| Amygdala (28) |  |
| Hippocampus (80) | |
| Amygdala (28) | |
| Hippocampus (80) | |
He found that some activity during the disease compensated for cell death at the hippocampus,
Because the area of the brain involved is the hippocampus which is located at the bottom of the brain they could develop a robotic device that pokes through the cheek
and the hippocampus reproduces this pattern of activity during retrieval allowing you to re-experience the eventsays Brian Wiltgen of the University of California Davis
. If the hippocampus is damaged patients can lose decades of memories. Normally mice placed in a new environment will nose around
which nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus were activated in learning and memory retrieval and switch them off with light directed through a fiber-optic cable.
By switching off the specific nerve cells in the hippocampus they showed that the mice lost their memories of the unpleasant event.
They followed fibers from the hippocampus to specific cells in the cortex and showed that turning off other cells in the hippocampus did not affect retrieval of that memory. he cortex can t do it alone it needs input from the hippocampuswiltgen says. his has been a fundamental assumption in our field for a long time
and the data provides the first direct evidence that it is true. hey could also see how the specific cells in the cortex were connected to the amygdala a structure in the brain that is involved in emotion
and in generating the freezing response. The findings are published in the journal Neuron. Grants from the Whitehall Foundation Mcknight Foundation Nakajima Foundation and the National Science Foundation funded the work.
#Scientists use light to make mice asocial California Institute of technology rightoriginal Studyposted by Jessica Stoller-Conrad-Caltech on September 19 2014scientists have discovered antagonistic neuron populations in the mouse amygdala that control
Autism has also been linked to dysfunction of the amygdala a brain structure involved in processing emotions.
but distinct populations of neurons in the amygdala a part of the brain that is involved in innate social behaviors.
The researchers focused on the workings of the brain's amygdala a structure that is important for humans social and emotional behavior.
if the amygdala is capable of responding to a complex social signal like a face's trustworthiness without that signal reaching perceptual awareness.
To gauge this part of the brain's role in making such assessments the study s authors conducted a pair of experiments in which they monitored the activity of subjects amygdala
In the first experiment the researchers examined amygdala activity in response to three levels of a face's trustworthiness:
In the second experiment they assessed amygdala activity in response to a fully continuous spectrum of trustworthiness.
Across the two experiments the researchers found that specific regions inside the amygdala exhibited activity tracking how untrustworthy a face appeared
and other regions inside the amygdala exhibited activity tracking the overall strength of the trustworthiness signal
(whether untrustworthy or trustworthy) even though subjects could not consciously see any of the faces. hese findings provide evidence that the amygdala's processing of social cues in the absence of awareness may be more extensive than previously understoodobserves Freeman who as lead author conducted the study as a faculty member at Dartmouth
such as the amygdala, but produce characteristic patterns throughout a number of brain regions, says Vladimir Cherkassky, senior research programmer in the psychology department.
#Researchers discover gene that stimulates growth of new brain cells in adults City of Hope researchers have found that over-expressing a specific gene could prompt growth in adults of new neurons in the hippocampus,
however, scientists have found evidence of neurogenesis in later adulthood occurring mostly in the hippocampus,
Consistent with increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus the TLX transgenic mice exhibited enhanced cognition with increased learning and memory.
for the first time we show that a variety of physiological neuronal activities generate p25 in the hippocampus,
This is the first time cannabinoid receptors have been identified in the central nucleus of the amygdala in a mouse model,
It might fundamentally change our understanding of cellular communication in the amygdala. i
#Millennials see financial institutions as irrelevant Scratch polled 10,000 millennials to find out which industry was most prime for disruption.
Synaptic protein synthesis was disrupted indeed in the hippocampus, a part of the brain important for memory formation.
The findings described in the Aug 27 issue of Nature demonstrated that a neuronal circuit connecting the hippocampus
and the amygdala plays a critical role in associating emotion with memory. This circuit could offer a target for new drugs to help treat conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder the researchers say In the future one may be able to develop methods that help people to remember positive memories more strongly than negative ones says Susumu Tonegawa the Picower
A memory s context including information about the location where the event took place is stored in cells of the hippocampus
while emotions linked to that memory are found in the amygdala. Previous research has shown that many aspects of memory including emotional associations are malleable.
To achieve this they label hippocampal cells that are turned on during memory formation with a light-sensitive protein called channelrhodopsin.
In this first set of experiments the researchers labeled memory cells in a part of the hippocampus called the dentate gyrus.
and had avoided the side of the chamber where their hippocampal cells were activated by the laser now began to spend more time in that side
when their hippocampal cells were activated showing that a pleasant association had replaced the fearful one. This reversal also took place in mice that went from reward to fear conditioning.
but labeled memory cells in the basolateral amygdala a region involved in processing emotions. This time they could not induce a switch by reactivating those cells the mice continued to behave as they had been conditioned
This suggests that emotional associations also called valences are encoded somewhere in the neural circuitry that connects the dentate gyrus to the amygdala the researchers say.
and fear-encoding cells in the amygdala but that connection can be weakened later on as new connections are formed between the hippocampus
and amygdala cells that encode positive associations. That plasticity of the connection between the hippocampus and the amygdala plays a crucial role in the switching of the valence of the memory Tonegawa says.
These results indicate that while dentate gyrus cells are neutral with respect to emotion individual amygdala cells are precommitted to encode fear
or reward memory. The researchers are now trying to discover molecular signatures of these two types of amygdala cells.
They are also investigating whether reactivating pleasant memories has any effect on depression in hopes of identifying new targets for drugs to treat depression and posttraumatic stress disorder.
David Anderson a professor of biology at the California Institute of technology says the study makes an important contribution to neuroscientists fundamental understanding of the brain
The researchers found that mice lacking the brain protein calcineurin have hyperactive brainwave oscillations in the hippocampus
and colleagues at the RIKEN-MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics at MIT s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory recorded the electrical activity of individual neurons in the hippocampus of these knockout mice
Previous studies have shown that in normal mice place cells in the hippocampus which are linked to specific locations along the track fire in sequence
The researchers speculate that in normal mice the role of calcineurin is to suppress the connections between neurons known as synapses in the hippocampus.
The researchers believe the abnormal hyperactivity they found in the hippocampus may represent a disruption of the brain s default mode network a communication network that connects the hippocampus prefrontal cortex (where most thought
Synaptic protein synthesis was disrupted indeed in the hippocampus, a part of the brain important for memory formation.
The researchers were focused particularly on the role of the hippocampus-a region of the brain in
They therefore need to access the specific memory of the corresponding episode in the hippocampus.'
which is a hub for signals passing between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Tangles appear later in other nearby structures involved with memory and cognition,
they demonstrated that the hippocampus (associated with memory see the rotating picture below) and the nucleus accumbens (associated with pleasure) work together in making critical decisions of this type,
However, following disruption of the circuit connecting the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, the rats became impatient and unwilling to wait, even for a few seconds.
the hippocampus is thought to have a role in future planning, and the nucleus accumbens is a ewardcenter and a major recipient of dopamine,
involving the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, to be a therapeutic target in human patient groups. m
it creates a memory in the form of a complex electrical signal that travels through multiple regions of the hippocampus,
With the permission of patients who had implanted electrodes in their hippocampi to treat chronic seizures,
Hampson and Deadwyler read the electrical signals created during memory formation at two regions of the hippocampus,
and read how the signals generated from the first region of the hippocampus were translated into signals generated by the second region of the hippocampus.
"It has also been known for a long time that following transient severe brain injury and prior to an initial spontaneous epileptic seizure, the concentration of free zinc ions increases in the hippocampus.
The hippocampus, located in the temporal lobe, is a central switching station in the brain. MTF1 acts like a switch in the brain The team of Prof.
and then couples with the hippocampus to switch on one-shot learning, as needed. Indeed, a switch is an appropriate metaphor,
Since the hippocampus is known to be involved in so-called episodic memory, in which the brain quickly links a particular context with an event
and the hippocampus was either all or nothing.""Like a light switch, one-shot learning is either on,
However, following disruption of the circuit connecting the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens the rats became impatient and unwilling to wait, even for a few seconds.
the hippocampus is thought to have a role in future planning, and the nucleus accumbens is a"reward"center and a major recipient of dopamine,
involving the hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, to be a therapeutic target in human patient groups
#Missing piece surfaces in the puzzle of autism A study carried out by the Laboratoire Neurobiologie des Interactions Cellulaires et Neurophysiopathologie (CNRS/Aix-Marseille Université),
"Arrayin the experiment, scientists infused the hippocampus of mice with gaboxadol, a drug that stimulates extra-synaptic GABA receptors."
Key to this process is a signal that travels from one part of the hippocampus called CA3 to another
because the hippocampus is so complex and receives inputs from many connections in the brain,
But there is no such obvious organization in the hippocampus, so it is unclear why stimulating certain locations leads to predictable results.
which houses the hippocampus, improves memory that is functioning poorly. But when memory is functioning well,
The area of the brain responsible for generating new brain cells is known as the hippocampus which is involved also in memory forming,
new brain cells are formed in the hippocampus although it had not been stimulated directly. The research was conducted using middle-aged rats, where electrodes
and Professor David Holtzman at Washington University chronically increased the activity of a neuronal pathway projecting to the hippocampus,
and found that amyloid ß deposition increased in the hippocampus. This study was made possible by the use of a cutting-edge experimental technology termed optogenetics that enables the control of neuronal activity using light.
Cellular analysis of the cerebellum, amygdala and hippocampus three brain regions known to be altered in autism was vaccinated similar in
increases in the hippocampus. But science has been puzzled about the significance of this phenomenon, says Prof.
The hippocampus, located in the temporal lobe, is a central switching station in the brain. MTF1 acts like a switch in the brain The team of Prof.
Because new neurons throughout the brain share many features it seems likely that neurogenesis in other regions such as the hippocampus
MGST3 that regulates the size of the hippocampus in both mouse and human, which is linked to a group of neurodegenerative diseases.
"There is already the'reserve hypothesis'that a person with a bigger hippocampus will have more of it to lose before the symptoms of Alzheimer's are spotted.
By using ENIGMA to look at hippocampus size in humans and the corresponding genes and then matching those with genes in mice from the BXD system held in the Mouse Brain Library database we could identify this specific gene that influences neurological diseases."
This holds especially true for the cells of the hippocampus. It is one of the oldest brain regions
and its form resembles a see horse (hippocampus in Latin). The hippocampus enables us to navigate space securely
and to form personal memories. So far the anatomic knowledge of the networks inside the hippocampus and its connection to the rest of the brain has left scientists guessing which information arrived where and when.
Signals spread through the brainaccordingly Dr Martin Pyka and his colleagues from the Mercator Research Group have developed a method
They have for example found evidence that the hippocampus'form and size could explain why neurons in those networks fire in certain frequencies.
Information become memoriesin future this method may help us understand how animals for example combine various information to form memories within the hippocampus
Half the $1. 1 million prize was awarded to John O Keefe who discovered cells in the hippocampus of rats that fired off in reaction to specific places the animals were in.
Fear is generated in the amygdala part of the brain involved in emotional memories. But it can be repressed by signals in another region,
the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. he idea would be to decode a signal in the amygdala showing overactivity,
They claimed GSH estimation in Hippocampi, a region of the brain, yielded 100%specificity and sensitivity for distinguishing Alzheimer's disease and healthy controls."
Lancaster and her team could identify regions in the organoids that roughly looked like a hippocampus, forebrain and even retina.
At the meeting, he showed an image of a half-millimetre slab of the mouse brain's hippocampus
and memory had much leakier blood vessels in the hippocampus.""This is exactly the area of the brain that is involved with learning
also found that blood vessels in the hippocampus tend to become leakier in all people as they age.
The researchers paid special attention to the hippocampus because it is one of the first brain areas affected by Alzheimer's.
And they found that in some regions of the hippocampus, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier was more than 50 percent higher in people with mild cognitive impairment.
#Novel compound switches off epilepsy development In temporal lobe epilepsy seizures arise in the hippocampus and other structures of the limbic system located in the temporal lobe when a cascade of molecular and cellular events results in aberrant brain wiring.
The limbic system is the region of the brain associated with memory and emotions. Seizures reflect uncontrolled electrical brain activity.
The period between a brain injury and the onset of seizures called epileptogenesis is a silent period
Indeed, they observed that connectivity was enhanced between memory engram cells in the fear memory-holding amygdala and context memory-holding hippocampus of amnestic mice,
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