and conventional farmers have adopted widely transgenic Bt crops since 1996. In 2013 Bt corn and Bt cotton were planted on 187 million acres worldwide
Although some scientists have expressed concern that reports of pest resistance to Bt crops provide'ammunition'to anti-biotech activists Tabashnik said Pests are remarkably adaptable.
They usually evolve resistance to any tactic that's used repeatedly to control them so this problem is limited not to transgenic crops.
In that time over 100 crops were harvested and livestock production involved all six major species. The authors'estimates also include fish and shellfish.
Griffin and colleagues noted substantial diversity in the Northeast food system for crops in particular. A different picture emerges
A small number of crops occupy a large portion of the cropland acreage and almost 40%of that is corn most of it used for animal feed.
%The vegetable crops grown in the largest amount are starchy products such as potatoes and corn.
although foliar applications in the field are allowed on some tree fruits crops. If we can include bactericides in a program that can minimize insecticide use then this could be integrated part of an disease management approach he said.
or other solanaceous crops French said. If not it will take a little longer to get a product labeled.
and heat tolerance for molecular studies and deployment of these genes in other crops she said.
and other crops in many countries including the U s. Zhang said. We know it is highly tolerant to drought heat
of which are also of extreme significance for agricultural production of many crops. The drought and heat tolerant genes once defined
and related crops thus supporting the long-term genetic improvement and sustainability of U s. agriculture and food systems she said.
Without them and without the bees they raise many of our food crops would not get pollinated
what causes the cosmetic and physiological changes that make crops unmarketable. To extract the two types of saliva from brown marmorated stink bugs Felton
#Climate change puts wheat crops at risk of diseasethere is a risk that severity of epidemics of some wheat diseases may increase within the next ten to twenty years due to the impacts of climate change
The researchers carried out a survey in China to establish a link between weather and the severity of epidemics of fusarium ear blight on the wheat crops.
There is considerable debate about the impact of climate change on crop production --and making sure that we have sufficient food to feed the ever-growing global population is key to our future food security.
Wheat one of the world's most important crops for human food is milled for use in bread breakfast cereals cakes pizzas confectionery soups and many other foodstuffs.
We know that the weather plays a big part in the development of the disease on the wheat crops--the incidence of the disease is determined by temperature and the occurrence of wet weather at the flowering or anthesis of the wheat crops.
When the weather-based model developed at Rothamsted Research was used to predict how climate change may affect the wheat crops it was predicted that wheat flowering dates will generally be earlier
and the incidence of the ear blight disease on the wheat crops will substantially increase.
This suggests that the UK too will suffer a greater incidence of fusarium ear blight on wheat crops--greatly affecting one of our biggest staple crops.
#Sterile flies save food crops, millions of dollars in eradication effortsirradiated sterile flies dropped over seaports
and agricultural areas to mate with unsuspecting females save food crops and millions of dollars in prevented infestations and the ensuing eradication efforts.
thus trimming the population and its threat to the state's important agricultural crops. The technique has been used effectively against the Mediterranean fruit fly called the Medfly
and software developed as part of the U s. Department of agriculture (USDA) Specialty Crops Research Initiative Project. Chappell and colleagues at the University of Georgia's Department of Horticulture reported on the implementation and use of these WSNS at three commercial nursery and greenhouse operations in Georgia. The report focused on the use of capacitance-based
The project seeks to take advantage of rapeseed crops to improve agricultural productivity and at the same time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
South african farmers are not yet recording the flowering dates of their crops which makes it hard to repeat the study locally
Based on these measurements and others the new crops were nearly as genetically diverse as their parent grass beds Cohen and colleagues found.
and crops it is essential that we understand what lies behind these declines. Our results suggest that emerging diseases spread from managed bees may be an important cause of wild bee decline.
#Nitrogen-tracking tools for better crops, less pollutionas every gardener knows nitrogen is crucial for a plant's growth.
This means that on the scale of food crops adding significant levels of nitrogen to the soil through fertilizer presents a number of problems particularly river and groundwater pollution.
and will help to develop increased crop yields and decrease fertilizer-caused pollution. Their method is applicable to any transporter from any organism thereby enabling the otherwise exceptionally difficult analysis of transport processes in the tissues of plants and animals.
New approaches foundresearchers at the University and East Malling Research have identified a new way of controlling a fungal disease that can have a devastating impact on the UK's valuable cherry and plum crops.
An assessment of 286 projects in 57 countries moreover shows that low-cost sustainable and diversity-enhancing technologies increased average crop yields on small farms by 79 percent since the early 1990s.
but environmentally and socioeconomically threatened areas--and creating ways to protect these areas and conserve these crops.
Zimmerer is already applying this approach to other crops such as corn which also includes many unique types with geographic dynamics being a key to adaptation and sustainability.
Performance under flood Seed treatments for row crops such as corn cotton or soybean target early-season pests that are in the soil
So seed treatments for rice have to last longer than in other crops because they are sitting in the field a lot longer.
Below-average tree growth drought and low crop yields occurred during 19 of the 22 typhus epidemics.
and sunlight into chemical energy five times faster than crops grown in soil. This particular alga is able to produce up to 80%of its mass as fuel
and 24-D on their fields more often in the near future because biotechnology companies are introducing crops genetically modified to resist those chemicals.
Genetic discovery to keep crops disease-freeaccording to John Curtin Distinguished Professor Richard Oliver Director of the Australian Centre for Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens (ACNFP) at Curtin
Our finding will help breeders produce crops in which disease losses are 60 to 80 per cent lower
in addition to pollen from many wild plant species. The pollen came from crops near the bee colonies in several small apiaries.
when their product contains pollen from GMO crops that are not for human consumption. The regional agricultural authorities furthermore seemed unaware that bees visited flowering soybeans to collect nectar and pollen.
Every year they feed on crops and on rangelands needed for raising livestock costing landowners millions of dollars.
Honey bees provide ecosystem services through pollination of crops worth $215 billion annually worldwide. Concern over honey bee declines in recent decades as well as annual losses has sparked debate over their causes
This in conjunction with the 300 percent rise in pollinator-dependent crops requires the industry to manage honey bees like never before;
millions of honey bees are moved across the country annually to pollinate crops. One factor that is vital to understanding the metrics of long-term colony declines lies in the methodology of counting colonies.
Arable land is defined as land occupied by crops that are sown and harvested in the same agricultural year such as wheat or barley.'
The fact that it looks more like corn under these conditions may help to explain how teosinte came to be selected by early farmers who turned it into one of the most important staple crops in the world.
#Beneficial insects, nematodes not harmed by genetically modified, insect-resistant crops, studies showa large body of literature has shown that genetically-modified plants that produce proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to protect themselves from insect pests have little to no effect on a wide range of nontarget insects.
However concerns about Bt crops still exist. Now two new studies using more exacting methods show that Bt crops have no negative effects on two beneficial insect predators or on a beneficial entomopathogenic nematode.
In an article in the February 2014 issue of Environmental Entomology called Using Resistant Prey Demonstrates that Bt Plants Producing Cry1ac Cry2ab
and cotton crops globally do not harm Geocoris punctipes or Orius insidious two important insect predators that help suppress pest populations on corn cotton
and many other crops said Dr. Anthony Shelton a professor of entomology at Cornell University
and related arthropods in GM crop fields was essentially the same as that among conventional crops.
Growers must rely on irrigation to sustain citrus crops through dry winters so understanding how to determine citrus irrigation needs is critical for successful operations.
A recent focus on both the positive and negative effects of nitrogen applications has researchers across the globe working to find methods that can increase crops'nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to contribute to more sustainable responsible
In many regions increased levels of nitrate found in groundwater have been attributed to the high rates of nitrogen fertilizer applied to surrounding crops.
According to Hagai Yasuor of the Gilat Research center in Negev nitrogen deficiency has been studied on the majority of horticultural crops
In a study recently published in Field Crops Research Williams questioned whether the crop yield responses that have been reported previously in sweet corn research are actually helpful to the industry.
#Fertilizer nutrient imbalance to limit food production in Africaunderuse of phosphorus-based fertilizers in Africa currently contributes to a growing yield gap--the difference between how much crops could produce in ideal circumstances compared to actual yields.
As farmers use fertilizers for their crops nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus build up in the soil providing a reserve of nutrients that plants need to grow.
and to increase crop production it is recognized widely that farmers must increase their fertilizer use. And while nitrogen-based fertilizer usage has begun to increase in Africa in the last 10 years the application of phosphorus to cropland has kept not pace leading to a growing imbalance between nitrogen
and phosphorus inputs must happen in a way that provides crops with the balanced nutrient input they need.
The study used data from Food and agriculture organization (FAO) crop trials as well as an established EPIC large-scale crop model to estimate how the imbalance affects current and future crop yields.
DDT--used in the United states for insect control in crops and livestock and to combat insect-borne diseases like malaria--was introduced as a pesticide during WWII.
Therefore they can more easily plan harvesting predict crop yields and possibly make more money he said.
Traditionally growers have estimated crop yields on the number of boxes they believe their mature citrus trees can produce based on years of experience examining their groves Lee said.
#Common crop pesticides kill honeybee larvae in the hivefour pesticides commonly used on crops to kill insects
and coumaphos are used commonly by beekeepers on crops to control Varroa mites and are found to persist within beehives for about five years.
Chlorothalonil is a broad-spectrum agricultural fungicide that is often applied to crops in bloom when honeybees are present for pollination
which is responsible for losses worth more than £1200 million in oilseed rape crops across the world.
With the fragile state of the world's economy and concern over food shortages there is a need to protect arable crops from disease.
Although oilseed rape crops in the UK are bred for disease resistance it is a difficult and expensive process--both in time
Traditionally selection of disease resistant oilseed crops has relied on field assessments of disease severity on stems
Crops also need to be grown at various sites to assess the impact of location on disease resistance--adding yet more cost and time to the assessment.
If resistance can be assessed in young oilseed rape plants it will not only accelerate the process of breeding oilseed rape crops for resistance
and we have contributed to the sequencing of many critical crops and livestock including rice maize soybean potato pigeonpea pig and sheep.
Embothrium coccineum may have an important role in reforestation of Patagonia as an early successional species. Cluster roots have been identified in other plant species including some agronomic crops in the Cucurbitaceae.
Generally row crops are not good for wildlife Brawn said. They're just not. But this paper shows that in situ agricultural production--depending on how you do it--can have some benefits for wildlife.
and maize are the dominant crops. Before determining how climate change could impact the crops the team first needed to determine which areas have been
or might be farmed for maize and wheat. They created a land-use model based on an area's potential crop output
Many possible future climates were taken into account as well as how the crops might respond to rising levels of carbon dioxide.
and those that South african conservation officials plan to acquire--that contained land suitable for growing one of the two crops either currently or in the future.
when crops fail they are likely to have eaten all the fermented milk foods leaving only the more high-lactose products.
which is used on flowering crops to prevent insect damage reduces the size of individual bees produced by a colony.
While climate change threatens most crops in Africa its impact could be less on cotton cultivation in Cameroon.
and according to the researchers'simulations counteract the effects of climate change on crops. CO2 has a fertilizing effect on cottonclimate factors themselves could have unexpected an positive influence and among them the increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide.
Nevertheless the effect of CO2 in the atmosphere on crop yields remains controversial: it varies greatly depending on the model of plant growth used.
The importance of a season of regular rainthe effect of rainfall change on cotton yield also differs from that of crops such as maize sorghum and millet.
and to the pollination of a range of agricultural crops--from carrots to almonds to oilseed rape--that is valued at â billion.
Researchers have found ways to verify through genetic testing the authenticity of many other crops including cereals fruits olives tea
In the current issue of the Proceedings for the National Academy of Sciences Michigan State university researchers show that looking at the big picture allows other biofuel crops such as native perennial grasses to score higher
Landis and a team of researchers from the Great lakes Bioenergy Research center compared three potential biofuel crops:
In addition the team found that the grass crops'ability to harbor such increased biodiversity is linked strongly to the fields'location relative to other habitats.
For example pest suppression which is already higher in perennial grass crops increased by an additional 30 percent
but with the exception of biomass yield all other services were greater in the perennial grass crops Landis said.
If high commodity prices continue to drive conversion of these marginal lands to annual crop production it will reduce the flexibility we have in the future to promote other critical services like pollination pest suppression and reduction of greenhouse gasses.
#New discovery could stimulate plant growth and increase crop yields, researchers sayscientists led by experts at Durham University have discovered a natural mechanism in plants that could stimulate their growth even under stress and potentially lead to better crop yields.
Plants naturally slow their growth or even stop growing altogether in response to adverse conditions such as water shortage
Growth repression can be problematic for farmers as crops that suffer from restricted growth produce smaller yields.
and Central asia but the scientists say the mechanism they have found also exists in crops such as barley corn rice and wheat.
in crop production. Dr Sadanandom said: What we have found is a molecular mechanism in plants
If we can encourage the crops to keep growing even when faced by adverse conditions it could give us greater yields
and the Insect Pollinators Initiative Crops project indicates that demand for pollination services has risen five times as fast as the number of colonies across Europe.
Many of the most important crops in Europe such as rapeseed sunflower soybeans apples and strawberries benefit from pollination by insects.
As these crops are likely to become increasingly important to agricultural economies the study highlights the importance of continuing research efforts by the University of Reading
and evilto safely use bacteria in agriculture to help fertilize crops it is vital to understand the difference between harmful and healthy strains.
This will have a major impact especially on people in the developing world in producing protein-rich crops.
maintaining productivityas the climate warms up more and more farmers in Switzerland need to irrigate their crops.
The necessary adaptations include improving irrigation efficiency changing the mix of cultivated crops to include more winter crops such as winter rape seed
. which crops are grown best in which place. Step-by-step change to more water-sensitive productionthe aspect of the study that deals with farm management shows that farms will take measures to reduce their water needs
corn kale and other crops. Now a new study appearing in Annals of the Entomological Society of America called Effect of Egg Rearing Temperature and Storage Time on the Biological Characteristics of the Predatory Stink Bug Podisus
and try growing oilseed crops to make your own fuel for your diesel vehicles--after all, that's
I'm also going to spend some time boning up on something called the Stewardship Index for Specialty Crops.
The company is capturing the sun's energy to kill nocturnal insects that feast on crops.
and mechanical systems for people who are looking to grow crops hydroponically, that is, an artificially-controlled indoor environment that provides lighting, mineral nutrients and water--but not much else.
and environmentally friendly way to grow crops in general, the one product that's garnered the most attention (not to mention controversy),
and buried the crops in the ground before they eventually switched to using trailers. This is pretty rudimentary,
And by going vertical you can grow a lot more crops without having to take up so many acres of land.
Sakhiwe Shongwe and Bonkhe Mahlalela-both 14 years old-developed a looked into growing lots and lots of crops and veggies with limited space and no soil.
producing organic crops, one challenge, i e. food shortage in the country, could be reduced significantly. Apart from each family having enough food,
surplus crops could be sold to local markets reducing the high food price which are mainly a result of transportation cost of vegetables from South africa.
Unlike annual crops, perennial grain crops don't need to be planted every year, thus reducing the amount of fertilizer and lessening soil erosion.
if the crops aren't annually produced. Perennial grains might be the game changer. Washington state University researchers predict perennial grains will be common by 2030.
they can be bred easily from annual crops. The perennial wheat breeding programs will mature, but the speed depends on how it's funded.
Pepsico has improved potato crop yields while decreasing the amount of water needed for irrigation. That's just one of the high-level takeaways shared by Ian Hope-Johnstone, director of agricultural sustainability for Pepsico global operations, with whom
imagine putting such capability into a flying device that would mechanically pollinate crops. That's exactly what a group of artificial intelligence scientists in England have in,
and adopted Native american crops such as corn and squash. Slaves from West Africa introduced okra, cowpeas and benne and also served as the cooks for plantation kitchens.
The quality of other Lowcountry crops deteriorated as growers prioritized disease resistance and transportability over flavor.
Wood chip-to-sugar maker scales up to replace oil and food crops Novozymes: New enzyme cuts cost of next-gen biofuels USDA bets (again) on advanced biofuels Poet s cellulosic ethanol strategy:
We create our own crops right in the cities. We save on the costs of transportation,
 The couple know all too well the importance of European honey bees and their role in pollinating agricultural and horticultural crops,
and we can expect the same for the crops we grow. This will lead to developing new plant varieties that can cope with the diseases.
If you can t find the right variety of crops to withstand a drought or to fight a virus,
and St petersburg State university have partnered to create a new website that offers geographic distributions of 100 crops,
They can determine where foreign crops can successfully grow and, on the flip side, identify foreign pests,
pathogens or weeds that could harm local crops. Led by USDA plant geneticist Stephanie Greene and St petersburg State university scientist Alexandr Afonin,
Interestingly, Agroatlas maps of climate, environment and other data can be integrated with computer models to assess the potential impact of climate change on the future distribution of crops
with an eye to harvesting the first crops in April. The greenhouse will cover less than half of the available space on the rooftop
and new herbicide-tolerant crops that they hope will halt the advance of weed resistance and silence critics.
farming practices and, of course, the pricing that they can expect to earn for different crops.
As environments change we will need to look at different crops for example, and it s the biological resources in nature which we will need to adapt.
The loss of genetic resources affects how we produce new crops, medicines and the creation of novel products in industry.
Honeybees play an important role in pollinating roughly one-third of global food crops. But they are dying off annually in massive numbers.
While there is a global trend towards dietary simplification in favor of a few crops, locally grown and wild foods can provide increased nutrient and caloric intakes.
Biomimetic irrigation system wins James Dyson Awarda concept for efficiently harvesting water to irrigate crops by condensing water underground
Linacre expanded on this concept to create his biomimetic design as a possible solution for growing crops in drought-stricken areas--such as in Australia, his home nation.
so youre not taking away land that would be used for crops. CGBA loaded with life science hardware in preparation for launch
allowing farmers to keep better track of their assets--from crops to livestock to expenses.
focusing first on the crops that yield the best return. This insight has helped cut labor and distribution costs by 10 percent to 15 percent in the past year
which helps provide information on crop yields, farm labor costs, water usage trends and growing patterns.
Before, we didn't know until 30 days after the month how our harvest crops were trending.
because the crops had already been harvested. We've turned raw data into business insight, improved our order fill rates
Dr. Andrew Sutherland, a researcher with the UC Davis Plant pathology Department is training honey bees to detect plant disease in agricultural crops.
Crops planted in the water-saving soil live off this reserved moisture instead of irrigation. Water stress concentrates sugar
and nutrients in the crops making them extra flavorful. But, dry farming yields are often one-third the size of those from more industrial farms, Coren reports.
and can better fend off the environmental assaults that inflict $700 to $800 million in damages to farmers'crops each year.
In an interview today, Lynn described how Lufa Farms devised a system of insulted curtains to shield sensitive crops from direct sunlight and keep the harvest safe during Canada's frigid winter nights.
the focus on generating more and more crops with little regard to the long-term effect on the earth and water supply isn t,
mechanize working the land and its crops, running irrigation sources, heat buildings and crop dryers and, of course, transportation.
Horticulturalists around the world are developing techniques for growing crops on floor upon floor inside agricultural towers.
because it allows farmers to grow crops near the point of consumption. But among the current shortcomings, the energy required to power indoor lights can wipe out those CO2 gains.
That holds the promise of adding a tremendous variety of crops in regions where nature today limits the choices.
Plantlab has made laudable strides toward piling the crops high. But the research and development isn t cheap,
and potato crops across the U s.--even attacking genetically resistant potatoes that have been bred to fend off infection.
tomatoes and related plants, causing a late blight disease that can destroy entire crops in days.
UAS will help farmers monitor crops and distribute pesticides, which could not only help improve efficiency,
criticism over using food crops for fuel and ridding farmers of leftover stover, which can interfere with planting.
BP scraps cellulosic ethanol plant plans Turning pine trees into jet fuel Wood chip-to-sugar maker scales up to replace oil and food crops
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011