting these other disorders."
"The approach from Case Western Reserve University combines cutting-edge stem cell and drug screening technologies to develop new chemical therapeutics for myelin disorders,
which the immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath, a type of insulation that covers nerves, ultimately disrupting communication between the brain and the body and leading to nerve deterioration.
which create the myelin sheath. These two drugs, miconazole and clobetasol, were found to treat the source of the problem by reversing this process,
researchers discovered the therapeutic compounds for enhancing myelination from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells through screening a library of bioactive small molecules.
and clobetasol could promote myelination. Miconazole was found to function directly as a remyelinating drug with no effect on the immune system,
and direct them to form new myelin. Our ultimate goal was to enhance the body's ability to repair itself.""
a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.
a key component of the cytoskeleton (backbone of the cell), has a different structure in axons than in dendrites, two parts of a neuron.
Diffusion MRI measures the movement of water molecules to create a visual representation of the brain axons.
MS is a condition of the central nervous system in which myelin, the coating around nerves, is damaged causing vision problems, stiffness, spasms and other symptoms.
A long protrusion called an axon extends from the cell body to another nerve cell or organ along a specific transmission route.
In addition to rapid transmission of electric impulses, axons also transport molecular materials over these distances.""Axonal transport is a delicate and crucial process for neuronal survival,
#A microtubule'roadway'in the retina helps provide energy for vision Fluorescently labeled microtubules extend from the tips of the dendrites (top) into the axon and down into the giant synaptic terminal (bottom) of a single isolated goldfish retinal
that extended from the axon of the neuron into the synaptic terminal and then looped around the interior periphery of the terminal.
the mitochondria accumulated in the axon of the neuron and never made it to the synaptic terminal.
#Molecule that Destroys Apoptotic Cells also Repairs Damaged Axons Two new studies involving the University of Colorado Boulder and the University of Queensland (UQ) in Brisbane,
and knit together broken axons that has caught the attention of both science teams.""I would call this an unexpected
"This is the first time a molecule involved in apoptosis has been found to have the ability to repair severed axons,
. of the UQ's Queensland Brain Institute that shows the major role played by PSR-1 in the regeneration of nerve axons.
In contrast, broken axons in nerve cells send PSR-1 molecules an SOS alert.""The moment there is a cut to the nerve cell we see a change in the cell membrane PS composition,
"Whether human PSR has the capacity to repair injured axons is still unknown, "he said."
which likely would promote faster healing in nerve axons.""We think the higher the PSR-1 level,
'We believe that to derive clinical benefits from OEC transplants a combination with other pharmacological agents is most likely to achieve significant axon regeneration
but the Hopkins team focused on brain cancer cellslack of myelin sheaths as the marker that influences how light passes through them.
and sphingomyelin and that play important roles in membrane signaling and protein trafficking. urata told us it would be a real breakthrough
if we could eethe distribution of sphingomyelin in the raft structure, Sodeoka says. But this required overcoming two major challenges.
the researchers observed a gradually varying distribution of sphingomyelin in ordered rafts. any people assumed that ordered and disordered domains in lipid rafts were separated clearly,
Multiple Synapses of the Same Axon Innervate Multiple Spines of the Same Postsynaptic Cell. An extreme example in which one axon (blue) innervates five dendritic spines (orange labeled 15) of a basal dendrite (green) is shown.
Arrows point to other varicosities of this axon that are innervating dendritic spines of other neurons (data not shown.
Scale bar: 2 m. Cell)" I'm a strong believer in bottom up-science, which is a way of saying that I would prefer to generate a hypothesis from the data
Eventually, the researchers figured out that a second special property of brain cancer cells that they lack the so-called myelin sheaths that coat healthy brain cells had a greater effect on the OCT readings than did density.
which travels along the axon of the neuron until it reaches the end. Here at the synapse
Brain cancer cells also lack the myelin sheaths that coat healthy brain cells, a factor that has even greater effect on OCT readings than cell density,
which travels along the axon of the neuron until it reaches the end. Here at the synapse
They attack the brain by destroying the myelin sheath that protects neurons, resulting in decreased transmission of nerve impulses,
Eventually, the researchers figured out that a second special property of brain cancer cells that they lack the so-called myelin sheaths that coat healthy brain cells had a greater effect on the OCT readings than did density.
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