The findings of the study led by Edwin van Leeuwen of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in The netherlands are published in Springer's journal Animal Cognition.
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and control in Great britain demonstrated that the majority of herd outbreaks are caused by multiple transmissions routes--including failed cattle infection tests cattle movement and reinfection from environmental reservoirs (infected pastures and wildlife).
The study suggests that improved testing vaccination of cattle and culling all cattle on infected farms would be the most effective strategies for controlling the disease.
Based on a study of cattle and the causes of btb in Great britain the model sought to ascertain how
and why the epidemic has grown over the past 15 years. Using Animal health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency
Our model offers a dispassionate unbiased view of the spread of btb through the cattle industry of Great Britain says model co-author Professor Matthew Keeling from Warwick's School of Life sciences and Department of mathematics.
The model is recorded based on the pattern of positive and negative tests and uses the known movement of cattle around the country.
By using the most recent data our model predicts that it is most likely both cattle movements
Imperfect cattle skin tests contribute to the spread by delaying the time until infected herds are detected for the first time
more frequent or more accurate testing vaccination of cattle and culling all cattle on infected farms.
The control measures the researchers investigated were designed to be idealized'control options to understand what measures in theory could stop the increasing epidemic.
The method has been tested successfully in the context of cow milk allergy. Food allergies are becoming widespread in the Western world today affecting around 6-8%of children and about 3%of adults.
Cow milk allergy is common among children preventing them from breast feeding and drinking milk although some outgrow the allergy by six years of age.
which includes using degraded pastures for a combination of reforestation expansion of biofuel and food crops and intensification of cattle production.
and cattle and is spread by biting midges. In sheep the bluetongue virus can cause abortion congenital abnormalities
In cattle bluetongue does not generally cause death. The basic reproduction number for a disease is deï ned as the expected number of secondary cases produced by a single infection in a susceptible population.
But an additional factor influences the disease state in the case of this disease which is that it affects sheep much more severely than cattle.
If the disease reproduction number for the cattle-midge-bluetongue system with or without sheep is greater than one bluetongue persists in cattle
and midges even though it may eradicate the sheep relying on cattle as a reservoir. In the second situation where the reproduction number of all host and vector species coexisting is greater than one
while the reproduction number for the cattle-midge-bluetongue system (without sheep) is less than one bluetongue
because it cannot persist on midges and cattle alone. The authors use different approaches of dynamical systems persistence theory to analyze the two situations.
and wheat along with such livestock products as ruminant (animals like cattle goats and sheep that subsist on plant matter) pork and poultry.
The Durham team studied the impacts of climate on the Alpine Chamois a species of mountain goat
and the effects that domestic sheep had on the goats'movements. Observing the goats in the Italian Alps during the summer the researchers found that Chamois tended to move to higher altitudes where it is cooler on hotter days
and in the middle of the day but moved much higher--about 100m higher--when sheep were present.
which Chamois occurred at times when sheep were either present or absent. To their surprise they discovered that competition with sheep had a far greater effect on Chamois than the predicted effects of future climate change.
Study co-author Dr Stephen Willis in Durham University's Department of Biological and Biomedical sciences said:
The presence of flocks of sheep--which compete with Chamois for food--disturbed the normal behavioural patterns of Chamois forcing them to much higher elevations than they would normally use.
In the case of Chamois in The alps this could involve restricting sheep from higher elevations in some areas added Dr Mason who is based now at Laval University Canada.
The study funded by The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) also revealed that Chamois can alter their behaviour in the face of warmer temperatures seeking shelter during hot periods rather than moving to higher altitudes.
The report identifies important secure habitats and landscape connections for five species--bull trout westslope cutthroat trout grizzly bears wolverines and mountain goats.
Not a true apple this relative of the eggplant smothers native grasses with its thorny stalks while its striking yellow fruit provides a deadly temptation to sheep and cattle.
and impalas among other wild animals can not only safely gorge themselves on the plant but can efficiently regulate its otherwise explosive growth according to a report in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Without elephants ripping the plant from the ground
or impalas devouring dozens of its fruits at a time the shrub easily conquers the landscape. Just as the governments of nations such as Kenya prepare to pour millions into eradicating the plant the findings present a method for controlling the Sodom apple that is cost-effective for humans
whose main interest is cattle to say'Maybe I do want elephants on my land.'
Elephants and impalas can withstand S. campylacanthum's poison because they belong to a class of herbivores known as browsers that subsist on woody plants and shrubs many species
On the other hand grazers such as cows sheep and zebras primarily eat grass which is rarely poisonous. These animals easily succumb to the Sodom apple.
Typically people will overload the land with more cattle than it can support. Then they remove the animals that eat the plant.
and impalas could potentially increase the food available to cattle. This is a departure from the conventional view in Africa that livestock
In this case the effect of large mammals such as elephants and impalas on the Sodom apple population--and perhaps the populations of other plants--is unlikely to be duplicated by another animal species the researchers found.
Elephants impalas and a taste for Solanumpringle was roughly three years into a study about the effects of elephants on plant diversity
one in which elephants and impalas were excluded; and another off limits to all animals. It was in the sites that excluded elephants
and impala that the Sodom apple particularly flourished Pringle said which defied everything he knew about the plant.
The researchers specifically observed the foraging activity of elephants impalas small-dog-sized antelopes known as dik-diks and rodents.
When both impala and elephants were kept away the average jumped to around 50 fruits per plant
There is a catch to the elephants'and impalas'appetite for the Sodom apple: When fruit goes in one end seeds come out the other.
Impalas on the other hand can have a positive overall effect on the plants the researchers found. Impalas ate the majority of the fruit consumed--one impala ate 18 fruit in just a few minutes.
But they do not severely damage the parent plant while feeding and also spread a lot of seeds in their dung.
Of the seeds eaten by an impala only 60 percent would need to survive and those seeds would have to be a mere three times more likely to sprout than a seed that simply fell from its parent.
Why cattle, pigs are even-toedduring evolutionary diversification of vertebrate limbs the number of toes in even-toed ungulates such as cattle
In cattle the distal skeleton consists of two rudimentary dew claws and two symmetrical and elongated middle digits that form the cloven hoof
To this aim they compared the activity of genes in mouse and cattle embryos which control the development of fingers and toes during embryonic development.
In contrast their distribution becomes symmetrical from early stages onward in limb buds of cattle embryos:
We think this early loss of molecular asymmetry triggered the evolutionary changes that ultimately resulted in development of cloven-hoofed distal limb skeleton in cattle
They discovered that the gene expression in limb buds of cattle embryos is altered such that the cells giving rise to the distal skeleton fail to express the Hedgehog receptor called Patched1.
The researchers could establish that the altered genomic region--a so-called cis-regulatory module--is linked to the observed loss of Patched1 receptors and digit asymmetry in cattle embryos.
We assume that it is the result of progressive evolution as this switch degenerated in cattle
The EPA attributes one-fifth of methane emissions to livestock such as cattle sheep and other ruminants.
and density of the billions of poultry cattle pigs goats and other livestock that exist in the world today.
#In wild yak society, moms are the real climbersa new study led by the Wildlife Conservation Society says that in wild yak societies it's the mothers that are the real climbers.
Wild yaks are endangered an species occurring only on the Tibetan Plateau and closely related to North american bison.
The study reported that wild yak females are found on mountainous slopes averaging 15994 feet
Wild yaks are the largest grazer north of the tropics; while weights are known rarely they are larger than bison.
Domestic yaks were bred once with bison in northern Canada in the 1920's in an attempt to make for more cold-hearty animals.
The authors of the study say that the remoteness of the wild yak's habitat gives conservationists an opportunity to study a species that has not been impacted largely by humans.
Bison on the other hand have been impacted greatly by human activity and habitat fragmentation. Their ability to range in higher elevations has been lost largely
although skulls have been found in the Rocky mountains above 12000 feet in Utah Colorado and Wyoming.
Neither habitat destruction nor fragmentation are issues in the yak's home in far western China
#Better methods to detect E coli developedkansas State university diagnosticians are helping the cattle industry save millions of dollars each year by developing earlier and accurate detection of E coli.
The researchers are part of a College of Veterinary medicine team studying preharvest food safety in beef cattle. Noll has developed
and can help with quality control in cattle facilities. The novelty of this test is that it targets four genes Nagaraja said.
and more sensitive ways to detect these pathogens of E coli in cattle feces. To develop the diagnostic test Noll
Beef cattle production is a major industry in Kansas and Kansas State university has a rich tradition in the research of beef cattle production
and beef safety Noll said. As a graduate student in veterinary biomedical sciences I am proud to be a member of a multidisciplinary team in the College of Veterinary medicine that aims to make beef a safe product for the consumers.
In the United states in 2004 researchers estimated annual losses due to coyote predation on sheep and cattle at $40 million.
The leaf-tailed gecko is a large nocturnal gecko from Madagascar threatened with extensive habitat loss from cattle grazing logging agriculture and collection for the pet trade.
Extinct in the wild a rare scimitar-horned oryx was born May 15. It was the 164th scimitar-horned oryx calf to be born at SCBI.
Scimitar-horned oryx once lived in the arid plains and deserts of northern African countries of Egypt Senegal and Chad.
Reintroduction efforts have begun in Tunisia. A red panda gave birth to two surviving cubs May 27 at SCBI.
Sarcocystis thermostable PCR detection kit developedconsumption of undercooked cyst-laden meat from cattle sheep and goats may cause infection in humans.
Researchers from Universiti Teknologi MARA have invented successfully a PCR kit which provides a suitable and feasible means of screening detection and identification with high sensitivity and specificity of the parasite.
Sarcosytis spp are intracellular protozoan parasites acquired upon consumption of undercooked cyst-laden meat from cattle sheep and goats.
and S. suihominis after ingesting raw meat from cattle and pigs respectively. Cases of human infection have been documented.
Goats eat it deer eat it and birds eat the seeds all to no ill effects.
Splitting the cow's milk proteins in a formula doesn't prevent the start-up of the disease process of type 1 diabetes in predisposed children shows a large international study.
Previous studies have indicated that early exposure to complex foreign proteins such as cow's milk proteins increases the risk of type 1 diabetes in predisposed individuals.
either to a special formula where the cow's milk proteins were split into small peptides or to a conventional infant formula with the regular cow's milk proteins.
and taurine that regulates the production of new bone cells. This pathway could be a potential new target for osteoporosis treatment.
when they showed that liver cells from the offspring of B12-deficient mothers were unable to produce taurine.
When these mice were fed regular doses of taurine at three weeks of age they recovered bone mass
While the importance of taurine is yet to be understood fully this research shows that Vitamin b12 plays a role in regulating taurine production
and that taurine plays an important role in bone formation Dr Vidya Velagapudi Head of the Metabolomics Unit at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland.
but the next stages of this research will need to confirm the connection between Vitamin b12 taurine and bone formation in general populations.
Samples collected by Kocaeli University Hospital Turkey from children born of nutritionally Vitamin b12-deficient mothers also showed a significant decrease in levels of Vitamin b12 and taurine.
In addition older patients with Vitamin b12 deficiency from a study by the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland displayed a statistically positive correlation suggesting that Vitamin b12 plays a key role in regulating taurine synthesis and bone formation in humans of all ages.
The fact that the Vitamin b12-taurine-bone pathway affects only bone formation and appears to play the same role in mice
It's like having dairy cattle Winkler said. Through this technique the ants consume the sugar-rich honey dew the aphids secrete
much as humans use cow's milk. When the ants are need in of protein they simply eat the aphids.
There is a fledgling industrial effort underway in Florida to redirect the five million tons of annual citrus waste generated there from low-value cattle feed to produce ethanol for fuel.
#Gene study shows how sheep first separated from goatsscientists have cracked the genetic code of sheep to reveal how they became a distinct species from goats around four million years ago.
and Biological sciences Research Council were part of a global team that has decoded the genome sequence--the entire genetic make-up--of domestic sheep for the first time.
This team--the International Sheep Genomics Consortium--compared the sheep's genes with those of other animals--including humans cattle goats and pigs.
when the Amazonian rainforest is fragmented by cattle ranching. The fragmented forests they found change rapidly.
and up close almost a bulls-eye for a predator to see and attack. But this directed the attack toward the tips of less-important wings and not the more vulnerable head or body of the insect.
Among the technologies evaluated in situ are floor type in cattle housing use of additives in slurry storage manure turning flexible lagoons for collective slurry storage biowashers for gases at the outlet of air ducts of the sheds
In this part of the continent a considerable proportion of livestock production takes place in line with the intensive model as in the case of pig poultry and a large proportion of cattle livestock.
Farmers in the deforested areas raise cattle but more recently have planted soybeans Numata explained. To expand production they simply cleared more forest area.
and cows--that could produce meat milk or other foods rich in this essential fatty acid says Kang an associate professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical school.
Chamois in region of Austria had pneumoniain spring 2010 nearly a third of the chamois living in a region of northern Austria suddenly died of unexplained causes.
Concerned hunters and foresters sent the carcasses to the University of Veterinary medicine Vienna for analysis. Extensive investigations have revealed now that the animals died of bacterial pneumonia caused by two strains of bacteria that are highly unusual in chamois.
Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) share their habitat with a number of other wild animals as well as with farm animals.
Severe pneumonia as cause of deathnineteen dead chamois from the region of Amstetten Lilienfeld and Salzburg in north-central Austria were investigated.
The bacteria had previously been detected only in cattle and sheep. That they can cause deadly and epidemic pneumonia in chamois was unknown.
It is against the law to administer medical treatment to wild animals so we don't really have many possibilities to prevent an epidemic explains Annika Posautz from the pathology team of the Research Institute.
There has been no acute die off of chamois since the cases in 2010. So why were the bacteria so harmful at that time?
Threat to domestic animalsin The alps chamois are frequently in close contact with domestic animals such as cattle and sheep that graze in the pastures.
One compound nitrate is a major component of inorganic fertilizers that has helped make the area encompassed by the Mississippi river network the biggest producer of corn soybeans wheat cattle
and hogs in the United states. But too much nitrogen robs water of oxygen resulting in algal blooms and dead zones.
#Colonization of Brazil by the cattle egretin recent years the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) has colonized American continent.
association with grazing animals such as cattle and other livestock. This bird is native to tropical and subtropical Africa southern Europe and western Asia.
In Brazil the cattle egret was recorded first in the northern region of the country in 1964 feeding along with buffalos on Marajo Island in the state of Para.
The suggestions are part of a review article in Springer's journal Current Environmental Health Reports. Cigarette butts and other tobacco product waste are the items that are picked most commonly up during urban
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Adaptation measures could include improved access to international agricultural markets to for instance sell cattle before droughts insurance systems to balance increased variability in crop yields from one year to another or water
#Involvement of gene in lentivirus infections of sheep, goats has been establishedin her Phd thesis Helena Crespo-Otano has studied the mechanism of the action of the small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) a type of virus
and goat species. Lentiviruses are viruses responsible for slow infections that damage the immune system and which cause a range of clinical symptoms (nervous pulmonary arthritic and mammary).
Firstly the existence of differentiated populations of macrophages was demonstrated in sheep and goats the so-called M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory)
#Switch from cattle fields to carbon farms could tackle climate change, save endangered animals cheaplychanging cattle fields to forests is a cheap way of tackling climate change
and saving species threatened with extinction a new study has found. Researchers from leading universities including the University of Sheffield carried out a survey of carbon stocks biodiversity and economic values from one of the world's most threatened ecosystems the western Andes of Colombia.
The main use of land in communities is cattle farming but the study found farmers could make the same
Under carbon markets designed to stop global warming they could get paid to change the use of their land from growing cows to'growing carbon'--receiving around US$1. 99 per tonne of carbon dioxide the trees remove from the atmosphere.
and protecting some of the world's most endangered species. The economic benefits of cattle farming are minimal so this is a way farmers could make the same if not more money.
However in cattle pastures there were only 11. Lead researcher Dr James Gilroy from the University of East Anglia's school of Environmental sciences carried out the research while at the Norwegian University of Life sciences.
This research shows that there are great environmental and ecological benefits to changing land use from cattle farming to forest
#Summer grazing enables high milk yield of dairy cowspart-time grazing is a good alternative to full-time silage diet of dairy cows.
When planned properly the milk yields of rotationally-grazed dairy cows remain as high at pasture as in indoor feeding.
Dietary experiments provide information of forage digestibilitythe objective of the doctoral dissertation was to seek dietary factors that limit the milk yield of grazing cows.
The study included nine different dietary experiments with concentrate supplement varying from zero to 12 kg provided twice a day as the cows were milked.
In addition to changing the amount of concentrate supplement the cows had free access to forage at pasture or an herbage allowance between 19 and 25 kg of dry matter/cow per day.
The flow of nutrients was defined by taking samples from the cow's rumen and omasum.
By means of nutrient flow it is possible to study the processes inside the cow's rumen in the first place
or another a cow cannot intake unlimited amounts of forage from pasture. The physiology of the rumen did not limit the intake of forage so the limitation must derive from pasture management factors.
One example of such factors is that cows have to collect their forage from a large area
Judging by changes in the milk production and live weight of cows 20 kg of dry matter per day per hectare at pasture is not enough for per cow
House flies are common where animal manure is produced including in cattle poultry and swine operations.
#How Brazilian cattle ranching policies can reduce deforestationthere is a higher cost to steaks and hamburgers than
But an encouraging new study by researchers at the University of California Berkeley and international collaborators finds that policies to support sustainable cattle ranching practices in Brazil could put a big dent in the beef and food industry's greenhouse
The researchers used an economic model of global land use to assess the effects of encouraging semi-intensive cattle ranching practices in Brazil.
More than 200 million cattle occupy upward of 494 million acres (200 million hectares) of land in Brazil an area almost a quarter the size of the continental United states. Brazil is also second behind the United states
While the growth of cattle ranching has been blamed for 75 to 80 percent of Brazil's deforested areas particularly in the Amazon rainforest the study authors emphasize that many factors beyond beef production cause deforestation.
The researchers point out that roughly 200 million acres of cattle pastureland could be used more efficiently either for higher yield cattle ranching
#Cow manure harbors diverse new antibiotic resistance genesmanure from dairy cows which is used commonly as a farm soil fertilizer contains a surprising number of newly identified antibiotic resistance genes from the cows'gut bacteria.
The findings reported in mbioâ the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology hints that cow manure is a potential source of new types of antibiotic resistance genes that transfer to bacteria in the soils
where food is grown. Thousands of antibiotic resistance (AR) genes have already been identified but the vast majority of them don't pose a problem
or composted cow manure on some vegetable crops which could lead to a scenario where residual manure bacteria might cling to produce
which AR genes are present in cow manure. Handelsman's team used a powerful screening-plus-sequencing approach to identify 80 unique and functional AR genes.
That might signal good news that AR genes from cow gut bacteria are not currently causing problems for human patients.
But Wichmann points out another possibility is that cow manure harbors an unprecedented reservoir of AR genes that could be next to move into humans.
Once animals such as donkeys or cattle were caught Marshall said the changes humans sought to make were pretty minimal.
Even today she points out African pastoralists can afford to kill only four out of every 100 cows
and livestock we know today--dogs chickens horses cows--are probably radically different from the ones our great-great-grandparents knew he added. â#They are subjected to the whim of human fancy
and alpacas) pigs cattle sheep and goats suggests that neither intentional breeding nor genetic isolation were as significant as traditionally thought the scientists said.
But even in the case of pigs or cattle interbreeding between domestic and wild animals has created long and complex evolutionary and domestication histories that challenge assumptions regarding genetic isolation and long-held definitions of domestication.
The first chapter of On the Origin of Species discusses the domestication of animals such as as pigeons cattle
Their findings published in Springer's journal Obesity Surgery showed that after gastric bypass surgery patients frequently report sensory changes.
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